The main contents of the chapter consist of the following: Common-emitter characteristics, BJT as an amplifier, small signal operation, BJT amplifiers using coupling and bypass capacitors, BJT amplifiers-DC equivalent circuits.
Trang 1Dr. Nasim Zafar Electronics 1 EEE 231 Fall Semester – 2012
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Virtual campus Islamabad
Trang 5CommonEmitter CharacteristicsI:
Ø We had discussed Common Emitter CurrentVoltage characteristic curves extensively to understand:
Ø How the transistor operates as a linear signal amplifier for the ac signals.
Ø The basis for the amplifier application is the fact that when
the BJT is operated in the activemode, it acts as the voltagecontrolledcurrent source: Changes in the base emitter voltage VBE give rise to changes in the collector
current Ic.
Ø Thus, in the activemode, the BJT can be used to
implement a transconductance amplifier.
Trang 6CommonEmitter CharacteristicsII:
Ø Once these basics are understood we will understand:
Ø How we can replace the transistor by a small acsignal equivalent circuit.
Ø How to derive a simple ac equivalent circuit from the characteristic curves.
Ø Some of the limitations of our simple equivalent circuit.
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Trang 7The CommonEmitter Amplifier Circuit:
Trang 8Ø The commonemitter amplifier exhibits high voltage and current gain.
Ø The output signal is 180º out of phase with the input.
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Trang 10– VCC = VCE(sat) + IC(sat)RC
– but VCE(sat) is very small (few tenths), so
– IC(sat) VCC/RC
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Trang 12The signal source vbe removed
for dcbiasanalysis
Trang 14Ø Thus the total output voltage vo is given by:
Trang 15The Signal Source, vbe, removed for DC Bias Conditions
C C CC
CE
C B
C E
V
V S C
R I V
V
I I
I I
e I
/ /
/
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Trang 16
ØIf changes in the operating currents and voltages are small, then IC and VCE waveforms are undistorted replicas of the input signal.
ØA small voltage change at the base causes a large voltage change at the collector. The voltage gain is given by:
) ( )
( t Av t
Ø “A” is the amplifier gain.
Trang 17Ø Voltage amplification can be obtained simply by passing the collector current IC through a resistance R C
Trang 18Common Base PNP with an ac Signal
gain
voltage
V in
V
V
rE = internal ac emitter resistance
Trang 19q There will be a limit on the dissipated power:
Ø PD(max) = VCEIC
Ø VCE and IC were the parameters plotted on the characteristic curve.
• If there is a voltage limit (VCE(max)), then we can compute the IC that results
• If there is a current limit (IC(max)), then we can compute the VCE that results
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Trang 2010 50
15 33
20 25
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Trang 21Ø The transconductance (gm) of a transistor is a measure of how well it converts a voltage signal into a current signal.
Trang 23NPN Transistor
VBE
of the BE Junction
VT = kT/q = 26 mV (@ T=300oK)
= the emission coefficient and is usually ~1
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Trang 24T
be C
C
T be
V
v I
i
V v
1 :
Then
: realistic)
is (which
For
T be
T be T BE
T be BE
T BE
V
v C
V v V
V S
V v
V S
V
v S C
be BE
BE
e I
e e
I
e I
e I i
v V
v
/
/ /
/ ) (
/
: Then
: Since
expressing ex as a Taylor
Series and truncating it after the 2nd term.
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Trang 25m
T
BE S
BE BE
C m
V
g
V
V I
dV
d dV
dI
g
exp 1
exp
Trang 26Bypass Capacitors
Trang 28Ø In this type of Circuit, only the ac component reaches the load because of the capacitive coupling
Ø and that the output is 180º out of phase with input
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Trang 29A complete Amplifier Circuit using the Generic Transistor.
Trang 32BJT AmplifiersDC Equivalent Circuits:
Trang 33Ø All capacitors in the original amplifier circuit are replaced by open circuits, disconnecting vI, RI, and R3 from the circuit.
Ø and leaving RE intact.
Ø The transistor Q will be replaced by its DC model.
Trang 35DC Equivalent Circuit
Trang 36Rin
Trang 37Ø All externally connected capacitors are assumed as short circuited elements for ac signal.
100kΩ
4.3kΩ 3
R
C
R R
30kΩ
10kΩ 2
R
1
R B
R
Ø By combining parallel resistors into equivalent RB and R, the equivalent
AC circuit above is constructed.
Ø Here, the transistor will be replaced by its equivalent smallsignal AC model (to be developed)
Trang 38Step 3
Step 4
Step
used
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Trang 39Ø 1 SmallSignal Operation:
The ac base voltage has a dc component and an ac component. These set up dc and ac components of emitter current. One way to
avoid excessive distortion is to use smallsignal operation. This means keeping the peaktopeak ac emitter current less than onetenth of the
dc emitter current
Ø 2 AC Beta:
The ac beta of a transistor is defined as the ac collector current
divided by the ac base current. The values of the ac beta usually differ only slightly from the values of the dc beta. When
troubleshooting, you can use the same value for either beta. On data
sheets, hFE is equivalent to dcβ , and hfe is equivalent to .β
Trang 40
Ø 4Two Transistor Models:
As far as ac signals are concerned, a transistor can be replaced by either of two equivalent circuits: the ð model or the T model. The ð model indicates that the input impedance of the base is rβ 'e.
Trang 41Ø 5Analyzing an Amplifier:
The simplest way to analyze an amplifier is to split the analysis into two parts: a dc analysis and an ac analysis. In the dc analysis, the capacitors are open. In the ac analysis, the capacitors are shorted and the dc supply points are ac grounds