Under normal operation of a diode, an applied reverse bias (voltage) will result in a small current flow through the device. However, at a particular high voltage, which is called breakdown voltage VBD, large currents start to flow. If there is no current limiting resistor, which is connected in series to the diode, the diode will be destroyed. There are two physical effects which cause this breakdown. In this chapter, you will learn about: in the bulk of the diode outside the depletion region, the semiconductor is neutral.
Trang 1Dr. Nasim Zafar Electronics 1 EEE 231 – BS Electrical Engineering
Fall Semester – 2012
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Virtual campus Islamabad
Trang 3• Under normal operation of a diode, an applied reverse bias
(voltage) will result in a small current flow through the device.
• However, at a particular high voltage, which is called
breakdown voltage VBD, large currents start to flow. If there is no current limiting resistor, which is connected in series to the diode, the diode will be destroyed. There are two physical effects which cause this breakdown.
Trang 5PN Junction Under ForwardBias Condition:
Ø The pn junction
excited by a constant current source
supplying a current I in
the forward direction.
Ø The depletion layer narrows and the barrier
voltage decreases by V
volts, which appears as
an external voltage in the forward direction.
Trang 6Ø Note that the depletion layer widens and the barrier
voltage increases by VR
volts, which appears between the terminals as a reverse voltage.
Trang 7As the reverse bias voltage increases, the electric field in the depletion region increases. Eventually, it can become large enough to cause the junction to
break down so that a large reverse current flows:
breakdown voltage
Trang 8Current increases exponentially with applied forward bias voltage, and “saturates” at a relatively small
negative current level for reverse bias voltages.
p D
p n
A
n i
S S
V
V S D
L N
D L
N
D Aqn
AJ I
e I
2 / 1
“Ideal diode” equation:
Trang 9) (
) (
2
0 0
A n
n D
p
p i
n
p n p
n
p s
n L
D n
L
D qAn
L
n
D L
p
D qA I
Independent of voltage
Trang 11C E
V E
Fn E
qV Fp
E
W
Trang 12Reverse saturation current is due
to minority carriers being collected over a distance of the order of the diffusion length.
Ln
Lp
Trang 13V(voltage)
Trang 14Ideal Diode IV characteristic
Trang 15Real Diode IV characteristic
Trang 16Real Diode – Reverse Current
Trang 18Avalanche Breakdown
Trang 19• The newly created electrons and holes move in opposite directions due to the electric field present within the depletion region and thereby add to the existing reverse bias current. This is the most important breakdown mechanism in PN junction
Trang 21Depletion width larger
than mean free path
lots of collisions
Trang 22Junction BuiltIn Voltage:
The Junction BuiltIn Voltage is given as:
Ø It depends on doping concentration and temperature
o
n
N
N V
V
Trang 23B BR
D A
D
A BR
BR D
A
D A
S c
BR BR
bi A
bi
N V
N N
N
N V
V N
N
N
N K
q E
V V
V V
V
1
2
0 2
One-sided junctions
Trang 24dx J
J n n n dx
n
J
dx J
J p n n J p
Impact ionization initiated by electrons.
dx J
J n p p dx
n
J
dx J
J p p p J p
Impact ionization initiated by holes.
.
0 ,
0
const J
J J
dx
dJ dx
dJ
dx
dJ dx
dJ
p n
p n
p n
Multiplication factors for electrons and holes:
) (
) 0
( ,
) 0 (
)
(
W J
J M
J
W
J M
p
p p
n n
Trang 25Zener Breakdown
Trang 26• Zener breakdown occurs in heavily doped pn junctions, with a tunneling mechanism.
• The heavy doping makes the depletion layer extremely thin. So thin in fact,
carriers cannot accelerate enough to cause
CB on the nside
• The temperature coefficient of the Zener mechanism is negative, the breakdown voltage for a particular diode decreases with increasing temperature.
Trang 27Zener Breakdown Mechanism:
x h+
Ec
Ec Ev
Trang 28• Tunneling breakdown occurs in heavilydoped pn
junctions in which the depletion region width W is about 10 nm.
EC
EV
EF
p
Trang 29Barrier must be thin: depletion is narrow doping on both sides must be large
Must have empty states to tunnel into
Vbi + VBR > EG/q
2
1 0
2
appl bi
A D
D A
N N
N
N q
K W
Trang 30Zener test current
Maximum Zener current
Trang 31Zener Diode Characteristics:
•The breakdown characteristics of diodes can be tailored by controlling the doping concentration
Trang 32D ZM
Z
P I
V
Trang 33Summary