Chapter 11 - Classical and Keynesian economics. This chapter include objectives: Say’s law; classical equilibrium; real balance, interest rate, and foreign exchange effects; aggregate demand; aggregate supply in the long run and short run.
Trang 1Classical and Keynesian Economics
Trang 5• People work because they want money to buy
things
– People who produce things are paid. They spend this money on what other people produce
– As long as everyone spends everything that he or she earns, the economy is OK
• But, the economy begins to have problems when people save part of their incomes
– People do save, and saving is crucial to economic growth
• Without saving, we could not have investment – the production of plant, equipment, and inventory
Trang 6• Think of production as consisting of two
products: consumer goods and invest
ment goods (for now, we’re ignoring government goods)
Trang 9Investment Goods
(Continued)
GDP = C + I GDP = C + S And since things equal to the same thing are equal to
each other, we have
C + I = C + S
Trang 10Investment Goods
(Continued)
GDP = C + I GDP = C + S Things equal to the same thing are equal to each other
C + I = C + S Next, we can subtract the same thing from both sides
of the equation. In this case we subtract C
I = S
Trang 12They save the restS=0.5
Their savings are borrowed by investors who spend this money on I=0.5
Trang 13I = S
We can see that Say’s law holds up, at least in accordance with classical analysis.
Trang 14Quantity
10 9 8 7
Trang 15Demand for investment funds
The Loanable Funds MarketThe demand and
supply curves cross at
an interest rate of 15
percent
Trang 1614 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
S
D Quantity
Trang 17Quantity of labor
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Supply of labor
Demand for labor
Trang 18The Classical Equilibrium: Aggregate Demand Equals Aggregate Supply
• So at classical equilibrium – the GDP at which
aggregate demand was equal to aggregate
supply – we were at full employment
Trang 19Aggregate demand is the total value of real GDP that all sectors of the economy are willing to purchase at various price levels
Real GDP (in trillions of dollars)
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Aggregate demand
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Aggregate Demand Curve (in trillions of dollars)The level of aggregate
Trang 20• There are three reasons why the quantity
of goods and services purchased declines
as the price level increases
– An increase in the price level reduces the wealth of people holding money, making them feel poorer and reducing their
purchases
• This is called the real balance effect
The Aggregate Demand Curve
Trang 21• The higher price level pushes up the
interest rate, which leads to a reduction
in the purchase of interestsensitive goods, such as cars and houses
– This is called the interest rate effect
The Aggregate Demand Curve
Trang 22• Net exports decline as foreigners buy less
from us and we buy more from them at the higher price level
– This is called the foreign purchases effect
The Aggregate Demand Curve
Trang 23• The real balance effect is the influence of
a change in your purchasing power on the quantity of real GDP that you are willing to buy
– A decrease in the price level increases the quantity of real money
• The larger the quantity of real money, the larger the quantity of goods and services demanded
– An increase in the price level decreases the quantity of real money
• The smaller the quantity of real money, the smaller the quantity of goods and services demanded
Trang 24• A rising price level pushes up interest
rates, which in turn lower the consumption of certain goods and services and also lower investment in new plant and equipment
– A rising price level pushes up interest rates and lowers both consumption and
investment – A declining price level pushes down interest rates and encourages both consumption and investment
Trang 25• When the price level in the United States rises
relative to the price levels in other countries
– American goods become more expensive relative to foreign goods
• American imports rise (foreign goods are cheaper)
• American exports decline (American goods are more expensive)
• Thus, American net exports (exports minus
imports) component of GDP declines
• When the price level declines, the net exports
component (and GDP) rises
Trang 26Supply Curve
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Trang 27Run Aggregate Supply
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Aggregate demand L-RAS
Real GDP (trillions of dollars)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Aggregate Demand and LongRun Aggregate Supply (in trillions of dollars)
The longrun equilibrium of
real GDP is $6 trillion at a
price level of 100
Trang 28Supply Curve
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
S-RAS
Full-employment GDP Real GDP (in trillions of dollars)
Trang 29Aggregate Demand, LongRun and ShortRun Aggregate Supply
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Aggregate demand
Trang 30• John Maynard Keynes asked, “If supply
creates its own demand, why are we having a worldwide depression?”
– John Maynard Keynes advocated massive government intervention to bring an end to the Great Depression
Trang 31– Not everything being produced would be purchased
Trang 32Classical System
– Keynes disputed the view that the interest rate would equilibrate savings & investment – Keynes maintained that
• Saving and investment are done by different people for different reasons
• Most saving is done by individuals for big ticket items
• Investing is done by those who run a business and are trying to make a profit
• They will invest only when there is a reasonably good profit outlook
• Even when interest rates are low, business firms won’t invest unless it is profitable for them to do so
Trang 33Classical System
– Keynes questioned whether wages and prices were downwardly flexible, even during a
severe recession – Studies have indicated that prices are seldom lowered and that wage cuts (even as the only alternative to massive layoffs) are seldom
accepted – Keynes pointed out that even if wages were lowered, this would lower worker’s incomes, consequently lowering their spending on
consumer goods
Trang 34Classical System
– Keynes concluded that the economy was not always at, or tending toward a full
employment equilibrium – Keynes believed three possible equilibriums existed
• Below full employment
• At full employment
• Above full employment
Trang 35Classical System
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Trang 36Classical System
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Trang 37Classical System
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Trang 38Classical System
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Trang 39• Aggregate demand determines the level of output and employment
• Business firms produce only the quantity of goods and services they believe consumers, investors, governments, and foreigners will plan
to buy
Trang 40Real GDP
Keynesian range
Aggregate supply
The Ranges of the Aggregate Supply Curve
Trang 421 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
C
Real GDP (in trillions of dollars)When C + I represents
aggregate demand, how
much is equilibrium GDP
Answer: Approximately $7.0
trillion
Trang 43• It appears that there are two ways to raise
aggregate supply
– By increasing output– By increasing prices
• By doing this, aggregate supply is raised
relative to aggregate demand and equilibrium
is restored
Trang 44consumption– Eventually, inventories are sufficiently depleted
• In the meantime, aggregate supply has fallen
back into equilibrium with aggregate demand
Trang 45Attained
• When the economy is in disequilibrium, it
automatically moves back into equilibrium
• It is always aggregate supply that adjust
– When aggregate demand is greater than aggregate supply, aggregate supply rises – When aggregate supply is greater than aggregate demand, aggregate supply declines
Trang 46Attained
• Aggregate demand (C + I) must equal the
level of production (aggregate supply) for the economy to be in equilibrium
• When the two are not equal, aggregate
supply must adjust to bring the economy back into equilibrium
Trang 47• The Classical position summarized
– Recessions are temporary because the economy is selfcorrecting
• Declining investment will be pushed up again by falling interest rates
• If consumption falls, it will be raised by falling prices and wages
– Because recessions are selfcorrecting, the role of government is to stand back and do nothing
Trang 48• Keynes’s position was that recessions are not
necessarily temporary
– The selfcorrecting mechanisms of falling interest rates and falling prices and wages might be
insufficient to push investment and consumption back up again
– Therefore it is necessary for the government to intervene by spending money
• How much money? As much money as it takes
– When the government spends more money, that’s not the same thing as printing more money. Generally it
borrows more money and then spends it
• Keynes would have prescribed lowering
aggregate demand to bring down inflation