Chapter 18 - The elasticities of demand and supply. Learning objectives of this chapter include: The elasticity of demand, the determinants of elasticity, elasticity and total revenue, the elasticity of supply, tax incidence.
Trang 1The Elasticities of Demand and
Supply
Trang 3• The elasticity of demand for a good or service
measures the change in quantity demanded in response to a change in price
– In other words, elasticity measures the sensitivity (measured in percentage change) of quantity
demanded because of a change (percentage) in price– When price goes up, we know that quantity
demanded declines
• But we don’t know by how much?
– Elasticity provides us a way of measuring this response
• Elasticity answers the “how much” question
Trang 5It runs a sale, charging $8 instead of the usual $10. Sales go up to 140 chairs.
Trang 6Price is raised from $40 to $41, and quantity sold declines from 15 to 12
Trang 7• The larger the number, the greater will be the sensitivity to price changes
– This number represents the percent change in quantity demanded resulting from each 1% change
in a goods price
• An Ep of 10 means that for every 1% change in price there will be a 10% change in QD
Trang 8• An Ep less than 1 is inelastic
• This means that demand is relatively less sensitive to price changes
• The smaller the number, the greater the insensitivity to price changes
• An Ep of .1 means that for every 1% change in price there will be a .1% change in quantity demanded
Trang 9– An Ep that is exactly 1 is unit elastic
• This means that demand is neither elastic nor inelastic
• An Ep of 1 means that for every 1% change in price there will be a 1% change in QD
Trang 1010 15 20 25 30 5
12 10
The elasticity of a perfectly elastic demand curve is infinity
Trang 11Quantity
D
30 25 20 15 10 5
5 10 15 20 25
The elasticity of a perfectly inelastic demand curve is 0
Trang 12Quantity
D1
D2
Trang 13Quantity
D
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Trang 14D
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
e = 29
e = 1.0
Trang 15Quantity D
Trang 16Quantity in pounds
D
5 4 3 2 1
Trang 17• The availability of substitutes is the most
important influence on the elasticity of demand
Trang 18• Purpose
– To make the demand for a product greater – To make the demand for a product more inelastic
Trang 23• Elasticity of supply is the responsiveness of
quantity to changes in price
– Elasticity of supply parallels the elasticity of demand
– Elasticity of supply measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to changes in price
• An elasticity of 10 means a 1% change in price brings about a 10% change in quantity supplied
• An elasticity of 0.2 means a 10% change in price gives rise
to just a .2% change in quantity supplied
Trang 25Quantity
S1
S2
Trang 26• Remember, supply grows more elastic over
time, especially when enough time has passed for new firms to enter the industry and for existing firms to increase their output
• Economists have identified three distinct time
periods
– The market period– The short run
– The long run
Trang 27• The market period is the time
immediately after a change in market price during which the sellers can’t respond by changing the quantity supplied
– During this period the supply curve may be perfectly inelastic or with some positive slope because firms have limited ability to increase output
Trang 28• Store hours could probably be extended
• And so, an increase in demand will result in more output
Trang 29• In the long run there is sufficient time for a
firm to alter its productive capacity
– The firm can leave the industry– New firms can enter the industry– When a rise in demand is considered to be long lasting, some existing firms will add to their plant and equipment
– If demand falls, some or all firms will cut back on their plant and equipment, while others may leave the industry
Trang 30(hint . . . measure it vertically)
Answer: $3
Trang 31S2/D P=$7; QD=4The Customer pays an additional
$1
The Supplier absorbed the rest
Trang 32The burden falls entirely on the buyer
Trang 33The buyer pays and additional $2.30
Seller absorbs $.70
D
The burden falls mainly on the buyer