Chapter 9 - Gross domestic product. In this chapter, we will address the following questions: What is GDP? How is GDP measured? What are the national income accounts? What is the difference between GDP and real GDP? How does our GDP compare to those of other nations? How is per capita GDP calculated? What are the shortcomings of GDP as a measure of national economic well-being?
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• Consumption
– Durable goods …………$ 820 – Nondurable goods …… 2,010 – Services ……… 3,929
– Total C ……….$6,759
• Investment
– Plant & Equipment …….$ 1,361 – Residential Housing …… 416 – Inventory change ………. 57
– Total I ……….1,834
• Government Purchases
– Federal ……….$ 595 – State and Local …………. .1,148
– Total G ……… $1,743
• Net Exports (Xn)
– Exports ……….$ 1,099 – Imports ……… 1,466
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• Consumption
– Durable goods …………$ 820 – Nondurable goods …… 2,010 – Services ……… 3,929
– Total C ……….$6,759
• Investment
– Plant & Equipment …….$ 1,361 – Residential Housing …… 416 – Inventory change ………. 57
– Total I ……….1,834
• Government Purchases
– Federal ……….$ 595 – State and Local …………. .1,148
– Total G ……… $1,743
• Net Exports (Xn)
– Exports ……….$ 1,099 – Imports ……… 1,466
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How GDP Is Measured?
HouseholdsFirms
Income (wages, salary, rent, interest, profits)
Expenditures by Consumers, Investors, Government, and Net Exports
96
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How GDP Is Measured?
HouseholdsFirms
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How GDP Is Measured?
HouseholdsFirms
Value of what is spent
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How GDP Is Measured?
HouseholdsFirms
Value of what is spent
Flow of Income Approach
Expenditures Approach
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How GDP Is Measured?
HouseholdsFirms
Value of what is spent
Flow of Income Approach
Expenditures Approach
(GDP = C + I + G + Xn )
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1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
C
C, I, and G as Percentages of GDP, 19792000
Consumption has consistently been between 60 and 70% of our GDP, with a slow upward trend over this period. [C + I + G add up to more than 100% because X n is negative.]
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The Flow of Income Approach
914
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Depreciation
NDP (Net Domestic Product)Why is NDP better than GDP?
Country North Atlantis South Atlantis
GDP 500 500
Depreciation 50 100
NDP 450 400
North Atlantis is better because it had a higher NDP! South Atlantis had a lower NDP because it had to devote more of its resources to replacing worn out and obsolete
equipment. These resources could not go toward additional plant & equipment nor could they even be used for more consumer goods.
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The Flow of Income Approach
915
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Depreciation
NDP (Net Domestic Product) Indirect business taxes and subsidies
DI (Domestic Income) Indirect business taxes and subsidies are mainly
general sales taxes on specific items such as gasoline, liquor and cigarettes and subsidies (such as government payments to farmers)
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GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Depreciation
NDP (Net Domestic Product) Indirect business taxes and subsidies
DI (Domestic Income)
916
The Flow of Income Approach
Distribution of Domestic Income (2000) Wages, salaries & fringes ……….70.4%
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GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Depreciation
NDP (Net Domestic Product) Indirect business taxes and subsidies
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GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Depreciation
NDP (Net Domestic Product) Indirect business taxes and subsidies
government transfer payments, and interest income
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National Product and Income, 2000
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The Flow of Income Approach
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Depreciation
NDP (Net Domestic Product) Indirect business taxes and subsidies
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The Flow of Income Approach
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Depreciation
NDP (Net Domestic Product) Indirect business taxes and subsidies
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The Flow of Income Approach
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Depreciation
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The Flow of Income Approach
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) (+) Depreciation
be changed!
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• Used goods are not counted
• Transfer payments
– Transfer payments are not payments for currently produced goods and services
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GDP and Real GDP(in 1992Dollars), 19602000
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% change = .0026168 = .26 %
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Per Capita Real GDP, Selected Years,
19292000
Year Per Capita Real GDP
1929 $ 9,087
1939 8,566
1949
11,566 1959
18,813 1969
17,934
1979 22,707
1989 25,231
2000 35,466
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40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000
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The Cost of Living in the United States
and Russia: An Alternate Comparison
953
Sugar, per pound 3 minutes 29 minutes
Bread, per pound 5 minutes 14 minutes
Milk, halfgallon 9 minutes 1 hour, 10 minutes
Sausage, per pound 12 minutes 2 hours, 27 minutes
Gasoline, per gallon 8 minutes 1 hour, 16 minutes
Television, average 6 days 71 days
Minutes of work required in 1994 to pay for selected goods in the United States and Russia
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• When a large part of our production goes
toward national defense, police protection, pollution control devices, repair and
replacement of poorly made cars and appliances, and cleanups of oil spills, a large GDP is not a good indicator of how we’re doing
• In general, the problem with using GDP as a
measure of national economic wellbeing is that GDP is just one number, and no single number can possibly provide us with all of the
information we need
What Goes Into GDP
956
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