The main contents of the chapter consist of the following: Most transistors amplifiers are designed to operate in the linear region; the common-emitter amplifier has high voltage and current gain; the common-collector has a high current gain and voltage gain of 1. it has a high input impedance and low output impedance.
Trang 1COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Virtual campusIslamabad
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Ø Ratio of power of interest (call it “p1”) to some other reference power (say, p2):
Ø However, these values are generally quite huge and tend to be logarithmically related; thus, creation of “the Bel:”
1 2
p p
1 2
Trang 8power
p decibel
p
=
8
Trang 10voltage
v decibel
v
� �
� �
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Ø If dB is positive, then v1 > v2, the signal is amplified.
Ø If dB is negative, then v1 < v2, the signal is attenuated.
Ø If dB is 0, then v1 = v2.
11
Trang 12BJT Transistor Amplifiers:
Trang 13Ø The commonemitter amplifier exhibits high voltage and current gain.
Ø The output signal is 180º out of phase with the input
Trang 14Transistor Biasing as an Amplifier Circuit:
Ø For this discussion, we consider DC behaviour and assume that we are working in the normal linear amplifier region with the:
BE junction forward biased and
CB junction reverse biased.
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Trang 15Ø Treating the transistor as a current node:
Also:
co
E
I
BC
I
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Trang 16Hence:
which after some rearrangement gives:
COB
ICO
I
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Trang 17Define a common emitter currenttransfer ratio :
Such that:
α 1
α β
α
1
I I
β
IC B CO
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Trang 18Ø Since reverse saturation current is negligible the second term
on the right hand side of this equation can usually be neglected (even though (1 ) is small)α
Trang 21Ø The purpose of dc biasing is to establish the Qpoint for operation.
Ø The collector curves and load lines help us to relate the Qpoint and its proximity to cutoff and saturation.
Ø The Qpoint is best established where the signal variations do not cause the transistor to go into saturation or cutoff.
Ø What we are most interested in is, the ac signal itself. Since the dc part
of the overall signal is filtered out in most cases, we can view a
transistor circuit in terms of just its ac component.
Trang 25Ø We will use a capital (upper case) letter for a DC quantity (e.g. I, V)
Ø We will use a lower case letter for a time varying (a.c.) quantity (e.g. i, v)
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Trang 26Ø These primary quantities will also need a subscript identifier (e.g. is it the base current or the collector current?)
Ø We will use a lower case subscript for the a.c. signal bit
Trang 28Ø Amplification of a relatively small ac voltage can be achieved by placing the ac signal source in the base circuit.
Ø We know that small changes in the base current circuit cause large
changes in collector current circuit.
Ø The small ac voltage causes the base current to increase and decrease accordingly and with the small change in base current ,the collector
current will mimic the input only with greater amplitude.
Trang 29Ø The region between cutoff and saturation is called the linear region.
Ø A transistor which operates in the linear region is called a linear amplifier.
Ø Note that only the ac component reaches the load because of the capacitive coupling and that the output is 180º out of phase with input.
Trang 30Ø In this circuit, VBB forward biases the emitterbase junction
and dc current flows through the circuit at all times.
Ø The class of the amplifier is determined by VBB with respect to the input signal.
Ø Signal that adds to VBB causes transistor current to increase.
Ø Signal that subtracts from VBB causes transistor current to decrease.
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Trang 31Ø During the positive peak of the ac input signal, VBB is added to the input
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Ø Signal that adds to VBB causes transistor current to increase
Ø Signal that subtracts from VBB causes transistor current to decrease
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Trang 34ØNo phase reversal.
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Trang 35Ø Also called an Emitter Follower circuit – output on emitter is almost a replica of the input
Ø Input is across the CB junction – this is reversed biased and the impedance is high
Ø Output is across the BE junction – this is forward biased and the impedance is low.
Ø Current gain is high but voltage gain is low.
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Trang 36= Slope of curve
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Trang 37hie = VB/IB Ohm’s Lawhie =input impedance
hre = VB/VC
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Trang 42Ø The commonemitter amplifier has high voltage and current gain.
Ø The commoncollector has a high current gain and
voltage gain of 1. It has a high input impedance and low output impedance
Ø Most transistors amplifiers are designed to operate in the linear region.