Tai lieu NP boi duong

In words: 2.1 Primary stress: / The loudest one.. Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, disorder, peaceful, kindness

- To improve the sts’ phonetic, stress, and intonation.

- To help the sts do the phonetic exercises

-B Teaching procedure :

1 The vowel sounds:

There are 20 vowels in the English language, 12 of them are pure vowels (single vowels), and the left eights dipthongs (combination of two vowels)

- The 12 pure vowels: / I - i: /, / e - æ/, / o - o:/, / Λ - a: /, / u- u:/, / ә - з/.

- The 8 dipthongs: / ei - ai - oi /, / au - әu /, / iә - eә - uә /

Practical Exercises

Ex1: Classify /i:/ and /I/:

Evening, tin, easy, eat, it, jean, since, this, meat, teach, film, interesting, tea, sea,

seen, sit, seat, minute, fifty, cheese, chinese, free, three, be, she, pleased …

Ex 2: Classify /a:/ and / Λ /:

Cut, cup, cart, card, done, come, mar, march, must, darn, last, lust, heart, harm,

hut, much, calm, farm…

Ex 3: Classify /u:/ and / u/:

Look, cook, book, soot, shoot, pull, pool, could, shoe, suit, stood, stewed, to, too,

wooed, wood, food, cool…

Ex 4: Classify / æ / and / e /:

Dad, dead, man, many, mad, any, at, sat, head, hand, fan, can, land, dense, send,

set, met, letter, stretch, fed, catch…

Ex 5: Classify / o: / and / o / :

Corn, cord, copy, swan, sworn, sod, soared, shot, stock, talk, spot, sport, chalk,

shock, loss, got, caught, bought…

Ex 6: Classify / з / and / ә /:

Her, teacher, heard, shirt, first, fur, stir, prefer, refer, occur, skirt, hurt, learn,

today, sir, sister, brother…

Ex 7: Classify / au / and / әu /:

Now, no, show, how, hoe, loud, load, tone, town, couch, know, noun, known, foal,

fowl, rouse, rose, stout, stoat, found, phone…

Ex 8: Classify / iә /, / eә /, / uә /:

Hear, hair, sure, tour, wear, near, fear, year, stair, cure, beard, cheer, scared,

careful, fierce, moor, shared, careless, theatre…

Notes: Tripthongs and other vowel sequences:

/ aiә /: fire, hire, tyre, buyer, wire, flyer, iron,…

/ әuә /: slower, lower, grower, sower, mower,…

/ auә /: flower, power, tower, shower, sour, flour,…

/ eiә /: greyer, player, layer, payer, prayer,…

/ oiә /: employer, destroyer, royal, loyal, annoyance,…

2 The consonants sounds:

There are 24 consonants in English, which are devided into voiceless and voiced

consonants as they are shown below:

Think, thigh, though, thought, breath, breathe, bath, bathe, cloth, clothe, clothing,

clothes, threaten, although…

Ex 10: Classify / s / and / ∫ /:

She, see, sugar, seat, sound, show, sure, suit, sugary, sunny, soon, saturn, shrink,

scream, settle, surely…

Ex 11: Classify / k/ and / t∫ /:

Chess, chimney, choice, chaos, chemist, chest, chemical, chicken, cheap, catch,

chemistry, school, scholar…

Ex 12: Classify / s / and / z / :

See, seat, please, measure, mouse, pass, mass, bags, close, has, sum, sick, tease,

sues, rise, lays, eyes…

3 The consonant clusters:

islebeechsellcitedazefare

I’llsight

eightbeancheepcorddearfeat

atebeencheapchorddeerfeet

ayebeatcheckcotedieflower

Ibeetchequecoatdyeflour

eye

for four fort fought gneiss niece great grate

hair hare hear here hire high hole whole

horse hoarse lock loch law lore made maid

male mail meat meet mete mite might nap knap

naught nought night knight no know not knot

or oar ore one won pale pail pear pair parepeal peel peer pier plane plain key quay

reigh rein rain raze rays raise rows rose rowed road rodewrite right wright sauce source see sea sent scent cent

some sum Son sun sought sort stare stair

sweet suit tail tale threw through tied tide

too two warn worn way weigh week weak

would wood yoke yolk your yore wore war

Part two

stress

A The aims:

- To help the sts know the way to mark stresses, and pronounce words correctly

- To emphasize the important of stresses

- To show the rules to mark stresses

- To provide the sts with exercises on stresses and intonation

1.1 Primary stress: (/) The strongest and loudest stress of all

1.2 Secondary stress: (Λ) The second loudest stress

1.3 Tertiary stress: (\) weaker than secondary stress

1.4 Weakstress: (٧) Zero stress, the weakest degree of loudness

2 In words:

2.1 Primary stress: (/) The loudest one

2.2 Secondary stress: (\) The weaker one

III The marking rules for word- stress:

1 For disyllables words:

1.1 Usually on the first syllables: mother, ready, colour, palace, student, teacher,…

1.2 Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes: become, react,

foretell, unpleasant, disorder, peaceful, kindness, scientist, …

(But: foresight, forecast, unkeep)

1.3 Usually on the sound of “ ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”: dictate, surprise, defy,…

2 For words with more than 2 syllables:

2.1 Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end: family, cinema, regular, singular,

international, satisfactory,…

2.2 Usually on the 3rd last syllables with words ending in “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”, “logy’,

“logist”, “cracy”, “ility”: recognize, demonstrade, qualify, psychology, biologist,

biology, democracy, responsibility…

2.3 Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ience”, “ient”,

“al”, “ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “tion”, “sion’: physician, experience,

expedient, parental, essential, habitual, courageous, dilicious, familiar, …

(Except for: Television)

2.4 Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “ade”, “esque”: Portugese,

refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer, adequade, picturesque, cigarette,…

3 Others rules:

3.1 Words having more than one function:

3.2 Usually on the syllables that either have long vowel sound, dipthong sound, or end in more than one consonant : affect, obtain,…

IV Rules for phrase-stress:

1 Compound nouns: (/ \) farm-house, fire-engine, cowboy, black-bird,

But: (\ /): pass-by, sun-set, ice-cream, steak-dinner, glass-window, silk-dress,

nylon-stock, cotton-flower,…

2 Compound adjectives: ( \ /) light-blue, absent-minded, blue-eyed, hard-working,…

But: (/ \) sun-burnt, sun-lit, sea-sick, sea-faring,…

3 Adjective-nouns: ( \ /) a sad song, a beautiful picture, a fresh egg, an interesting

lesson,

4 Present participle-noun: ( \ /) a travelling circus, a singing student, an amusing story,

a sleeping child,…

5 Gerund noun: – (/ \) a dancing teacher, an eating apple, a looking glass, a

stepping-stone, a magnifying glass, a washing machine,…

6 Qualifier-adjective: (Λ /)very tired, rather old, pretty bad, quite important, too weak,…

7 Verb- adverb: (Λ /) come here, speak clearly, try carefully, read aloud, sit down, …

8 Verb-adverbial particle: ( \ /) put on, look up, put off, come through, take off, call on,

hand over, go over, …

9 Verb-adverbial particle-noun: (\ Λ /) put on the coat, turn on the light,…

10 Verb-noun-adverbial particle: (\ Λ /) put the coat on, turn the light on,…

11 Verb-preposition: ( / Λ)look at, speak to, wait, for, look up,…

Part three

Vocabulary

A The aims:

- To help the sts know the function of words

- To show the sts the way to build up vocabulary, especially related words

- To provide the sts with vocabulary exercises

- To enrich the sts’ vocabulary

B Teaching procedure:

I Nouns (n):

1 Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements…

2 Functions:

2.1 Subject (S): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)

2.2 Object (O): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday

party)

2.3 Complement (C): Make the coplementation (She was a famous singer)

2.4 Compounds (Co): Summer holiday, birthday cakes,…

2.5 Possessive cases (Pc): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,…

2.6 Noun phrases (Np): Free words combination or compounds

3 Plural forms:

3.1 Adding s“ ” to almost count-nouns:

a table tables an apple apples

a student students an umbrella umbrellas

3.2 Adding es “ ” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ” with /iz/ sound:

a watch watches a torch torches

a potato potatoes a tomato tomatoes

a box boxes

3.3 Adding ies“ ” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants:

a story stories

3.4 Adding ves“ ” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”:

3.5 Irregular changes:

a medium media a phenomenium phenomenia

3.6 Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(either singular or plural form, either

singular or plural verb)

3.7 Always plural form-nouns:

clothes police breeches pants pyjamas

trousers scissors pliers (k×m) binoculars glasses

scales shears (kÐo c¾t cá) arms damages earnings

goods greens (vegetable) outskirts savings pains (trouble, effort) spirits surroundings stairs valuables athletics

ethics mathematics physics politics

3.8 Unchange the names of creatures: deer, sheep,carf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon,

squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs)

3.9 Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bÖnh sng quai hµm), billiards,

bowls

4 Uncount-nouns:

4.1 Substances:

4.2 Abstract nouns:

advice beauty courage death experience

fear help Hope horror information knowledge mercy Pity relief suspicion

4.3 Others:

parking shopping Work weather

4.4 Notes: Particular sense of uncount nouns:

4.4.1 a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family)

4.4.2 a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study)

4.4.3 a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of

4.4.6 a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion /

suspicions that no one will agree to help

5 Compound nouns:

5.1 Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; halldoor; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter

clothes; petrol tank;…

5.2 Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching;

coal-mining; surf-riding;…

5.3 Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving

licence; swimming pool;…

5.4 Free combination:

- shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;

…

- city street; corner shop; coutry lane; …

- summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; …

- steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…

- coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;…

- fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …

- football match; beauty contest; pop music;…

6 Suffixes:

6.1 er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/ : … teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, applicant, employee,…

6.2 ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/ :… government, difference, action, capitalism,

assistance, marriage,…

6.3 hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/ : … neighbourhood, freedom, friendship, sadness,

variety,

6.4 ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/ : … possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, behaviour, difficulty,…

II Adjectives (adj):

1 Kinds (Classification):

1.1 Main kinds:

a Demonstrative: this, that, those, these.

b Distributive: each, every, either, neither.

c Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers

d Interrogative: which, what, whose.

e Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their

f Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,…

1.2 Participles:

a present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting, (for objects)…

b past: ED-form broken, tired, bored, (for human-beings)…

c Notes: Present participles are different from gerund

e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing.

2 Functions (Position):

2.1 Noun-subordinator: a new book, a kind lady, a large room,…

2.2 Verb-complementation: Follow the certain verbs as be, become, seem appear,

feel, get, grow (become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,…

But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb:

Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)

- He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd)

- He turned pale (= He became pale)

- He turned angrily to the man behind (=He was angry with the man behind)

- The soup tasted horrible (= The soup was not delicious itself)

- They tasted the soup suspiciously (= They thought there was something wrong

with the soup)

3 Comparison forms:

3.1 Positive degree: as + adjs + as

Eg: - She is as tall as my wife.

- Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).

3.2 Comparative degree:

3.2.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: adjs-ER + than

Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na

- She was better at English than we were (us)

3.2.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: more + adjs + than

Eg: - She was more hard-working than us.

- We are more intelligent than him

3.3 Superlative degree:

3.3.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: the adjs-EST

Eg: - Nam is the best in our class.

- She was the kindest lady I ve ever met.’

3.3.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: the most + adjs

Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group.

- She is the most hard-working girl I ve ever known.’

Notes: For adjs ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:

clever Cleverer the cleverest pretty Prettier the prettiest happy Happier the happiest silly Sillier the silliest

far farther/ further the farthest/ furthest

many / much More the most old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest

3.4 Parallel: - “The the”:… The older she gets, the wiser she become.

- And: It s getting darker and darker.’

She has now more and more free time.

- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike.

It s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to’

go alone

3.5 Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill.

Tom and Bill are alike.

3.6 Like/ as: He swims like a fish.

You look like a ghost.

Do as I told you.

3.7 Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn t a slave).’

He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).

3.8 The adjectives: The rich, the poor,…

4 Clauses:

4.1 That clause: – It is disappointed that he failed the exam.

It s better that someone should tell him.’

4.2 find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V:

I found that it is impossible to start now.

She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.

4.3 It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives:

a Character: brave, careless, corwardly (nhót nh¸t), cruel, generous, good,

nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish, wicked, wrong,…

b Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nh¹y bÐn), silly,

stupid,…

4.4 Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives:

Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculou s(lè bÞch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lËp dÞ), pointless, useful, useless,…

- That s the amazing idea to show.’

- It was an unreasonable result to accept.

4.5 It s + adjs + infinitives:’ advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential,

good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tÊt yÕu),…

4.6 It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitves: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard,

possible, important, safe, unsafe,…

4.7 S + be + adjs + infinitives :

- Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad,…( S +

be + glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad + to say/ tell/ inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/ )…

- Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow,

ready, willing, unwilling.

4.8 Special cases:

- Due: (time) >The race is due to start in 5 minutes

- Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.

- Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident.

- Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action

- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher.

- Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house.

- Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.

- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.

- Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes.

- Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I m sorry to tell you that bad news.’

- Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone.

- Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone.

- Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn t come.’

- Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky that we weren t late.’

- S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book.

- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It s possible that man will live longer.’

- Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature.

- Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was concious that she would be late.

a an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mxican, African,…

b ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portugese, Sudanese, Lebanese,…

c i: Pakistani, Iraqui, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,…

d ian: Argentinian, Australian,Brazillian, Italian,…

e ish: English, Polish, Turkish, danish, Finnish,…

f others: Czech, French, dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,…

2.1.2 Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/

should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/ (These …are sometimes functional verbs)

2.2 Lexical verbs:

2.2.1 Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish)

2.2.2 Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They arehelpful)

2.2.3 Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences

meaningful without any complementation

e.g She cried (noisily).

It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cat and dog)

2.2.4 Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation

a Monotransitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O).

e.g She bought flowers.

Ann met her fiancÐ yesterday.

b Ditransitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects

e.g She bought me some sweets (= She bought some sweets for me)

They gave me a big cake (=They gave a big cake to me)

c Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co”

e.g He made me angry.

The female film star drove him mad.

3 Affixations:

3.1 en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )

e.g danger…….to endanger wide…… to widen

courage……to encourage lenghth……to lenghthen

rich……… to enrich broad …… to broaden

3.2 ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify)

e.g modern……to modernize industrial to industrialize…

maximum to maximize capital… …… to capitalise

natural…… to naturalize minimum to minimize…

4 Sentence models:

4.1 S + V intrans: e.g They laugh/ The wind is blowing.

4.2 S + V monotrans + O: e.g He did his homework/ Harlay carried an umbrella.

4.3 S + V in/ extensive + C s: e.g He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted.

4.4 S + V intrans + A: e.g He went abroad/ She arrives late.

4.5 S + V ditrans + O + O: e.g She buys me presents/ That brings my father success

4.6 S + V complex trans + O + C: e.g The story made me bored/ You drive me mad.

4.7 S + V intrans + A + A: e.g She went to school early/ He came to the park in the

( She sings marvellously/ He worked very hard)

1.2 Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ up/…

(She comes there twice a week/ Here comes the police)

1.3 Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ then/ today/ yet/…

(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return soon)

1.4 Adv of frequency: always/ often/ sometimes/ never/ once/ twice/…

(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the leader)

1.5 Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ surely/…

( He was certainly the liar/ luckily, she passed the exam)

1.6 Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ very/…

(He was quite handsome/ Hardly did we see anything)

1.7 Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/…

(When did you go?/ Where is she now?)

1.8 Adv of relative: when/ where/ why

(He came when we were watching T.V)

2 Same form with adjectives:

pretty right* Short* till straight

well wrong* Most*

Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings.

3 Positions (Functions):

3.1 Adv of manner:

3.1.1 Follow verbs: e.g: He danced gracefully.

3.1.2 Before prepositions or follow objects in “V + pre + O”:e.g: He looked at me

carefully.

He looked carefully at me.

3.1.3 Follow S: e.g:He suspiciously tasted the soup.

3.1.4 At the beginning or at the end of sentences: e.g: Carefully he checks the suitcase.

He checks the suitcase carefully.

3.2 Adv of time:

3.2.1 At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/

soon/ then/ today/ tomorrow/ at once/ since then/ till/…

e.g: He will returns soon Today we will learn lesson two.

3.2.2 Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as conjunctions at the

beginning)

e.g: He went to the church immediately Immediately, he went to the church

3.2.3 Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still e.g: He still lives in the suburbof the city.

3.2.4 Split: just e.g: He has just left the house.

3.3 Adv of place:

3.3.1 At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here/ there/… e.g: Nowhere could we find him English is spoken everywhere.

3.3.2 Administration: here/ there

e.g: He lives here/ She hasn t gone there’

3.4 Adv of frequency:

4.1 always/ continually/ frequently/ occasionally/ often/ once/ twice/ periodically/ repeatedly/ sometimes/ usually

e.g: She usually walks to school.

4.2 Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarely ever/ seldom

e.g: Never will she eat this kind of food.

3.5 Inversion cases:

Hardly ever… Hardly when… In no circumstances Neither nor…

Never No sooner than… Not only Not till

Nowhere On no account Only by Only in this way Only then/ when Scarely ever Scarely when… Seldom/ so

E Affixations: