Chapter 1 - What is small group interaction? This chapter lays the groundwork for the rest of the book. It begins with a definition of small group interaction. It includes a section that explains why studying small groups is useful and a section on empowerment. Chapter 1 also introduces systems theory along with a general systems model.
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What is Small Group Interaction?
Trang 2What is Small Group Interaction?
Trang 3• Cycles—characterized by the results of group interaction being fed back to the group and becoming input for future interactions. For example, a team’s success adds strength to the group’s cohesion in future activities
• Differentiation—the specialization that occurs among people in small group communication
• Dynamic Equilibrium—reached at a point at which the forces to change and the forces to resist change are
equal
• Empowerment—a leadership style that enables group members to utilize their talents, abilities, and knowledge more effectively
Trang 4• Equifinality—the potential for adaptation that groups possess. This allows for various possible approaches to achieve a goal
• Feedback—information groups receive and use to modify themselves
• Input—the raw material of small group interaction. It includes the six relevant background factors: personality, gender, age, health, attitudes, and values. It also includes information the group receives from outside the group
• Integration—in small group communication, integration
is synonymous with organization. It is the coordination of
Trang 5• Negative Entropy—entropy is characterized by all systems moving toward disorganization or death. Negative entropies are the forces that maintain the organization of a system
• Output—includes solutions, interpersonal relations, improved information flow, risk taking, intrapersonal growth, and organization change. It is sometimes called the end result of group interaction
• Throughput—refers to all the actual verbal and nonverbal behaviors that occur in the course of a group discussion
Trang 6• Virtual Teams—teams in which members communicate with each other through computers and may
or may not be located near one another
Trang 7Case Study
“Let’s Roll”
1. What does this case study tell you about the potential influence that groups can have on individual behavior?
2. Identify and discuss as many examples as you can that you have observed of group influence on college
students’ behaviors
3. From your own experience, how do you think that groups can be used to have positive influences on college students? What about people in other age groups?
4. What would you most like to learn from this course?
5. What expectations or concerns do you have?
Trang 8A Definition
• Small group interaction
– The process by which three or more members
of a group exchange verbal and nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another.
• Team
– “A high performance task group whose members are actively interdependent and share common performance objectives” (Francis and Young, 1992, p. 9).
Trang 9A Definition
• Why Study Small Groups?
– Modern organizations are undergoing a radical transformation designed to better utilize human potential, primarily through the increased use of small groups.
• Small groups can help you in college
• Learning to work effectively in small groups can save you time and money
• Few leaders in today’s complex society can succeed
on their own without the help of competent and committed team members
Trang 10• Modern organizations are basing multibilliondollar decisions, in part, on the use of teams.
– Empowerment
• A leadership style that enables the leader to utilize more effectively the talents, abilities, and knowledge
of others and, at the same time, to increase his or her available time to work on more strategic activities
Trang 11• Empowerment has certain inherent advantages:
– Greater productivity – Quicker response to problems – Improved quality of communication between groups
– Increased individual motivation – Improved overall organizational effectiveness
Trang 12• Kirkman and Rosen (1999) found evidence that empowerment has four very closely
related dimensions:
– Potency – Meaningfulness – Autonomy
– Impact
Trang 13Empowerment—Practical Tips
Ten of the most common mistakes to avoid when trying to create teams.
1. Starting team training without first assessing team needs
2. Confusing team building with team work
3. Failing to have a plan for developing the team
4. Assuming that teams are basically all alike
5. Sending team members to team training individually rather than collectively
Trang 15A Conceptual Orientation for Small Groups
• Small group interaction is very complicated and involves a large number of factors that act and interact simultaneously.
– These factors are in continual state of flux.
Trang 16A Conceptual Orientation for Small Groups
Trang 17The Systems Approach
• An open system such as a group is defined
as an organized set of interrelated and interacting parts that attempts to maintain its own balance amid the influences of its
surrounding environment.
– The consequences, or outputs, of the group are fed back into the system through the feedback loop.
– Systems analysis has become a particularly popular way of analyzing human behavior in organizations.
Trang 18The Systems Approach
• Gross (1995, p. 113) identifies four phenomena characteristic of open systems:
1. Entries and exits, which transform outsiders into members and members into outsiders.
2. Multiple membership, which results in members’ loyalties to outside groups.
3. Resource exchange, which involves the absorption of inputs in the production process and in the delivery of output produced.
4. Mutual or reciprocal influence on the part of
Trang 19General Systems Concepts
• A system that has inputs from outside is
called an open system.
• Throughput includes the process of creating and modifying ideas in the course of a
discussion.
• Groups often have an ongoing life history, during which outputs, or consequences, are continually being modified on the basis of continuing interaction.
Trang 20The Systems Approach
• The feedback loop represents the cyclical
and ongoing nature of group processes.
– The process does not begin and end anew with each group meeting, but rather builds on all the past experiences of each group member.
• All systems eventually move toward disorganization or death.
– To combat this, a system must employ negative entropy.
Trang 21The Systems Approach
• All systems must receive feedback to modify themselves.
• In groups, we each decide whether or not membership is worth what we are putting into it.
• In groups, different people gravitate toward certain roles.
– It is a rare group in which all members’ attitudes are the same toward any topic.
Trang 22The Systems Approach
• As groups and organizations become more complex and differentiated, the need for integration and coordination of the various parts increases.
– Without integration, the group or organization becomes chaotic.
Trang 23The Systems Approach
Synthesis of Group Models
Trang 24The Systems Approach:
The Tubbs Model
• The Tubbs Model of Small Group Interaction:
– Helps students grasp the conceptual overview.
– Shows the dynamic interactive nature of all the variables in the model and avoids the cause
andeffect thinking of earlier models.
– Explicitly shows how consequences, or outputs,
of one small group experience can become background factors or inputs for the next group
Trang 25The Systems Approach:
The Tubbs Model
• Relevant Background Factors
– Personalities – Age
– Health – Values
Trang 26The Systems Approach:
The Tubbs Model
• Internal Influences
– Physical environment – Type of group
– Status and power – Leadership
– Group norms – Decision making – Conflict
Trang 27The Systems Approach:
The Tubbs Model
• Consequences
– Solutions to problems.
– Improvements in interpersonal relations.
– Improvements in the flow of information between and among people.
– Organizational change.
Trang 28The Systems Approach:
The Tubbs Model—Practical Tips
Peter Senge at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology offers the following applications of the systems approach.
1. Think in systems
2. See interrelationships, not things, and processes, not snapshots
3. Move beyond blame
4. Focus on area of high leverage
5. Avoid symptomatic solutions (Senge, in Costin, 1996,
pp. 4546)