Chapter 2 - Resource utilization. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: Đefinition of economics, central fact of economics, the four economic resources, opportunity cost, full employment, full production, productive and allocative efficiency, enabling the economy to grow, the law of increasing cost.
Trang 1Resource Utilization
Trang 4SCARCITY
• Scarcity
– Resources are the things society uses to produce goods and services
• These resources are scarce (limited)
• The economic problem
– There are never enough resources to produce all of the goods and services that
Trang 6– Includes natural resources such as timber, oil, coal, iron ore, soil, water,
as well as the ground in which these resources are found
– Is used for the extraction of minerals and farming
– Provides the site for factories, office buildings, shopping centers, homes, etc.
Trang 7– The work and time for which one is paid is what economists call “labor”
– Money received for one’s labor is called wages and/or salaries
– About twothirds of the total resource cost is the cost of labor
Trang 8– Manmade goods used to produce other goods or services is what
economists call “capital”
• Examples are office buildings, stores, and factories
– The money owners of “capital” receive
is called “interest”
– Capital is the MOST important of the
Trang 9• The entrepreneur
– Sets up a business – Assembles the needed resources – Risks his/her own (or borrowed) money – Makes a “profit” or incurs a “loss”
• Is central to the American economy
– 23 million businesses are virtually all entrepreneurs
• The vast majority work for themselves or have one or two employees
Trang 11Opportunity Cost: An Important, Fundamental Concept in Economics
• In the economic world, “ both ” is not an
admissible answer to a choice of “ which one ”
Trang 12• Options
– Watch TV – Talk on the telephone – Go on a date
– Study economics
• The opportunity cost here is the highest valued alternative that could have been chosen (i.e.,
Choice made Highest valued alternative
Trang 14California 19671997
• Prisons
– Added 21 additional prisons
• Colleges
– Added 1 additional college
The Opportunity Cost of building more
prisons is building fewer colleges
Trang 17• An eightyfive to ninety percent utilization rate
Trang 18– Probably keeps our output 10 15% below what it
Trang 19Frontier
• Represents our economy at
– Full employment – Full production
Trang 20Units of guns
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
A
B C
D
E
F 1
0
2 3 4 5 6
Point Units of Butter Units of Guns
A 15 0
B 14 1
C 12 2
D 9 3
E 5 4
F 0 5
Hypothetical Production Schedule
Production Possibilities
Curve
Trang 21Units of guns
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
A
B C
D
E
F 1
0
2 3 4 5 6
Point Units of Butter Units of Guns
A 15 0
B 14 1
C 12 2
D 9 3
E 5 4
F 0 5
Hypothetical Production Schedule
Production Possibilities
Curve
To gain 1 unit of Guns
Had to give up 1 unit of butter
When you are on the line (PPF), to get more of one thing you have to give
In this particular instance, the opportunity cost
of gaining one unit of guns was one unit of
butter
Trang 22Units of guns
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
A
B C
D
E
F 1
0
2 3 4 5 6
Point Units of Butter Units of Guns
A 15 0
B 14 1
C 12 2
D 9 3
E 5 4
F 0 5
Hypothetical Production Schedule
Production Possibilities
Curve Had to give up 2 units of butter
In this particular instance, the opportunity cost
of gaining one unit of guns was two units of
butter
Trang 23Units of guns
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
A
B C
D
E
F 1
0
2 3 4 5 6
Point Units of Butter Units of Guns
A 15 0
B 14 1
C 12 2
D 9 3
E 5 4
F 0 5
Hypothetical Production Schedule
Production Possibilities
Curve
To gain 1 unit of Guns
Had to give up 3 units of butter
When you are on the line (PPF), to get more of one thing you have to give
In this particular instance, the opportunity cost
of gaining one unit of guns was three units of
butter
Trang 24Units of guns
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
A
B C
D
E
F 1
0
2 3 4 5 6
Point Units of Butter Units of Guns
A 15 0
B 14 1
C 12 2
D 9 3
E 5 4
F 0 5
Hypothetical Production Schedule
Production Possibilities
Curve Had to give up 4 units of butter
In this particular instance, the opportunity cost
of gaining one unit of guns was four units of
butter
Trang 25Units of guns
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
A
B C
D
E
F 1
0
2 3 4 5 6
Point Units of Butter Units of Guns
A 15 0
B 14 1
C 12 2
D 9 3
E 5 4
F 0 5
Hypothetical Production Schedule
Production Possibilities
Curve
To gain 1 unit of Guns
Had to give up 5 units of butter
When you are on the line (PPF), to get more of one thing you have to give
In this particular instance, the opportunity cost
of gaining one unit of guns was five units of
butter
Trang 27Frontier
Every point on the curve represents output at Full EmploymentEvery point inside the curve represents output at less than Full employment
Units of guns
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 0
Trang 28• Is attained when the maximum possible
output of one good is produced, given the output of other goods
– Productive efficiency occurs only when we are operating on the production possibilities curve – Productivity efficiency means that the output of one good cannot be attained with out reducing the
output of some other good
Trang 29• When an efficient allocation of resources
is attained, it is not possible to make any person better off without making
someone else worse off
– No resources are wasted when allocative efficiency is attained
– No society has ever come close to allocative efficiency
Trang 31• Consumption
– Americans are consuming too much and producing too little
• In the last 200 years to 1970 the U.S.
economy averaged over 3% growth annually
• Since 1970 the U.S. Economy has averaged slightly over 2% growth annually
Trang 34Production Possibilities Curves Over Time
Units of consumer goods
25 20 15 10 5
0
PPC2001PPC1991
A.
Units of consumer goods
25 20 15 10 5
0
PPC2001PPC1991
B B.
A
Trang 35Saving 10 cents on every dollar earned could result in the following:
Assume you earn $1,000,000 in your working lifetime . . . 10% of this is $100,000
Assuming an average of 7% interest annually this would be worth $385,000 in 30 years. This means that by the time you are 4850 years
old, interest on the $385,000 would give you
$26,950 annually ($2,246 a month) for the rest
of your life.
If you start by the time you are around 20 years old