Chapter 29 - Labor markets and wage rates. This chapter presents the following content: The supply of labor, the demand for labor, high wage rates and economic rent, real wages and productivity, the minimum wage dispute.
Trang 1Labor Markets and Wage Rates
Trang 3• Why do some individuals make millions
and millions of dollars a year while the typical American wage earner was paid between $25,000 and $35,000
• There are several reasons but the bottom
line is supply and demand
Trang 4– However, if there are opportunities in certain fields, people will go through the necessary training and compete for the jobs
– So in another sense, we are all competitors in the same employment pool
– In the long run most of us can learn to do many different jobs
Trang 5• The secondary market market consist of all the
jobs that are left over
– Socalled disposable workers fill these low pay, dead
Trang 6• The theory of the dual labor market does not
account for the huge middle level of occupations, but it does support the contention that there are noncompeting groups in the
labor market
Trang 7• The substitution effect
– As the wage rate rises, people are willing to substitute more work for leisure because leisure time is becoming more “expensive”
• The income effect
– At some point, as your wage rate continues
to rise, you are willing to give up some income in exchange for more leisure time
• After all, you need more leisure time to spend all the money you are now making
Trang 8180 160
140 120 100
80 60 40 20
Trang 9– The demand for labor is a derived demand
• It is derived from the demand for the final product that the labor produces
Trang 11• Obviously, workers who are more
productive will generally be in more demand and better paid than less
productive workers
– Some people are more productive because of
• Education and training
• Work experience
Trang 12• Relatively high productivity cannot be
completely explained by education
– In many instances, people of widely varying productivity earn the same wage regardless
of education or ability – Productivity only partially explains wage differentials
• Specialized skills possessed by some
workers influence demand for labor
• Some workers are in demand because of
natural abilities they possess
Trang 13– By calling on oppressed minorities to work
at very low pay because they cannot get any
Trang 1530 25 20 15 10
S
Economic rent
Trang 16• The key question is, “What can you buy with
your money?” not, “How much money are you making?”
Trang 17• During this period real wages rose 105%
– Since 1978 output per laborhour has risen only 1%
a year
• Real wages have not not increased at all
Trang 19Problem: Your wage rate rises from $5 an hour in 1993 to $8.40 an hour in 1999. Meanwhile the consumer price index (CPI) rises from
100 in 1993 (the base year) to 120 in 1999 (the current year). How much is your real hourly wage in 1999, and by what percentage has
it increased since 1993
Trang 20Problem: Your wage rate rises from $5 an hour in 1993 to $8.40 an hour in 1999. Meanwhile the consumer price index (CPI) rises from
100 in 1993 (the base year) to 120 in 1999 (the current year). How much is your real hourly wage in 1999, and by what percentage has
it increased since 1993
Real wage (current year) = X 100Money wages (current year)
CPI (current year)
Trang 21Problem: Your wage rate rises from $5 an hour in 1993 to $8.40 an hour in 1999. Meanwhile the consumer price index (CPI) rises from
100 in 1993 (the base year) to 120 in 1999 (the current year). How much is your real hourly wage in 1999, and by what percentage has
Trang 22Problem: Your wage rate rises from $5 an hour in 1993 to $8.40 an hour in 1999. Meanwhile the consumer price index (CPI) rises from
100 in 1993 (the base year) to 120 in 1999 (the current year). How much is your real hourly wage in 1999, and by what percentage has
Trang 23Problem: Your wage rate rises from $5 an hour in 1993 to $8.40 an hour in 1999. Meanwhile the consumer price index (CPI) rises from
100 in 1993 (the base year) to 120 in 1999 (the current year). How much is your real hourly wage in 1999, and by what percentage has
Trang 24Problem: Your wage rate rises from $5 an hour in 1993 to $8.40 an hour in 1999. Meanwhile the consumer price index (CPI) rises from
100 in 1993 (the base year) to 120 in 1999 (the current year). How much is your real hourly wage in 1999, and by what percentage has
Trang 25Problem: Your wage rate rises from $5 an hour in 1993 to $8.40 an hour in 1999. Meanwhile the consumer price index (CPI) rises from
100 in 1993 (the base year) to 120 in 1999 (the current year). How much is your real hourly wage in 1999, and by what percentage has
Trang 26Problem: Ms. Klopman has been working at the same job since
1989, the base year. She was making $400 a week at that time, and now, in 1999, she is earning $540 a week. If the CPI rose to 180 to
1999 , how much are Ms. Klopman’s real wages in 1999 and by what percentage did they change?
Trang 27Problem: Ms. Klopman has been working at the same job since
1989, the base year. She was making $400 a week at that time, and now, in 1999, she is earning $540 a week. If the CPI rose to 180 to
1999 , how much are Ms. Klopman’s real wages in 1999 and by what percentage did they change?
Trang 28(Base: Second Quarter of 1989 = 100)
Trang 29– Twentyfive cents in 1938 would buy approximately
$3 worth of goods and services today– Minimum wage
• In 1990 it was raised from $3.35 to $4.25
Trang 30Unemployment Rate
Monthly Unemployment Rate, 1996, 1997, and 1998
1996 1997 1998
January 5.7 5.3 4.7
February 5.5 5.3 4.6
March 5.7 5.2 4.7
April 5.5 5.0 4.3
May 5.5 4.8 4.4
June 5.3 5.0 4.5
July 5.4 4.9 4.5
August 5.2 4.9 4.5
September 5.2 4.9 4.5
October 5.2 4.8 4.5
November 5.3 4.6 4.4
December 5.3 4.7 4.4
Trang 31• They point to rising teenage unemployment as proof
Trang 32Schedule for Unskilled Labor
8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00
Unskilled workers (millions)
D
S
Minimum wage rate
Trang 33Elastic Demand and Supply5.00
Trang 34S
Trang 36• Will employment of unskilled and inexperienced workers rise if we eliminate the minimum wage?
– Is this because they are relatively unskilled and inexperienced?
– Is this because they are discriminated against?
– Are older workers really more productive?
– Would teenagers work for lower than minimum wage?