Chapter 7 - The government sector. This chapter include objectives: Government spending, the graphing of the C + I + G line, types of taxes, the average and marginal tax rates, sources of government revenue, principles of taxation, the economic role of government.
Trang 1The Government Sector
Trang 3Introduction: The Growing Economic Role of Government
• The government exerts four basic influences
– It spends more than $2.5 trillion– It levies almost that amount in taxes– It redistributes hundreds of billions of dollars– It regulates our economy
Trang 4Other 4%
Excise Taxes 4%
Corporate Income Taxes 10%
Where it comes from
Federal tax revenue:
$2,019 billion
Where it goes
Social Insurance Receipts 34%
Individual Income Taxes 48%
Social Security 23%
Other Means-Tested Entitlements 6%
Non-Defense Discretionary 19%
Other
Interest
Medicare 12%
National Defense 16%
Trang 5National Defense
$301 B (16%)
Social Security
$422 B (23%)
Net Interest
$208 B (11%)
All Other Mandatory
$232 B (13%)
Medicare and Medicaid
$342 B (19%)
Domestic Discretionary
$309 B (17%)
International Affairs
$21 B (1%)
2002 Proposed Spending by Category
Budget of the United States Government , Fiscal Year 1999
Trang 6Spending
• Main expenditures
– Education – Health
– Welfare
• Spending is a little more than half the
level of federal spending
• Police protection and prisons are now
Trang 7• The largest government purchase is defense
• These end up in the “G” part of GDP
Trang 85 10 15 20
25
Total Government Purchases
State and Local Purchases
Federal Purchases
Federal and State and Local Purchases Relative to GDP, 19602000
Trang 9Transfer Payments
Federal Transfer Payments
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Trang 29Types of Taxes (Continued)
• Progressive taxes
– Places a greater burden on those best able to pay and little or no burden on the poor
• Proportional taxes
– Places an equal burden on the rich, the middle class, and the poor
• Regressive taxes
– Places a heavier burden on the poor than on the rich
Trang 3020 16 12 8 4 0
a Nominally
progressive tax
Trang 3120 16 12 8 4
Trang 3220 16 12 8 4 0
c Nominally
regressive tax
Trang 33• Personal Income Tax
– The personal income tax is the largest source
of federal revenue – Most of the poor pay little or no federal income tax
Trang 35Netherlands Denmark Finland Sweden Belgium France*
Switzerland Germany**
Spain Italy Greece Ireland Britain Portugal United States Top income-tax rate, latest, %
*Will be 52.5% in 2003.
**Will be 42% by 2005.
Top Marginal Tax Rates in 15 Leading
Wealthy Nations, 2000
Trang 41Excise Taxes (Continued)
• Excise taxes tend to reduce consumption
of certain products of which the federal government takes a dim view (e.g.,
cigarettes)
• Excise taxes are usually regressive
Trang 42– More than 90% of estate taxes are paid by people with incomes above $200,000 a year
Trang 43• Property taxes
– Provides 80% of all local tax revenue – Can distort business decisions about where
to locate
Trang 44Dilemma
• Since World War II, state and local
governments have been expected to provide an increasing number of services
– Most notable are health, welfare, education, and police protection
– Programs dropped at the Federal level must often be picked up at the state or local level
Trang 45• During the 1960s and 1970s the federal
government helped states with increasing grantsinaid and general revenue
sharing
• The Reagan administration not only
stemmed this increase, but strongly reversed it
The State and Local Fiscal
Dilemma (Continued)
Trang 46• Neighboring states and local
governments are in direct competition with one another for tax dollars
– If one government’s tax rates rise too far above the levels of its neighbors, it citizens will vote with their feet
• The 1998 Internet Tax Freedom Act
declared a threeyear moratorium for
The State and Local Fiscal
Dilemma (Continued)
Trang 471929 2000 5
10
30
15 20
35
25
0
State and local
Federal State
and local
Federal Total: 11%
Trang 49• Ability to pay principle
– Ability to pay
• Rich people would pay a much higher proportion of their incomes than the middle class
• Middle class would pay a higher proportion of their incomes than the poor
– Is this fair?
• Possibly, but only if you are solely concerned with people’s
incomes
• It also depends on how you define the rich and middle class
Trang 50• Benefits received principle
– Some people receive more benefits than others
– Applying the benefits received principle strictly could end up with absurd results – We are not always clear about the value of any benefits received
Trang 51• An example of the ability to pay principle is the
federal personal income tax
• An example of the benefits received principle is
the federal and state tax on gasoline, which is geared to the number of miles driven
• A tax based on both principles cannot be
devised because they appear to be mutually exclusive
– Therefore, some taxes are based on the ability to pay principle while others are based on the benefits
received principle
Two Principles of Taxation
(Continued)
Trang 52• Provision of Public Goods and Services
• Redistribution of Income
• Stabilization
Trang 53Services
• Some examples
– Defense of the country – Maintenance of internal order – Provision of a nationwide highway network – Provision of a money supply
– Provision of public education – Running the criminal justice system – Environmental protection
Trang 54• The government redistributes hundreds of
billions of dollars every year
– Social security redistributes money from those currently working to those who have retired– Welfare for the poor
• Examples are food stamps, Medicaid, disability payments and unemployment benefits
– Welfare for the rich
• Examples are subsidies to corporate farmers and tax breaks for defense contractors, oil companies, and other
Trang 55• Two basic goals of economic stabilization
by the federal government
– Stable prices with little or no inflation – Low unemployment
• An economic rate of growth high enough to keep the unemployment rate to a minimum
Trang 56• The government provides the economic rules of
the game
– This must be done within the social and political context in which the economy operates
• The government must allow individuals and business firms
to operate with the maximum degree of freedom
• There is little agreement as to how far economic freedom may be extended without interfering with society as a whole or the economic rights of specific individuals or
Trang 57• Do
– Protect society from the violence and invasion of other countries
– Establish an exact administration of justice – Erect and maintain certain public works and institutions where private enterprise could not profit from doing so
• Don’t
– Do anything else
Trang 58• It will continue to grow in the coming
years
Trang 59Big government, like rock ‘n’ roll, is here to stay