OUAN LYGIAO DUC silr DUNG HE SO GINI DO LU0NG DAT DINH DANG TRONG GIAO DUC Nguyfin Mlnh Dfirc Vifn Khoa hpc Gido dgc Vift Nam SUMMARY The studies of inequality in education not only contribute to addi[.]
Trang 1silr DUNG HE SO GINI DO LU0NG DAT DINH DANG
TRONG GIAO DUC
Nguyfin Mlnh Dfirc
Vifn Khoa hpc Gido dgc Vift Nam SUMMARY
The studies of inequality in education not only contribute to adding the rationale but also assess the situation, find out the causes and give some solutions to reduce inequalities more effectively Researching to measure inequality in education reflects the reality, the reasons and orients the solutions to limit inequalities
in education This paper recommends the Gini coefficient as an effective measure ofthe measurement and evaluation of educational inequality in the world today
Keywords: Gini coefficient, educational inequality, educational inequality measurement, Lorenz curve Ngdy nhfn bdi: 2S/11/2015: Ngdy duyft ^ing: 2/12/2015
1 Bit blnh dfing vfi do ludng bat binh d3ag
trong gifio dye
Ll Bit binh ddng trong gido dgc
Bit blnh dfing trong gifio dye cd thl hilu lfi sy
khfic nhau trong vifc dupc phfin phoi va thy hudng
hfli Sy sfip xip ve thft bgc gifta cfic thfinh vifin, cfic
nfim gift ctia cfii, diavj, dfing cap ) sfi quy djnh lpi
ieh eftng nhu quyln hgn cfta cfic nhdm trong xfi hOi
mOt cfich tuong dli In djnh vfi dupc duy tri Chinh vl
nhftng dieu kifn xfi hOi khfic nhau nhu vgy bfit blnh
dfing xfi hOi ndi chung vfi bit binh dfing gifio dye ndi
rifing lfi khdng thl trfinh khdi
Blnh dfing trong gifio dye ed the dupe xem xfit
d nhieu gfle dp tiep cgn khfic nhau Cd the xem xfit
vfi phfin tich blnh dfing gifio dye trfin mpt s l phuong
dtfn nhu gidi, vung mien, dfin tOc, hoan cfinh rifing
vl sftc khde - the chat, hofin cfinh kinh tl - xfi hOi
(Coleman, 1958) MOt cfich tifip c§n khfic dya trfin
tham gia gifio dye, dfio tgo Hifn nay khi ndi den
blnh dfing trong gifio dye ngudi ta thudng ndi din bat
blnh dfing chung trong gifio dye vfi binh dfing vl co
hOi gifio dye
1.2 Bo iu&ng bit binh d&ng trong gido dgc
Cd rat nhilu cfich tifip c§n khfic nhau trong vifc
nghien cftu do ludng bit blnh dfing gifio dye MOt
so phuang phfip do ludng bat binh ding dya tren
tilp c§n (Hu vao vfi diu ra Tilp cgn diu vfio (Input
Approach) dfinh gifi bit binh dfing dya trfin nguin tfii
nguyfin dau vfio vfio hf thong gifio dye (ty If hpc sinh
- gifio vien^^ty If nhgp hpe, dfiu tu cho gifio dye )
kit qufi cfta vifc tryc tilp do ludng thanh tieh cua hpc
sinh bfing cfich so sfinh dilm sl cfta hpc sinh cftng dO
tuli cfta cfic nudc khfic nhau thu dupe thdng qua cfic
}ey thi quoc te (chuang trinh cua OECD^ ddnh gid hpc sinh quoc ti (PISA), Hifp hpi Quoc ti vi Ddnh gid cde xu hu&ng thdnh tgu GD trongTodn hpc Qudc tf
te vi sg Tlin bg ve ngon ngir (PIRLS), duge dp dgng cho hpc sinh nho tuoi ) dk do ludng bat binh dfing
gifio dye gii^ cfic khu vye, cfie qudc gia trfin thl gidi Hifn nay cd rit nhilu ind hinh, hf s l vfi chi
sl dupc xay dyng dl do luflng bfit binh dfing gifio dye nhu dudng cong Kuznets, dudng cong Lorenz, chl sl PAR (Population Antributable Risk), md hinh Irene -Janet Bfii vilt nfiy lya ehpn vfi gidi thifu vl hf so Gini Ifi mOt thude do tuong dfli hifu qua dl dfinh gifi bat binh dfing trong gifio dye dupc sft dyng rOng rfi! trfin the gidi hifn nay
2 Hf s6 Gini trong gifio dye
2.1 Khdi nifm
Hf sl Gini lfi hf s6 dya tren dudng eong Loren (Lorenz) chl ra muc bit binh dfing cfta phfin phfli thu
tl Hf sl Gini dftng dl bilu thi dO bat binh dfing trong phfin phli thu nh§p Nd cd gifi tri tft 0 din I vfi dupc tinh bfing ty s l gifta phan difn tich nfim gifta dudng difn tich cfta tam gific binh dfing (phan nfim dudi dudng binh dfing tuyft dll, hinh 1) Tren thyc tl thl gifi tri cfta hf sl Gini nfim d khofing giita 0 vfi 1 (0 <
G < I) Hf sl nfiy dupc phfit triln bdi nha thing kfi hpc ngudi Y Corrado Gini (1921) Chi sfl Gini (Gini Index) Ifi hf so Gini dupe thl hifn dudi d ^ g ty If phin trfim, dupc tinh bfing hf sd Gini nhfin vdi IOO Dudng eong Lorenz lfi mpt logi do thi dung dl bilu dien mftc dO bat binh dfing trong phfin phfli Nd dupc phfit trien bdi Max.Lorenz (1905) dl thl hifn
sy phfin phli thu nh§p Dudng cong Lorenz Ifi sy
Trang 2bilu dien bfing hinb hpe cfta hfim phfin bl tich luy,
chi ra quan hf gifta ty if phin trfim cfta mflt gifi tri thl
hifn qua tryc tung vdi t^ If phin trfim cua mOt gifi trj
khfic thl hifn qua tryc hofinh Dudng cong Lorenz
thudng dupc sft dyng trong vife nghten cftu sy phan
bl thu nhfip, chl ra ty If phfin trfim so hO gia dinh hay
dfin sd trong ting so va ty If phin trfim thu nhfip cfta
hp trong tdng thu nhfip
Doi vdi bit blnh dfing gifio dye, y, and y Ifi so nfim di hpc cfta moi cfi nhan
Vinod Thomas, Yan Wang, and Xibo Fan (2000) dfi phfit triln tft cong thftc tflng qufit cfta Deaton trong bilu diln dudi dgng eflng thftc sau:
I
Din sd cdng din
Hinh 1 Du&ng eong Lorenz vi bat binh ddng thu nhgp
Hf so Gini thudng dupc sft dyng dl bilu thj mftc
dp bat binh dfing trong phfin phli thu nh^p gifta cfic
ting Iflp cu dfin Dli vdi gifio dye hf so Gini dupc
tinh tofin dya trfin cfie sl lifu vl s l nfim di hpe trung
blnh, trinh dO hpe vin, chi phi cho gifio dye Bat
blnh ding gifio dye thl hifn qua hf s l Gini thudng
dupc xem xfit trong mli quan hf vdi cfic khia cgnh
nhu gidi tinh, mftc thu nh$p, co hOi tilp cgn cfic djch
vy gifio dye Ciing giing nhu hf so Gini vl phan
phli thu nh§p, hf so Gini trong gifio dye cd gifi trj tft
dO bit blnh dfing cao cdn trong^khofing 0,2 din 0,35
thl phfin phli tuong doi edng bfing
2.2 Phucfng phdp tinb hf so Gini
Hifn nay cd hai phuang phfip tinh hf s l Gini
lfi phuong phfip tinh tryc tiep (do nha kinh tl hpe
Deaton Angus dua ra nfim 1997) vfi phirong phfip
tlnh hf s l Gini vfi gifio dye cung dya h-en hai phuong
phfip nfiy
* Phuang phfip tryc tilp
Phuong phfip tr\rc tilp tinh hf so Gini sft dyng
cdng thftc sau (Deaton, 1997)
Trong dd,
^ la gifi trj trung binh cua biln (vi dy: biln thu
nh§p);
N Ifi tong so mfiu nghien cftu;
Dli vdi bit blnh dfing thu nh§P y, vfi y lfi thu
nh$p cfta mli cfi nhfin;
ZZ^ -yAPj
Trong do: £^ Ifi hf sl Gini vl gifio dye dya tren phan bl trinh dO hpe van; |j la so nfim di hpc tmng hoc vin nhfit dinh; y^ vfi y^ ifi sl nfim di bpc d nhftng cap hpc khfic nhau; n la so lupng cfic clp hpc da hofin thfinh
* Phuong phfip gifin tilp Phuong phfip tinh gifin tilp hf sl Gini dupc xfiy dyng dya tren cfic dudng cong Lorenz ve gifio dye, vdi ty If tich luy cfta so nfim di hpc trfin tryc tung 45" dudng binh dfing tuyft dli dgi dlfn cho sy binh nghia lfi ti so cfta khu v\rc dupc hlnh thfinh bdi dudng cong Lorenz vfi dudng blnh dfin^ tuyft ddi vdi difn tich cfta tofin bp tam gific binh dfing
Difn tich A (viing giUa du&ng blnh ddng tuyft dSi vd du&ng cong Lorenz) Difn tich tam gidc binh d&ng
Hinh 2 Du&ng cong Lorenz vi gido dye
NIU gpi difn tich gifta dudng blnh dfing tuyft dli vfi dudng Lorenz Ifi A, phin difn tich bfin dudi dudng cong Lorenz lfi B, hf so Gini Ifi G, ta sfi cd: G
= A/(A+B).Vi A+B = 0,5 (do dudng binh dfing tuyft dli hpp vdi tryc hofinh mOt gdc 45"), nen hf sl Gini
sg dupe bieu hifn bfing cdng thftc: G = A/(0,5) = 2A
= 1-2B
NIU dudng eong Lorenz dupc bilu dien bfing ham s l Y=L(X), khi dd gifi tri cfta B Ifi hfim tich phfin:
Trang 32.3 Mpt sS kit qud nghiin c&u
Cac nghifin cftu sft dyng hf s l Gini dfi do^ ludng
bat binh dfing giao dye cd the ndi khfi pho bien trfin
(1982) da udc tinh hf so Gini dya trfin du lifu tuyen
sinh cho 16 quflc gia chfiu Phi Nghifin cftu cho thfiy
dli rat nhieu giua cfic quoc gia Ddng thdi ket qufi
nghifin cftu cdn thl hifn sy Iifin quan gifia bat binh
dfing gifio dye vdi ty If nhfip hpc tmng binh trong
mOt quic gia
Ter Weele (1975) dfi tinh hf so Gini bfin^ each
sft dyng dft lifu tfii chinh gifio dye cua mOt so quflc
gia Ddng A Hf sl Gini Ifi mOt trong bin hf sl chinh
cua gifio dye Hoa Ky do Rosthal (1978) ting kit
Trong bfii bfio nfiy trlnh bfiy mpt so ket qufi
nghien cftu cfta cfic tfic gifi Vinhod Thomas, Yan
Wang vfi Xlbo Fan (2000) vl hf sl Gini cfta 85 quoc
gia, trong glal dogn tu nfim 1960 din nfim 1990
Nghifin cftu sft dyng udc Iupng vfi phan tich hf so
dfi dua ra bftc tranh tuang dli tofin difn vl tlnh hinh
thyc hifn blnh dfing gifio dye tgi cfic quic gia nfiy
Bfin cgnh do cung tiln hfinh phfin tIch, kilm tra
dye va cfic khia cgnh khfic eua sy phfit triln nhu sy
gia tfing thu nhfip,_gidi tinh, thu nhgp binh qufin dau
cd the khfii qufit nhu sau:
• Bit blnh dfing gifio cfic nudc dfi gifim trong 3
thgp ki qua, trft mflt vfii ngogi If
- Sy bat binh dfing gifio dye dupe do bfing hf so
Gini cfl quan hf ty If nghjch vdi sl nfim di hpc trung
binh Dieu nfiy ed nghta la cfic nudc cfl trinh dO hpe
van cao hon cd khfi nfing dl dgt dupc sy binh dfing
gifio dye tit hon so vdl nhftng nude cfl trinh dO thap
- Gidi tinh lifin quan dfin sy bit blnh dfing gifio
dye vfi theo thdi ^an cfic tfic d^ng vl gidi lfim tfing
thfim khofing cfich vl bat binh dfing
- GDP binh qufin dau ngudl ty If nghjch vdi bat
blnh dfing gifio dye vfi ty If thugn vdi so nfim hpc
trung binh eua lyc lupng lao dpng
Hf so Gini cho thiy tinh hinh bat binh dfing gifio
dye d cfic nudc khfic nhau dfi thay dli trong khofing
thdi gian I960 - 1990 Blt^binh dfing gifio dye dfi
gifim dli vdi hiu hit cfic quic gia Chi mOt sl it cfic
tfing nhp trong nhftng thdi gian nhit djnh nhu Mali,
Hfin Quoc Ifi quie gia ed hf sl Gin! gifim nhanh
nhit trong 30 nfim tft 0,55 xulng cdn 0,22 Tunisia
cflng cd sy cfii thifn nhanh ehdng trong vifc thyc
hifn binh dfing gifio dye vdi chl s l gini gifim tft 0,94
(I960) xulng cdn 0,61 (1990) Hf sl Gini cfta An
DO gifim vfta phfii tft 0,79 nfim I960 xuong 0,69 vfio
nfim 1990 Bfit blnh dfing trong gifio dye tgi cfic nude
Colombia, Hungary, Pem vfi Venezuela da cfl xu hudng tfing tft nhftng nfim 1980, cho thay sp bat omn dfing dang gia tfing tgi nhftng quflc gia
nfiy-—Unltsd S u m
Hinh 3 Xu huang thay dqi cda hf so Gini tgi mpt so qudc gia
(Nguon: Vinod Thomas, Yan Wang, Xibo Fan, Measuring Educalion Inequality, 2000)
3 Kit Iugn
Hf so Gini la mpt thudc do hifu qufi trong vife
do ludng vfi dfinh gifi bit blnh dfing trong giao dye thdi vifc so sfinh sy bit blnh ding gifta cfic vftng mien phuang phfip nay Tat nhifin phucmg phfip nay eung cdn cd mOt sd hign chl nhit djnh nhu mdi chi phfin
finh dupe vin dk bat binh ding d mftc dO hit sftc ting
qufit mfi ehua the hifn vfi dfinh gifi dupc nhun^ khia
de dfinh gia bit blnh dfing trong giao dye dfi cung clp bftc tranh tuong ddi tofin v?n ve tinh hinh bat blnh nfiy rat phu hpp de danh gifi vfi so sfinh bit binh dfing
rdiin dfi chftng ta tg dfinh gifi, so sfinh vdi cfic quic
gia khae trong khu vyc vfi trfin thl gidi dl cd nhftng chinh sfich phft hpp dl hgn che bat blnh bfing, doi hifn nay
Tfii lifu tham khao
1 Vu Thfty Duong (2003) 77m hiiu cong bdng
xd hpi trong gido diic Thdng tin Khoa hpc Giao dye
sl 95/2003
2 Dfing Thfinh Hung (2006) Cong bdngxd hpi
vd ca hpi hgc tpp gong phdn hoa chuang trinh gido
dvc phd thdng Tgp chi KHGD t4/2006
3 Vinhod Thomas, Yan Wang & Xibo Fan
(2000), Measuring education Inequality: Gini
Coefficients of education, World Bank
4 World Development Report (2006) '•Equity
and Development" World Bank
96 • TAPCHlTHlfrB!GlA0DVC-Sfil24-12/2015