Chapter 30 - rent, interest, and profit. After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: What is land? Economic rent, are prices high because rents are high, or are rents high because prices are high? What is capital? How is the interest rate determined? The net productivity of capital, the capitalization of assets, the present value of future income, how are profits determined? Theories of profit.
Trang 1Rent, Interest, and Profit
Trang 3• What is land?
– Land is a resource or a factor of production– The owner of land is paid rent for allowing its use in the production process
– The amount of rent paid for a piece of land
is based on the supply of and the demand for land
Trang 4• Land is land
• How land is used depends on its location,
its fertility, and whether it possesses any valuable minerals
• Sometimes we confuse land with what is
built on it
– Land with an apartment building on it will rent for more than a vacant lot
• However in economic terms we pay rent on the
Trang 5• The basic way one piece of land differs
from another is location
– An acre of land in the middle of a desert is worth a lot less than an acre of land in a metropolitan area
Trang 7Derived?
• The demand for land, like the demand
for labor and capital, is derived from a firm’s MRP curve
• The land will go to the highest bidder
• The demand curve for land slopes
downward to the right because its marginal physical product declines with output (due to diminishing returns)
– If the firm is an imperfect competitor, it must lower price to increase sales, thereby further depressing MRP as output expands
Trang 11Are Prices High Because Rents Are High, or Are Rents High Because
Prices Are High?
• High rents don’t cause high prices
• Desirable locations attract many prosperous
renters, who bid up rents because they believe they will get a lot of business
• Rents are high because the demand for the final
product(s) – and consequently the derived demand – is high
• If low rents lead to low prices mom and pop
stores would have lower prices, but they have higher prices
Trang 12• What is capital
– Capital consists of office buildings, factories, stores, machinery and equipment, computer systems, and other synthetic goods used in the production process
– When we invest we are spending money on new capital
– The stock of capital increases by means of a flow of investment
• Say you have a capital stock of four machines. You buy two more. That’s your investment for the year. Now you have a capital stock of six machines
Trang 15– This creates a shortage of loanable funds
Trang 16• How do usury laws hurt borrowers?
– Since usury laws create a shortage of loanable funds, the funds that are available
go to the most creditworthy individuals and businesses first
– Borrowers with poor credit ratings are completely left out
• These borrowers are left with consumer finance companies that may not be subject to usury laws
end up paying much higher interest rates than without usury laws
Trang 17Shortage of $350 billion
Trang 18Amount of investment (in $millions)
10 20 30 40 50 60 2
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Trang 19• Economist have developed the concept of
net productivity of capital, which translates into the expected profit rate
– Subtract all cost (including an allowance for
a normal profit) from sales. This give us the dollar value of net productivity
– Assuming this value is positive, we divide it
by capital cost to give us the net productivity
of capital, which we express as a percentage
Trang 20Find the net productivity of capital if sales = $150,000; labor cost = $30,000; raw materials = $10,000; fuel and maintenance = $5,000; normal profit = $5,000; and capital cost = $80,000
Trang 21Find the net productivity of capital is sales = $150,000; labor cost = $30,000; Raw materials = $10,000; Fuel and maintenance = $5,000; Normal profit = $5,000; and
Trang 23How much is the value of a building that provides an annual income
of $200 when the going rate of interest is 8%?
Trang 25rate falls, the value of an asset rises.
Trang 27r = the interest rate; n = the number of years
Trang 28If the interest rate were 5%, how much would a dollar received one year from now be worth today?
= 1
(1 + .05)1
Trang 29If the interest rate were 5%, how much would a dollar deceived one year from now be worth today?
Trang 30What is the present value of $1,000 that will be paid to you in three years if the interest rate is 5%. Work out to the nearest cent
Trang 31= $1,000 X 1
(1.05)3
What is the present value of $1,000 that will be paid to you in three years if the interest rate is 5%. Work out to the nearest cent
Trang 34• Economist treat profits as a residual left
to the entrepreneur after rent, interest, and wages have been paid
– One could argue that because these three resource payments are determined by supply and demand, then what is left over, profits, are indirectly determined by supply and
demand
Trang 36• Why then do people start a new
business?
– If they succeed they will get a high rate of return
Trang 37– Innovation is what entrepreneurs do
Trang 38– The shortage of competition is due to “natural scarcities”
• If this shortage of competition is due to
“contrived scarcities” and the business restricts output so it can make monopoly profits, that is another story
Trang 39Exploiter of Labor
• Karl Marx based his theory of profits on the
supposition that the capitalist exploits the worker by taking the surplus value of the worker’s labor (profits) and using this to buy more capital to be able to exploit even more workers
– Marx sees the capitalist’s role as that of exploiting the employees
– Have you ever worked for an organization that fit this model?