Chapter 13 - Money and banking. This chapter include objectives: The four jobs of money, what money is, M1, M2, and M3, the demand for money, the origins of banking, the creation and destruction of money, branch banking and bank chartering, the FDIC, the savings and loan debacle.
Trang 1Fiscal Policy and the National Debt
Trang 3• Fiscal policy is the manipulation of the
federal budget to attain price stability, relatively full employment, and a
satisfactory rate of economic growth
– To attain these goals, the government must
manipulate its spending and taxes
Trang 4Perspective
Trang 5• It’s important that the aggregate supply
of goods and services equals the aggregate demand for goods and services
at just the level of spending that will bring about full employment at stable prices
Putting Fiscal Policy into
Perspective
Trang 6• Equilibrium GDP tells us the level of
spending in the economy
• Fullemployment GDP tells us the level of
spending necessary to get the unemployment rate down to 5% (which
we have been calling fullemployment)
• Fiscal policy is used to push equilibrium
Putting Fiscal Policy into
Perspective
Trang 7Inflationary Gap
• Equilibrium GDP is the level of output at
which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply
– Aggregate demand is the sum of all expenditures for goods and services (that is,
– Aggregate supply is the nation’s total output
of final goods and services – So at equilibrium GDP, everything produced
Trang 8• Fullemployment GDP is the level of
spending necessary to provide full employment of our resources
– If our plant and equipment is operating at between 85 and 90% of capacity, that’s full employment
The Deflationary Gap and the
Inflationary Gap
Trang 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Trang 11• Equilibrium GDP is above the full
employment GDP
– Spending is too high – Results in an inflationary gap
• Too eliminate the inflationary gap, we cut G and/or raise taxes
Trang 12• Equilibrium GDP is less than full
employment GDP
– Spending is too low – Results in a deflationary gap
• Too eliminate the deflationary gap, we raise G and/or cut taxes
Trang 13Applications
• Any change in spending (C, I, or G) will
set off a chain reaction, leading to a multiplied change in GDP
How much the multiplied change is
depends on the MPC and MPS
Trang 14is a more appropriate
Trang 15• The MPC is .5. Find the multiplier
Trang 17process and add up all the figures
Trang 18(Continued)
• The MPC is .75. Find the multiplier
Trang 20• The Multiplier is used to calculate the
effect of changes in C, I, or G on GDP GDP = 2,500; Multiplier = 3; C rises by 10
What is the new level of GDP?
GDPNew = GDPInitial + (Change in spending X Multiplier)
Trang 21• The Multiplier is used to calculate the
effect of changes in C, I, or G on GDP GDP = X; Multiplier = 3; C rises by 10
Trang 22• The Multiplier is used to calculate the
effect of changes in C, I, or G on GDP GDP = X; Multiplier = 7; G falls by 5
What happens to GDP?
GDPNew = GDPInitial + (Change in spending X Multiplier)
Trang 23• How big is the multiplier (M)?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Trang 25to C1+I1+G1+Xn1
This pushes equilibrium GDP to $7 trillion and removes the deflationary gap
Trang 26to C1+I1+G1+Xn1
This pushes equilibrium GDP down to 1,000 and removes the inflationary
Trang 28– Unemployment Compensation
Trang 29– Other Transfer Payments
• Welfare (or public assistance) payments, Medicaid payments, and food stamps rise during recessions
Trang 30– Transfer Payments
• The government could extend the benefit period
Trang 31– Using tax rate changes as a counter cyclical policy tool provides a quick fix, however, temporary tax cuts carried out during recessions should not
become permanent
Trang 32• The government decreases spending and raises taxes to fight inflation
Trang 33• The President and Congress make fiscal
policy
– This is complicated and can be time consuming, especially when one political party controls Congress while the president belongs to the other party
– No one seems to be in charge of making fiscal
policy
Trang 34• The huge budget deficits we’ve been running
since the early 1980s have sharply limited the government’s ability to use discretionary fiscal policy to create jobs and to stimulate the
economy
– Between legally mandated spending programs and legally mandated entitlement programs such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, there is little discretionary income to play with
Trang 35• Deficits, Surpluses, and the Balanced
Budget
– When government spending is greater than tax revenue, we have a federal budget deficit
• The government borrows to make up the difference
• Deficits are prescribed to fight recession
Trang 36• Deficits, Surpluses, and the Balanced
Budget
– When the budget is in a surplus position, tax revenue is greater than government
spending
• Budget surpluses are prescribed to fight inflation
Trang 37• Deficits, Surpluses, and the Balanced
Budget
– We have a balanced budget when government expenditures are equal to tax revenue
• We’ve never had an exactly balanced budget
• We’re dealing with a budget of nearly $4 trillion
in taxes and spending
– So, if tax revenue and expenditures were within $10 billion of each other, perhaps that would be close enough to call the budget balanced
Trang 38Deficits and Surpluses: The Record
The Federal Budget Deficit, Fiscal Years 19702001
Trang 39latter half of the 1980s and all of the 1990s was three times a high as the real interest rate in Japan’ and it was much higher than those in most Western European countries
as well
Trang 41Bad?
• Until the mid1990s the deficit sopped up
more than half the personal savings in this country, making that much less
savings available to large corporate borrowers seeking funds for new plant and equipment
Trang 42– We would do well to remember that John Maynard Keynes would have advocated running surpluses
Trang 43– Congressional Republicans and Democrats have already proposed dueling plans to dispose of those surpluses with various combinations of tax cuts and spending increases
– No elected official proposed slowing down the
Trang 44Future Budgets?
• A recession, a decline in stock prices, a tax cut,
or an increase in government spending programs can easily eliminate any surpluses and replace them with deficits
• After the year 2015, as the baby boom
generation attains senior citizenship, the Social Security Trust Fund will be quickly depleted
– Unless the government has already raised Social
Trang 45– The economic wisdom today tells us that we should have deficits in lean years and
surpluses in fat years
• From 1961 through 1997 the government managed only one surplus
• The national debt rose every year as we ran
Trang 46Amendment and the Line Item Veto
• The first step in passing a Constitutional
amendment to balance the budget is a twothirds vote in both houses of
Congress
– Despite some very close votes in 1994, 1995,
1996, and 1997, the balanced budget amendment failed in one or the other houses
of Congress
Trang 47Amendment and the Line Item Veto
• In still another effort to lower the deficit,
Congress passed a law in 1996 to permit the president to veto parts of tax and
spending bills, he or she opposes, without vetoing the entire legislation
– This line item veto can be eventually overridden by a twothirds vote in each house of Congress
– In February, 1998, a federal judge ruled the
Trang 49National Debt, 19752000
Trang 50• Who holds the national debt?
– Private American citizens hold a little less than half– Foreigners hold almost onethird
– The rest is held by banks, other business firms, and U.S. government agencies
• Is the national debt a burden that will have to
borne by future generations?
– As long as we owe it to ourselves, the answer is no
Trang 51• When do we have to pay off the debt?
– We don’t. All we have to do is roll it over, or refinance it, as it falls due
– Each year several hundred billion dollars worth of federal securities fall due
• By selling new ones, the Treasury keeps us going
– In the future, even if we never pay back one penny
of the debt, our children and our grandchildren will have to pay hundreds of billions of dollars in
interest
• At least to that degree, the public debt will be a burden to future generations
Trang 52• Why not go ahead and just pay off the debt?
– Economists predict that following this course would have catastrophic consequences
– If we tried to pay off the debt too quickly, it might even send us into a deep depression
– If we keep running large surpluses and pay down the national debt, this will cause a problem for both the Social Security Trust Fund and the Federal
Reserve
• As the national debt goes down, eventually there would be