Chapter 7 - Conflict management. This chapter focuses on the important topic of conflict management. Conflict is a natural part of the discussion process. However, conflict can sometimes become so intense that a group’s functioning is damaged. In this chapter we examine sources of conflict, the desirability and undesirability of conflict, types of conflict, and some methods for conflict management.
Trang 1Conflict Management
Trang 3• Conflict of Feelings—when people’s ideas come into conflict, the participants often begin to have negative feelings toward one another. These conflicts of feelings can damage the group’s functioning
• Conflict Grid—a model of conflict management developed by Robert Blake and Jane Srygley Mouton. It is
a framework for developing conflict management skills
Trang 4• Conflict of Ideas—many ideas are generated in group discussions. Sometimes different people’s ideas may
conflict. It is important to remember that a variety and diversity of ideas is usually desirable in the process of problem solving
• Conflict Management—the ability to manage conflict so that there is a healthy conflict of ideas without the unhealthy conflict of feelings
Trang 5Case Study
Conflict in the Shipping Department
1. What would you have done if you had been Beth in this case?
2. How realistic does this case seem based on your experience?
3. What would you have done differently if you had been Beth’s supervisor?
4. Are there any other suggestions or recommendations that you have for instances like this that happen at work?
Trang 6Sources of Conflict
• Conflict exists whenever incompatible activities occur.
– Conflicts may originate from a number of different sources, including:
• Differences in information, beliefs, values, interests,
or desires
• A scarcity of some resource
• Rivalries in which one person or group competes with another
Trang 7Desirability of Conflict
• Many writers believe that conflict in a group
is desirable.
Trang 8Types of Conflict
• Conflict of ideas
– Dooley and Fryxell (1999) found that conflict of ideas at the early stage of decision making (idea formulation) was desirable.
– That same conflict sometimes caused problems
at a later stage when the ideas actually had to implemented.
• Conflict of feelings (often called personality
conflict)
Trang 9Types of Conflict
• Opposition and Support
Trang 10Undesirability of Conflict
• Conflicts are often hard to keep under control once they have begun.
– There is a definite trend toward escalation and polarization.
– Once conflict escalates to a point at which it is
no longer under control, it almost always yields negative results.
Trang 12Toward Conflict Management
• Blake and Mouton (1970) have proposed a scheme whereby we can try to avoid winlose situations and, when possible, apply a winwin approach.
– The 1,1 style is the handsoff approach, also
called avoidance.
– The 1,9 position, also called accommodation, is
excessively personoriented.
Trang 13Toward Conflict Management
• Blake and Mouton (1970) . . . (continued)
– The 5,5 position represents a willingness to compromise.
– The 9,1 is the bullheaded approach, also called
competing.
– The optimum style for reducing conflict is the
9,9 approach, also called collaboration.
Trang 14Toward Conflict Management
• Borisoff and Victor (1998) argue that the best strategy for conflict management
(negotiation) depends on the desired outcome.
Trang 15Toward Conflict Management
Trang 16Toward Conflict Management
Trang 17Toward Conflict Management
• Tubbs, Kryska, and Cooper (1997) propose that one frequent source of conflict is the leadership struggle between superior and subordinate in decision making.
– The Continuum of DecisionMaking Behavior has been described as including four styles of decision making:
• Tells
• Sells
Trang 18Toward Conflict Management
• Conflict resolution seems to improve as we engage in certain behaviors.
– Set the stage for dialogue.
– Disengage your flightfight response.
– State clearly and without anger, your needs and selfinterests, and listen carefully to those
expressed by others.
– Look below the surface of what is being said.
Trang 19Toward Conflict Management
• Conflict resolution . . . (continued)
– Brainstorm all potential solutions to your conflict.
– Discuss collaboratively rather than aggressively – Use informal problem solving, mediation, and other conflict resolution techniques.
– Let go of your judgments about the others and focus instead on improving your own skills at
Trang 20Toward Conflict Management
• Conflict resolution . . . (continued)
– Don’t surrender just so the conflict will go away.
– Recognize the larger organizational and social issues that express themselves through conflict – Search for completion.
– Modify the agreement if necessary.
(adapted from Cloke and Goldsmith, 2000, pp. 1418)
Trang 21Toward Conflict Management
• Diane Yale (1988) outlines three approaches
to conflict that occur in the form of metaphor.
– The competitive, adversarial metaphor
• Often results in a winner and loser in the resolution process
– The problemsolving metaphor
• If your [conflict] is focused on problemsolving, everything that comes at you . . . is seen as a problem or a solution
Trang 22Toward Conflict Management
• Blake and Mouton’s Conflict Grid
Trang 23Toward Conflict Management—
Practical Tips
Walker and Harris (1995) offer the following practical tips for implementing the 9,9 style.
Encouraging behavior occurs when a team member:
1. Avoids feelings or perceptions that imply the other person is wrong or needs to change
2. Communicates a desire to work together to explore a problem or seek a solution
3. Exhibits behavior that is spontaneous and destruction
Trang 24Toward Conflict Management—
Practical Tips
Walker and Harris . . . (continued)
4. Identifies with another team member’s problems, shares feelings, and accepts the team member’s reaction
5. Treats other team members with respect and trust
6. Investigates issues rather than taking sides on them
– The same principles can be applied to negotiating with
others outside your team, or with a supplier or customer (p. 102)
Trang 25Toward Conflict Management
• A Continuum of DecisionMaking Behavior
Trang 26The Systems Approach
• Conflict may have some desirable consequences for the group.
• Conflict that gets out of control may be destructive.
• We would expect more conflictproducing behaviors from those high in aggression, dominance, and the need for autonomy.
• Perhaps one of the most important factors related to conflict is the style of leadership