Bo Ke hoach va €>au tU Bat binli dang trong tang trifing bao trdm i Viet Nam Tang trudng bao trum duac xem la mpt each tiep can, mdt quan diem ve phat trien vdi thdng diep chii dao la
Trang 1IVien Chien lifdc phat trien Bo Ke hoach va €>au tU
Bat binli dang trong tang trifing bao trdm i Viet Nam
Tang trudng bao trum duac xem la mpt each tiep can, mdt quan diem ve phat trien vdi
thdng diep chii dao la tao co hdi binh dang cho mpi ngudi trong viec tham gia va thu
hudng thanh qua cua qua trinh phat trien Md hinh tang trudng bao trum hUdng tdi sU
ben vQng trong dai han, d^m bao su hai hda giCfa tang trudng kinh te va cong bang xa hdi
nham muc tieu cudi cung la phat trien con ngUdi Trong qua trinh hudng den phat trien va
tang trudng bao trum, Viet Nam da cd nhOfng ket qu^ tich cue, song van con nhOfng ton tai,
khong ft khd khan, thach thdc, dac biet trong van de bat binh dang Bai viet dUa ra cac quan
niem, each hieu ve tang trudng bao trum va van de bat binh dang; phan tich thuc trang bat
binh dang trong tang trudng bao trum cua Viet Nam hien nay, cung nhu nhQng nguyen nhan
tao ra nhOng rao cSn trong qua trinh phat trien nen kinh te gan vdi tang trudng bao trum Qua
do dua ra mdt so khuyen nghi chinh sach nham gdp phan dua dat nUdc tdi thjnh vupng trong
dieu kien hdi nhap qudc te ngay mpt sau rpng
Tir khoa: Tang trudng bao trum, bat binh dang, phat triln, thu nhap
Abstract: Inclusive growth is seen as an approach, a development perspective,
with primary goal being to enable equal opportunities for everyone to participate in
and share the fruition of the development process The inclusive growth model is
oriented towards long-term sustainability, which ensures the harmony between
economic growth and social justice and ultimately aims at human development In the
process towards inclusive development and growth, Vietnam has achieved positive
results, yet there remain many difficulties, challenges about inequality issues This
paper presents different conceptions, insights on inclusive growth and inequality;
analyzes the current situation of inequality in inclusive growth in Vietnam as well as
the causes creating barriers in the development of the economy associated with inc
lusive growth Based on the analysis, this paper offers some policy recommendations
for Vietnam towards prosperity in the context of deeper international integration
Keywords: inclusive growth, inequality, development, income ,
Hgay nhan ba\: 16/3/2020
Ngay ntian phan biin, ddnh gid va su'o c/juij; 25/3/2020
Ngay duyet ddng: 31/3/2020
Trang 2i CO so ly luan ve umg tru'dng bao
trum va bat binh dang
Bku thi ky XXI, quan dilm vl phat
triln bin viing dupe cho la thdng nhat bdi
cac nha khoa hpe va cac nha ho^ch dinh
chinh sach tCr bao cao Brundtland cua Lien
hpp qudc nam 1987, trong dd phat triln
bin vimg gdm ba try ept chinh: kmh te, xa
hdi, mdi trudng Dd la quan diem phat trien
toan dipn, dai han da dupe Lien hpp qudc
thdng qua: Chuang trinh Nghi su 2016
-2030 vl eae myc tieu phat triln bin vung
(SDG) bao gdm 17 muc tieu va 169 tieu chi
cy thi, thay cho Chuang trinh Nghi sir
2000 - 2015 ve cac muc tieu phat trien
Thien nien ky (MDG) Cac mye tieu phat
hiln ben vung dupe xem nhu dinh hudng
mang tinh toan cau va mdi qude gia can
phai dat ra cac myc tieu phu hpp vdi bdi
canh cua quoc gia de th\rc hi?n Dii toan
dien han cac myc tieu MDG, nhung ve
phuang di|n nao do SDG edn chua xae
dinh phat trien xa hpi, con ngudi la mdt
mye tieu va dpng l\ic cua s\r phat triSn toan
nhan loai Cac nghien cuu cua Chuang
trinh phat triln Lien hpp qudc (UNDP)
cimg cho thay, eae nude khdng nSn chi chu
trpng giam ngheo dan thuan, ma cdn phai
giai quyet cac dieu kien de ngudi dan ed
the thu hudng cac dich vu y te, giao due va
eae dich vy xa hpi ca ban khac Vi vay
trong nhung nam gan day, cac qude gia,
trong dd ed Vi?t Nam, quan tam va hudng
den md hinh tang trudng bao trum Tang
trudng bao trum bat ngudn tit cac nghien
cuu ve bat binh dang va quan he cua bat
binh dang vdi qua trinh phat trien, dac biet
dupe ehu y sau khung hoang tai chinh toan
cau nam 2008, vi da chi ro dupe cae van de
ve edng bang kinh te, ddng thdi dinh hinh
cae ehien lupe tang trudng mdi
Trong bao cao cua UNDP, tang trudng
dupe eoi la bao trum khi: (1) Tang trudng
nam gidi va nu gidi, cac nhdm xa hpi va dan toe, cac vung, mien; (2) Ngudi dan dupe hudng su bmh dang ca hdi va hudng Ipi tu viee tham gia true tiep vao qua trinh tang trudng, ehu yeu thdng qua muc dp cao
ve viec lam va su cai thien nang suat lao ddng; (3) Khudn mau phan bd ve thu nhap nhin ehung la binh dang, bao ve nhiing ngudi d dudi day cua phan bd ve thu nhap
va su phan bd d cac khia canh phi thu nhap cua cupc sdng (ehang han nhu y te va giao dye) dupe cai thien Ngan hang Phat trien ehau A (ADB) lai coi tang trudng bao trum
la "nang cao tde dp tang trudng va md rpng quy md eua nen kinh te, ddng thdi dam bao san chai binh dang eho viec dau tu va gia tang ca hdi viec lam cd nang suat, ciing nhu dam bao kha nang tiep can edng bang nhiing ea hdi nay" Nhu vay, mpi thanh phin xa hpi dlu ed the tham gia va gdp phan vao qua trinh tang trudng mot caeh binh dang, khdng phan biet hoan canh xa hdi eua hp OECD dinh nghia tang trudng bao trum theo nghTa rpng bao gdm khdng ehi phan phdi su tang trudng thu nhap mot each binh ding ma cdn chia se tien bd d cac khia canh phi thu nhap khac cua su thinh vupng Tang trudng bao trum la ndi den tde dp va sir phan phdi tang trudng Theo gde nhin cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB), tang trudng bao trum la dieu kien can thiet
dl giam ngheo va ddi hdi phai ed tam nhin dai han Trong dd, tang trudng can bao ham phin Idn luc lupng lao ddng cua dat nude
ma d do tinh chat bao trum ndi len su binh dang ve ca hdi trong kha nang tiep can thi trudng va ngudn luc ciing nhu mdi trudng quan ly khdng thien vi ddi vdi tat ca doanh nghiep va ca nhan; tang trudng phai ddng vai trd then chdt trong giam ngheo
Ve mat kinh te, tang trudng bao triim bao ham ca cae lien ket vT md (vdi eae can ddi Idn nhat ciia toan he thdng bao dam su
13
Trang 3ngudn lue theo tin hieu thi trudng) va vi
md (vdi timg can ddi cu the d tam doanh
nghiep, lang xa va cpng ddng, dam bao su
hai hda tong the trong tiep can ngudn lire
va thu hudng thanh qua, tao ra ddng luc
tang trudng cho mpi ngudi); ca dau vao (sir
binh dang ve ca hdi trong dieu kien tiep
can thi trudng, tai nguyen va mdi trudng
phap ly khdng thien vi eho doanh nghiep
va ca nhan nao) va dau ra (phan phdi va
phan phdi lai thu nhap eho cong bang va
nang cao miic sdng hop ly cho toan dan)
cin dupe xem xet ky ludng va phan tieh
thiu dao Tuy nhien khac vdi quan diem
giam ngheo "dan gian" la tang trudng chi
gan vdi giam ngheo nhu dua ra cac giai
phap hudng tdi ngudi ngheo trong 15-20
nam trude, thi nay tang trudng bao triun
con hudng den tang Idp trung luu va ca
ngudi cd thu nhap cao de moi ngudi cung
tham gia vao qua trinh phat trien, tao them
thu nhap va phiic Ipi cho toan xa hpi Tu
do, ngudn lye tdng thi Idn ban, tao ra ca
hdi phan bd nhieu hem va hai hda ban giiia
eae tang lap nhan dan, mpi ngudi trong
toan xa hpi
Tang trudng bao trum, gan ket tang
trudng kinh te vdi cdng bang xa hdi, khdng
de ai bi gat ra khdi qua trinh phat trien, nhat
la nhiing ngudi yeu the nhu ngudi gia, phu
nu tre em ed dan, ngudi tan tat Trude
day, de "edng bang", ngudi ta thudng ed
gang danh mpt phan quan trpng nguon dau
tu va hd trp xa hpi true tiep cho ngudi
ngheo, ma chua chii y d§ tao dieu kien cho
cae tang lap trung luu va giau cd han ed ca
hpi lam gia tang eiia cai ciia dat nude, mpi
ngudi Cling dupe phat trien va hudng Ipi
Nhu vay, each lam "eao bang" binh dang
trong ngan han tudng cd the lam eho ngudi
ngheo tam thdi ed them "mieng cam, manh
ao", nhung ve dai han thi quy md thu
hudng khdng nhieu vi ngudn luc ea xa hpi
nhap qudc tl, each dung tiin de hd trp tryc tiip cho ngudi ngheo dupe xem la viec giam ngheo khdng bin vung, ma can thyc hien giam ngheo da muc tieu, chii ^ ^^^ chit luong tang trudng va giam ngheo, tao
eo hdi eho ngudi ngheo nang cao ninh dp giao dye, tiip can cae dieh vy y te, cham sde siic khde, bao ve ba me va tre em Trong phuang thiic phat trien bao triim mdi, toe dp tang trudng dii rit quan trpng, nhung khdng thi dat ra nhu mue tieu phat trien eao nhat, ma la he qua eiia viee tim kiim diing ddng luc (ddng lye eho tung ca nhan va nhdm ngudi vi Ipi ieh va ddng luc phat trien xa hdi theo nghia rpng nhat), tao
ra sy phat hien hai hda trong kinh te, xa hpi
va ty nhien, bao dam su lien ket cae mat ehinh tn, kinh te, xa hpi, mdi trudng trong mdt thi thdng nhit vdi be dd the ehe viing chic, lien kit cac bd phan eau thanh trong mpt he thdng toan ven va phat trien Md hinh tang trudng bao tnim hudng tdi sy ben viing trong dai han, trong dd dam bao
sy hai hda giua tang 0-udng kinh te va cdng bang xa hdi nham mue tieu cudi cung la phat trien eon ngudi Nhu vay, ed the hieu
chung nhat: Tdng truang bao trum la mot
cdch tiep can, mot quan diem vephdt trien,
CO the tgo ca hoi binh ddng cho mpi nguoi trong viec tham gia vd thu hir&ng thdnh qud cua qud trinh phdt trien, khong ai bi
bo lai phia sau
Giiia cac nude phat trien vdi cac nude dang phat trien eiing nhu trong ndi bp cac nude dang phat trien van tdn tai hien tuang bat binh dang xa hpi Theo quan diem cua Marx, "binh dang xa hdi la quyen ngang nhau giua ngudi vdi ngudi ve mpi phuang dien xa hdi nhu kinh te, ehinh tri, xa hdi, van hda.v.v " (Giao trinh Kinh tl phat triln, 2013) Bit binh ding duac quan niem la trang thai ngupc lai ciia sy binh ding Tinh trang bit binh ding khdng chi
14 Kinh te tai chinh Viet Nam / So 2 - Tliang 4/2020
Trang 4lou lai a mpi Knia caiui, ma bao triim d
nhieu khia cgnh khac nhau Theo TS Dd
Thien Kinh - Vipn Xa hpi hpc, cd hai
phuang phap do ludng vl bit binh dang xa
hpi Dd la bit binh ding ndi chung (do
ludng nhirng kit qua ciia dau ra cho mpi
thanh vien trong xa hpi ma khdng phan
biet/phan td nhirng ca nhan do thudc nhdm
xa hdi nao); bit binh ding ve ea hdi (do
ludng nhiing kit qua eua diu ra cho mpi
thanh vien trong xa hpi, nhung cd phan
biet/phan td nhung ca nhan do thupc nhdm
xa hpi nao) Trong dd, bat binh dang ca hdi
mieu ta ro net ve sy bat binh dang xa hpi
han la bat binh dang ndi chung do su khae
biet ve ca hdi trong cupc sdng giiia cac
nude, cac chung tpc, gidi tinh va cac nhdm
xa hpi khac nhau Day eiing ehinh la nhiing
bat binh dang xa hdi rat ea ban
2 Thu'c trang bat binh dang trong
tang tru'dng bao trum d Viet Nam
2.1 Nhitng kit qud dgt dit^c vd hgn
che, thdch thiec
Cong tac gidm ngheo vd vdn de phdn
phoi thu nhgp
Viet Nam da dat dupe thanh qua dang
ghi nhan trong viee giam ngheo va nang
cao chat luang cupc sdng cho ngudi dan
Tii mdt nude trong nhdm thu nhap thap
dau ngudi cua Viet Nam da vuot 1000 USD/ngudi (nam 2009) va dat gin 2.600 USD/ngudi (nam 2018)' Dy bao nam
2020, GNI eua Viet Nam se vuot 3000 USD/ngudi Theo bao cao cua Bd Lao ddng, Thuang binh va Xa hdi hang nam, ehi sd ngheo cua Viet Nam lien tue dupe cai thien Theo chuan ngheo mdi cua Viet Nam^, nam 2017 ed 1,6 trieu hp ngheo, chiem 6,7% va 1,3 trieu hd can ngheo, ehiem 5,32% sd hd Thanh qua ve xda ddi giam ngheo eua Viet Nam dupe danh gia eao vdi sy nd luc cua tat ca cac vung tren
ca nude Tuy ty le ngheo eua mdi vung deu
cd xu hudng giam nhimg giira cac vung van cd su chenh leeh ve thu nhap, nhu Tay Bac ed 28% hd ngheo va 12% can ngheo, Dien Bien cd 41% hp ngheo va 9,4% hd can ngheo (Xem Bang 1)
Den nam 2018, tdng sd hp ngheo la 1.304.001 hd, trong dd hp ngheo ve thu nhap la 1.167.439 hd, hd ngheo thieu hut tiep can cac dich vu xa hdi ea ban la 136.562 hd, ty le hd ngheo la 5,23% va hp can ngheo la 4,95%, phan anh thanh qua cua phat trien xa hdi da bam sat thanh qua phat trien kinh te
Theo Bao cao Phat trien ngudn nhan lye (HDR) nam 2019 eiia UNDP, Viet Nam
1 S6li^ucuaT6ngcucTh6ngkenam2019
2 Chi so ngheo da chieu da duoc van dung tis nam 2015, vdi mot so cii tien cho sat hop hdn Theo
Quyet dinh cCia Thili tUdng Chinh phCi nam 2015, cac tieu chi tiep can do ludng ngheo da chieu
ap dung cho giai doan 2016 - 2020 la:
a Cac tieu chf ve thu nhap:
- Chuan ngh^o: 700.000 d6ng/ngudi/thang d khu vUc nong thon va 900.000 dong/ngudi/thang dkhuvUcthSnhthj
- Chuan can ngheo: 1.000.000 dong/ngudi/thang d khu vac nong thon va 1.300.000 dong/ngudi/thang d khu vUc thanh thi
b.Tieu chi mUc do thieu hut tiep can djeh vu xa hpi ca b i n :
- Cac dich vu xa hpi ca b i n (05 dich vu): Y te, giao due, nha 6, nUdc sach va ve sinh, thong tin
-Cac chi so do ludng miJc dp thieu hut cac dich vuxa hpi co ban (10chis6):Tiepcancacdichvu d; dien tich nha d binh quan dau ngudi; nguon nUdc sinh hoat; ho xf/nha tieu hop ve sinh; sCf dung djeh vu vien thdng; tai sin phuc vu tiep can thong tin
Kinh t^ tai chinh Yi^t Nam / So 2 - Thang 4/2020 15
Trang 5m^ - ^
Ca na&c
Mien nui Dong Bac
Mien nui Tay Bac
Dong bang song Hong
BSc Trung bo
Duyen hai mien Trung
Tay Nguyen
Dong Nam bo
Dong bang song Cuu Long
HO nghta % s4 h0 ^
1.642.489
395.799 198.998 144.928 239.795 176.094 175.772 32.813 278.390
6,70
14,87 28,01 2,44 8,20 8,17 12,86 0,78 6,08
H$ c$n nghto 1.304.680
241.285 85.903 169.436 267.534 140.664 110.401 33.037 256.420
% si h$
5,32
9,07 12,09 2,86 9,15 6,52 8,07 0,79 5,60
Ngudn - Bo Lao dong, Thuong binh vd Xd hoi, 2018
ed 4,9% dan sd ngheo da chieu so vdi miie
ehung cua cae nude dang phat trien la
23,1% dan sd Chi sd bat quan binh thu
nhap Gini khdng qua eao so vdi cac nude
trong khu vye va kha dn dinh (khoang 0,4),
Bang 2 Ty If ngh^o cua m$t so qu6c gia
trong khu vvc nam 2018
:Qu6cgia
Thai Lan
Trung Quoc
Indonesia
Lao
Campuchia
Myanmar
Viet Nam
Tylfngh4o(%)
0,8 3,9 7,0 23,1 27,2 38,3 4,9
Nguon- UNDP, 2019
nhung khoang each giua nhdm 20% dan sd thu nhap cao nh4t vdi 20% dan cu thu nhap thap van d miic cao (khoang 10 lan), ddi sdng ciia eu dan d mdt sd vung dan tpc thieu sd, viing sau, vung xa va nhdm ngudi yeu the (ngudi khuyet tat, phy nu, tre em ) dang gap rat nhieu khd khan
Theo Tdng cue Thdng ke, he sd bat binh dang trong phan phdi thu nhap cua ea nude nam 2018 ed xu hudng chuyen bien tich cue khi giam so vdi cac nam trudc Tii nam 2012, Gini d ndng thon cao han thanh thi va su chenh lech eang ngay eang gian rpng ra Dieu nay eho thay su bat binh dang trong thu nhap eua Viet Nam tuy giam nhung sy each biet giiia ndng thdn va thanh thi ngay cang Idn Ci nude ta, Ddng Nam bd va ddng bang sdng Hdng la nai cd
he sd bit binh ding thap nhlt (0,373 va 0,392), trong khi dd Trung du va mign nui phia Bae, Tay Nguyen ed sy bat binh ding cao nhat (0,443 va 0,440)
16
Trang 6Bing 3 H$ 9^ Gini» Vif t Nam pli
I^^HL Nim^^^H^r
Cinirdv
ThJnhthj
Ndng thdn
Ddng bSng sdng Hdng
Trung du vh midn niii phia Bic
Bic Trung bg v& duySn h&i midn Tmng
T&y Nguyen
Dong Nam bO
Ddng bing sdng Cihi Long
2010 2012 2014 0,433
0,402 0,395 0,408 0,406 0,385 0,408 0,414 0,398
0,424
0,385 0,399 0,393 0,411 0,384 0,397 0,391 0,403
0,430
0,397 0,398 0,407 0,416 0,385 0,408 0,397 0,395
2016 0,431
0,391 0,408 0,401 0,433 0,393 0,439 0,387 0,405
2018 0,424
0,372 0,407 0,392 0,443 0,383 0,440 0,373 0,399
Chi tieu binh quan dau ngudi ca nude
cd xu hudng tang nhanh trong giai doan
2010 - 2018 (ca khu vye ndng thdn va
thanh thi deu tang) Chi tieu binh quan mpt
ngudi mdt thang ehung ea nude nam 2018
(theo gia hifn hanh) d^t 2,55 triSu ddng,
Nguon: iSngcuc Th6ngU
tang 18% so vdi nam 2016 Trong dd khu vue ndng thdn d^t 2,i trieu ddng, tang 19,3%; khu vue thanh thi dat 3,5 trieu ddng, tang 14,3%; binh quan giai doan
2016 - 2018 mdi nam tang 8,6%
EQnh 1 Chi ti6u binh q u ^ d^u ngirM m$t th^ng theo gid hifn hdnh
phfin theo thdnh thi, ndng th6n
Ban vf: Nghin dong
Nguon: Tong ofc Thong ke
Kinh te tai chinh Viet Nam / So 2 - Thang 4/2020 17
Trang 7thanh thi cao han rat nhieu so vdi khu vyc
ndng thdn (gap khoang 1,67 lan trong nam
2018) Su chenh lenh giiia ehi tieu thanh
thi va ndng thdn d Viet Nam ngay eang Idn
dan (Hinh 1) Xet theo vung kinh te, ehi
tieu binh quan mdt ngudi mdt thang trong
giai doan 2010-2018 tang d tSt ca cac vung Ddng Nam bd la vung ed miic chi ti6u binh quan Idn nhAt trong giai doan nay, tidp dSn la ddng bang sdng Hdng Khu vuc
cd miie chi tieu thip nhit la Trung du va midn niii phia BSe, Bic Trung bd va duyen hai mien Trung
Bang 4 Chi tieu binh quan dau ngudi mdt thang theo gid hien hanh ph3n theo vung
Ban vi: Nghin dong m^' ''V' ' -' ^Nam
Ca nirorc
Dong bang song Hong
Tmng du va mien nui phia Bac
Bac Trung bp va duyen hai mien Tmng
Tay Nguyen
Dong Nam bp
Ddng bang song Cuu Long
2010 1.211
1.438
866 1.015
971 1.724 1.058
2012 1.603
1.897 1.195 1.406 1.483 2.145 1.363
2014 1.888
2.241 1.538 1.647 1.660 2.410 1.602
2016 2.157
2.528 1.655 1.809 1.766 3.018 1.872
2018 2.546
3.018 2.000 2.182 2.234 3.349 2.237
Van dephdt trien con nguai
Bao eao mdi nhat ciia UNDP ve phat
trien con ngudi cho thay, chi tieu phat trien
con ngudi (HDI, ca kinh te, giao due va y
t8) lien tuc tang eao, nam 1990,2000,2010
va 2018 lin lupt la 0,475; 0,570; 0,653 va
0,693 Tuy nhien, thii hang HDI cua Viet
Nam hien nay edn dudi 0,7 va vln nim
trong sd cac nude ed HDI thupc hang tnmg
binh, dii d miic cao nhat trong hang tnmg
binh va diing thii 118 trong sd 189 nude
tren thS gidi, trong khi Malaysia diing thii
61 (thude hang HDI rit eao); Thai Lan
Nguon: Tongc^c Thong M
diing thii 77, thude hang HDI cao trong eung bang xep hang nam 2019 (UNDP, 2019) Cu the la, tudi thp binh quan cua Viet Nara la 75,3 tudi^ (nii 79 thudi, nam
71 tudi), trong khi Thai Lan la 76,9 tudi, Malaysia la 76 mdi Sd nam di hpc binh quan d Viet Nam la 12,4 nam, Thai Lan la 14,7 nam, Malaysia la 13,5 nam Trong do,
sd nam trung binh den Idp la 8,2 nam, Thai Lan la 10,7 nam, Malaysia la 10,2 nam GNI binh quan eiia Vipt Nam" la 6220 USD/ngudi, Thai Lan la 16.129 USD/ngudi va Malaysia la 27.227
Tinh theo xac suat chuyen tuoi tU khi sinh
Theo sUc mua tuang duang PPP nam 2011
18 Kinh te tai chinh Vi$t Nam / S6 2 - Thang 4/2020
Trang 8cua Viet Nam la 1,003 phan anh phat fri^n
gidi kha ddng dlu, trong khi d cac nude
cdn phan bipt nam nii kha nhi€u, tham chi
Trung Qude cung thip hem khd nhi^u so
vdi Viet Nam, chi dgt 0,961 K6t qua so
sanh nam 2019 phan anh dp bit binh dang
gidi tinh^ ciia Vipt Nam da dupe cai thien
(0,314 xgp thii 68), Trung Qude (0,163 xip
thii 38), Malaysia (0,274 xSp thii 58), Thai
Lan (0,377 x6p thii 84)
Theo "Bao eao phat trien eon ngudi
nam 2015" cua UNDP, chi sd HDI ctia Viet
Nam lien tyc tang trong nhimg nam qua
nhung tien bd eua Vipt Nam la khdng ddng
deu Cupc khung hoang tai chinh nam 2008
da lam eho cho xu hudng phat trien con
ngudi toan cau va khu vye chiing lai Tuy
nhien, tien bd tuang ddi cua Vipt Nam yeu
han va ty Ip cai thipn chhn hon cae nude
khac trong khu vyc Dieu do cho thay anh
hudng sau khiing hoang va nhiing ySu kem
kinh tk ndi tai la van de nghiem trpng ban
d Vipt Nam Khi nhin sau vao ea eiu kinh
t6 va the ehe kinh te cd the thay cdn nhieu
bat c|ip, anh hudng din chit lupng tang
hudng Nhieu yeu kem va ca su tut hau van
chua dupe khie phue sau 33 nam ddi mdi,
nhat la trong so sanh tuong quan vdi cae
nude trong khu vyc va the gidi \& nang
suat lao dpng, thu nhap binh quan, ca eau
kinh te va the chi kinh tS Tinh trang tut
hau xa ban ve kinh te van hien huu, ehua
the so sanh dupe vdi cac nin kinh te di vao
Han Qudc, Singapore
Tiep can cdc dich vu cong
(i) Trong Imh vyc giao dye, vdi muc tieu mang den sy edng bang cho mpi ngudi trong viec tiep can eae ca hdi kinh te, Chinh phu Viet Nam thudng xuyen quan tam den viec dua giao dye den cho ngudi dan Den cudi nam 2000, tit ca eae tinh/thanh phd trong ca nude vdi 98,03%
sd quan/huyen; 98,53% sd xa/phudng da dupe cdng nhan dat chuan qudc gia xda mu chii; 94% dan sd trong dp tudi 15 - 35 da biet chu (Bao Dan tpc va mien nui) Den nay, ty le ngudi biet chii dp tudi
tu 15 - 60 la 97,65%, ca ban dat muc tieu eiia De an xda mu chii (den nam 2020 dat 98%) Trong do, sd ngudi biet ehu trong
dp tudi 15-35 ehiem 97,92%; sd ngudi biet chu trong dp tudi tu 36 - 60 ehiem 96,35% Ty le ngudi dan tde thieu sd biet chii dp tudi 15 - 60 la 93,44% 100% dan
vi cap tinh, huyen va 99,9% dan vi cap xa duy tri dat chuan xda mu chu (Bp Giao due va Dao tao) Nhd ty le chi ngan sach eho giao due hang nam d miic xap xi 20% (tuang duong 5% GDP), Viet Nara da phat trien duac trudng hpc va trung tara day nghe rpng Idn Sd lupng eae trudng hpc tai tat ea eae cap deu tang len trong nhiing nam qua
Theo ket qua "Tdng dieu tra dan sd va nha d nam 2019", ea nude ed khoang 91,7% dan sd trong dp tudi di hpe phd
Chi so phat trien gidi GDI do ludng sy chenh lech ve HDI theo gidi tinh Bang chisa cac gia tri HDI
duoc adc tinh rieng cho phu nijfva nam gidi; ty le giu:a nam va nCf la gia trj GDI.Ty le cang g i n vdi
1, thi khoSng c^ch giCra nCf gidi va nam gidi cang n h d Gia trj cua ba thanh phan HDI la tuoi thp, gido due (vdi hai chi s6) va thu nhap binh quan dau ngadi cung di/ac the hien theo gidi tinh
Chi s6 bat binh d i n g gidi (Gil) ph5n anh thudc do tong hop ve bat binh dang gidi theo 3 khia
ttr vong cua ba me va t j le sinh d tudi vj thanh nien Cac chi so trao quyen la ty le ghe quoc hoi do phu nCf nSm glQ va ty le dSn so co it nhat mpt so nam hpc trung hoc theo gidi tmh Chi so thi trUdng lao dpng la tham gia v^o lUc lupng lao d6ng theo gidi tinh Gia tri Gil thap cho thay sU bat binh dSng thSp giUa nQ gidi v^ nam gidi va ngupc lai
Kinh te tai chinh Yi^t Nam / So 2 - Thang 4/2020 19
Trang 9theo tinh tr^ng di h9c, 1999 - 2019
Dang di hpc
Da thdi hpc
Chua bao gid di hpc
79,1 16,2 4,7
83,6 14,5 1,9
91,7 7,7 0,6
Nguon Tong dieu tra ddn so vd nhd & nam 2019
thdng hien dang di hpc Trong vdng 20
nam qua, ty le dan sd trong dp tuoi di hpe
phd thdng nhung hien khdng di hpe (chua
bao gid di hpc hoae da thdi hpc) giam dang
ki, tu 20,9% trong nam 1999 xudng 16,4%
trong nam 2009 va 8,3% nam 2019
Tuy nhien, sd lieu ve ty le hpc sinh den
trudng giiia cac nhdm thanh thi - ndng
thdn va giua cae vung cd khoang each ro
rpt Ty le dan sd trong dp tudi di hpe nhung
khdng di hpe d khu virc ndng thdn eao hon
so vdi khu vyc thanh thi (gip 1,7 lan), tuang ling la 9,5% va 5,7% Tay NguySn
va dong bang sdng Cuu Long la eae vung
ed ty le dan sd trong dp tudi di hpc nhung khdng di hpe cao nhat ca nude, ty If cua mdi viing la 13,3% Ty le dan sd trong dp tudi di hpc phd thdng nhung khdng di hpc
d vung ddng bang sdng Hdng la thap nhat, ehiem 3,2%
Hinh 2 Ty li dan so trong do tuoi di hoc pho thdng hien khdng di h^c
theo khu vyc va viing, nam 2019
Ban vi:%
1 ^ ^ 1 ^ ^
T o i n T h i n h Nong Trung Dong
q u o c thj thon du va bang
mien niii song phia Bac Hong
Bac T a y Dong Dong Trung Nguyen N a m bO b i n g b? va song duyen Ciru hai mien Long Trung
Nguon: Tong diiu tra ddn so vd nhd d nam 2019
Trang 10dieh vy giao due giiia cac viing, giiia ndng
thon va thdnh thi, giira nhdm dan tde thieu
sd va da sd vdn cdn tdn tai Ty Ip nhap hpc
diing dp tuoi vin cdn thip tai m^t sd tinh
Ty le biit ehu d eae tinh mien niii va eae
dan toe thiiu sd thip han rat nhiSu so vdi
khu vye ddng bang va dSn tpc Kinh
(ii) Trong linh vue y te, theo ket qua
tdng dieu tra dan sd va nha d nam 2019,
Viet Nam da cd nhung cai thien ro ret khi
tudi tho trung binh eua ngudi Vipt Nam la
73,6 tudi; trong do, tudi thp cua nam gidi
la 71,0 tudi, cua nir gidi la 76,3 tudi Tu
nam 1989 den nay, tudi thp trung binh ciia
Vipt Nam lien tyc tang, tu 65,2 tudi (nam
1989) len 73,6 tudi (nam 2019) Chenh
l$ch vS tudi thp trung binh giiia nam va nir
qua hai eupc tdng dieu tra gan nhit hiu nhu
khdng thay ddi, duy tri khoang 5,4 nam
Viet Nam da dat duac nhiiu tiin bp
trong vipc nd lue cham sdc siic khde ba me
tudi va tre em dudi 5 tudi deu giam manh trong vdng hai thap ky qua Ty suat tu vong eiia tre em dudi 1 tudi la 14 tre hi vong tren
1000 tre sinh sdng, giam hon mpt niia so vdi each day 20 nam Khu vue thanh thi cd
ty suat tii vong ciia tre em dudi I tudi thap han khu vyc ndng thon (tuang ung la 8,2
va 16,7 tre em Pi vong tren 1000 tre em sinh sdng) Ty suat hi vong ciia tre em dudi
5 tudi cua Viet Nam nam 2019 la 21,0 tre
em dudi 5 tudi tu vong/IOOO tre sinh sdng, giam han mdt nua so vdi nam 1999 (56,9 tre em dudi 5 tudi tii vong/IOOO tre sinh sdng) Tuy nhien van cdn khoang each Idn giiia khu vye thanh thi va ndng thdn Ty suat tir vong cua tre era d khu vue ndng thdn eao gap ban hai Idn d khu vyc thanh thi (tuang ung la 25,1 va 12,3 tre em dudi
5 tudi tu vong/IOOO tre sinh sdng) Ty sd tir vong me la 46 ea tren 100.000 tre sinh sdng, giam 23 ca so vdi nam 2009
Biing 6 Ty suat chet cua tre em dirdi 1 tu6i phSn theo viing, 2010 - 2018
Ban Vf Tre em dirai mot tuoi tir vong/IOOO tre em sinh song
^ ^ H ^ Nam
Cdniro'c
D6ng bSng song Hdng
Trung du va miSn nui
phia B5c
Bac Trung bp va duyen
hai mien Trung
Tay Nguyen
Dong Nam bo
Dong bang song
Cuu Long
2010 15,8
12,3 24,3
17,1 26,8
9,6
12,6
2 0 U 15,5
12,5 23,0
17,1 24,3
9,3
12,2
— • — •
2012 15,4
12,3 23,5
17,1 26,4
9,2
12,0
T
2013 15,3
12,2 23,2
17,0 26,1
9,1
12,0
2014 14,9
11,8 22,4
16,6 25,9
8,8
11,6
2015 14,7
11,7 22,0
16,3 24,8
8,6
11,4
2016 14,5
11,5 21,5
16,0 24,0
8,5
11,2
2017 14,4
11,3 21,4
15,9 23,7
8,4
11,0
• ' i t
2018 14,2
11,2 21,4
15,8 23,6
8,2
10,9
Nguon: Tong cue Thong ke