Chapter 3 - Relevant background factors. Chapter 3 details the six relevant background factors that are part of the tubbs model of small group interaction. These factors - personality, gender, age, health, attitudes, and values - relate directly to why we do what we do when placed in small group situations. The chapter also discusses Maslow''s hierarchy of needs.
Trang 1Relevant Background
Factors
Trang 2Relevant Background Factors
Trang 3Relevant Background Factors (continued)
• Attitudes
• Values
• The Systems Approach
Trang 4• Affection—refers to the friendship and closeness between people
• Attitudes—a mental state that exerts influence over an individual’s behaviors. Attitudes have three components:
(1) a cognitive component, which refers to a concept;
(2) an affective component, which is emotion; and (3)
a behavioral component, which is the readiness to act
• Consistency Theories—based on the assumption that human beings have a strong psychological need for consistency. This is often referred to as a need to maintain cognitive balance
Trang 5• Control
– Refers to our need to influence, lead, and develop power over others or to be influenced, be led, or have others exert power over us
• Inclusion
– Our need for belonging, feeling a part of, and being together with others
• Values
– Values are fewer in number than attitudes and serve as important predictors of behavior. They appear to be
Trang 6Case Study
Adventures in Kenya
1. What issues and/or problems can you identify in this case?
2. How does this case illustrate the systems model for analyzing group interaction?
Trang 7Explaining Why We Do What We Do
• Diversity: Groups in Conflict
– All behavior occurs in some context.
– HamdenTurner and Trompenaars (2000) have identified six dimensions that distinguish
Trang 8Explaining Why We Do What We Do
• Diversity: Groups in Conflict (continued)
– Believing in specific ways is usually seen as an attempt by the individual to meet certain needs – Probably one of the bestknown models for
explaining people’s needs is Maslow’s (1970) hierarchy of needs.
Trang 9Explaining Why We Do What We Do
• Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy
Trang 10• FIROB
– Schutz (1958, 1967, 1971) hypothesized that most people share three needs that groups help fulfill.
• Inclusion
• Control
• Affection
Trang 11• MyersBriggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
– The theory is that we all possess personality traits in pairs of opposite characteristics.
• Extroversion (E) versus Introversion (I)
• Sensing (S) versus Intuition (N)
• Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F)
• Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P)
Trang 12• Although personality is one of the most important background factors in small group communication, other factors are also
involved.
– Organismic factors or variables are those that are part of the organism.
Trang 13• Communication between the genders is both the most interesting and sometimes the most challenging of all types of communication.
– Deborah Tannen’s (1995) excellent research has demonstrated that men and women talk
differently in group situations.
– Loden (1990) found that women approach teamwork and participatory management differently than do men.
Trang 14• Communication patterns differ from childhood through adolescence to adulthood and old age.
– Zenger and Lawrence (1989) found that age similarity of group members had a positive effect on the communication of information within project groups.
Trang 15• Communication patterns . . . (continued)
– Fullerton, Kerch, and Dodge (1996) found that age was a good predictor of a person’s ethics.
• As age increased, so did one’s ethical standards
– Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee (2002) found that “neoteny,” or perpetual enthusiasm for learning and for life, creates what they call
“resonance.”
• Chronological age is probably much less important than psychological age when it comes to effectively
Trang 16• Deficiencies in both physical and mental health of members seem to impede group performance.
Trang 17Health—Practical Tips
Hinsberg (1996) offers the following 10 practical tips for managing stress.
Trang 18• As each of us develops through childhood and adolescence, a myriad of experiences shapes our view of the world.
– These experiences are called developmental
factors.
– According to Triandis (1971), attitudes have three components: (1) a cognitive component;
(2) an affective component; and (3) a behavioral component.
Trang 19• Some of the most intuitive yet provocative theories concerning attitudes are the so
called cognitive consistency theories.
– These theories are based on the assumption that human beings have a strong psychological need for consistency.
• Heider (1958) refers to this as a need to maintain
balance.
Trang 20– According to Festinger and Aronson (1968), you may reduce dissonance in five ways: (1) devalue the importance
of the issue; (2) derogate the disagreeing person; (3) attempt to change his or her attitude; (4) seek additional social support for your view; and (5) change your attitude.
Trang 21Attitudes
Trang 22Attitudes
Trang 24The Systems Approach—
Practical Tips
Tropman (1996) identifies several value differences that can influence group discussions.
– Multipurpose versus unipurpose– Pragmatism versus excellence– Status versus class
– Personal versus organizational purpose– Empirical versus qualitative decisionmaking bases– Disposable labor versus intimate concern
Trang 25The Systems Approach
• Small group interactions are the result of influences that can be labeled inputs,
throughputs, and outputs.
• Group norms, leadership style, and communication patterns all tend to influence the satisfaction level of group members.
• The three organismic factors discussed in this chapter were gender, age, and health.