The main contents of the chapter consist of the following: Introduction to semiconductor materials, summary of basic semiconductor devices, basics of IC processing.
Trang 1COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Virtual campusIslamabad
Trang 2Summary
Trang 5Ø This took up a lot of room and were expensive and cumbersome to assemble,
Trang 8v Semiconductors are the materials with conductivity between conductor and insulator
v Its conductivity can be controlled by dopant concentration and applied voltage
v Elemental Semiconductors: Silicon and Germanium
v Compound Semiconductors:
– SiGe, SiC
Trang 9v Boron doped semiconductor is ptype, majority carriers are holes
v P, As, or Sb doped semiconductor is ntype, the majority carriers are electrons
v Higher dopant concentration, lower resistivity
v At the same dopant concentration, ntype has lower
resistivity than ptype
Trang 13Ø Abundant, inexpensive
Ø Thermal stability
Ø Silicon dioxide is a strong dielectric and relatively easy to form
Ø Silicon dioxide can be used as diffusion doping mask
Trang 15Summary of Semiconductor Devices
Trang 16– The reverse current may become dramatically large at
breakdown, such phenomena can be used as voltage
regulator .
Trang 17v Bipolar Junction Transistors:
Ø A BJT has three terminals: base, emitter and collector.
Ø The collector current is controlled by voltage/ current on the baseemitter junction and is almost independent on collector voltage.
Ø It can perform functions such as amplification and switch, etc
Ø A BJT should be properly biased for normal operation.
Ø There are three basic configurations, each has different.
performance (input/output resistance, gain, high frequency response, etc.).
Trang 18v Diode: PN Junction
v Bipolar Junction Transistor: BJT
v MOS Transistor
Trang 19The Diode
Trang 20PN Junction Diode Schematic Symbol:
Trang 22I F
R +V
Trang 23R +V
Trang 24VoltageCurrent relationship for a pn junction (diode)
Trang 250.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 20
40 60 80 100
20 40
60 80
F
V R
I
R Z
R
V R
I
Trang 29Ø Therefore, Vout will not be constant and a ripple exists.
Trang 30(a) Circuit
(b) Transfer characteristic assuming a constantvoltagedrop
model for the diodes
Trang 31Light Emitting diode & Laser Diode
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)
Solar cell Photodetector
HBT (Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor)
FET (Field Effect Transistor)
JFET MOSFET memory
MESFET HEMT
Trang 34B
C
E
Trang 38– Ideal transistor behaves like a closed switch.
Ø Cutoff:
– Current reduced to zero
Trang 42Trang 44
DC Beta (dc) and DC Alpha ( dc ):
Two quantities of great importance in the characterization of the transistors are:
Ø commonbase current gain .
Ø commonemitter current gain
= Commonemitter current gain = Commonbase current gain
Trang 45= CommonBase Current Gain (typical 0.99)
Trang 49Ø Saturation Region:
– In Saturation region: The transistor is on. The collector current varies very little with a change in the base current in the saturation region.
Trang 50Ø The commonemitter amplifier exhibits high voltage and current gain.
Ø The output signal is 180º out of phase with the input
Trang 52t
f(t)
t g(t)
Analog : Analogous to some physical
quantity Digital a finite number of digits: can be represented using
Trang 57v MOSFETs dominated IC industry since 1980s
v Three kinds IC chips microprocessor, memory, and ASIC
v Advantages of CMOS: low power, high temperature stability, high noise immunity, and clocking simplicity
Trang 58v NMOS
v PMOS
v CMOS
Trang 59D
Body B
oxide
IG=0
ID=IS IS
x
y
( bulk or
substrate)
Trang 60Figure 4.2: The EnhancementType NMOSFET Transistor A positive voltage applied to the gate. An n channel is
Trang 61ID does not increase further,
saturation region.
Trang 64Ø As the microelectronics develops, more and more functions are fulfilled by IC chips
Ø The discrete devices and circuits, however, are still very important not only for practical applications, but also for better
understanding and design of LSICs.
Ø Quantitative calculation is sometimes complicated but not
difficult
Trang 65Thank You