The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense). e.g: She had sold all the baske[r]
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CREATED BY TRUONG QUANG KHANH
SEPTEMBER 2007
PART ONE
PHONETICS
A The aims:
- To introduce to the sts the phonetic symbols, the transcription of a word, the sound of the word…
- To improve the sts’ phonetic, stress, and intonation
- To help the sts do the phonetic exercises
-B Teaching procedure :
1 The vowel sounds:
There are 20 vowels in the English language, 12 of them are pure vowels (single vowels), and the left eights dipthongs (combination of two vowels)
- The 12 pure vowels: / I - i: /, / e - ổ/, / o - o:/, / - a: /, / u- u:/, / ә - ỗ/.
- The 8 dipthongs: / ei - ai - oi /, / au - әu /, / iә - eә - uә /
Practical Exercises
Ex1: Classify /i:/ and /I/:
Evening, tin, easy, eat, it, jean, since, this, meat, teach, film, interesting, tea, sea, seen, sit,
seat, minute, fifty, cheese, chinese, free, three, be, she, pleased…
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Ex 2: Classify /a:/ and / /:
Cut, cup, cart, card, done, come, mar, march, must, darn, last, lust, heart, harm, hut, much, calm,
farm…
Ex 3: Classify /u:/ and / u/:
Look, cook, book, soot, shoot, pull, pool, could, shoe, suit, stood, stewed, to, too, wooed, wood,
food, cool…
Ex 4: Classify / ổ / and / e /:
Dad, dead, man, many, mad, any, at, sat, head, hand, fan, can, land, dense, send, set, met, letter,
stretch, fed, catch…
Ex 7: Classify / au / and / әu /:
Now, no, show, how, hoe, loud, load, tone, town, couch, know, noun, known, foal, fowl, rouse, rose,
stout, stoat, found, phone…
Ex 8: Classify / iә /, / eә /, / uә /:
Hear, hair, sure, tour, wear, near, fear, year, stair, cure, beard, cheer, scared, careful, fierce,
moor, shared, careless, theatre…
Notes: Tripthongs and other vowel sequences:
/ aiә /: fire, hire, tyre, buyer, wire, flyer, iron,…
/ әuә /: slower, lower, grower, sower, mower,…
/ auә /: flower, power, tower, shower, sour, flour,…
/ eiә /: greyer, player, layer, payer, prayer,…
/ oiә /: employer, destroyer, royal, loyal, annoyance,…
2 The consonants sounds:
There are 24 consonants in English, which are devided into voiceless and voiced consonants as they are shown below:
Trang 3Pham Cong Binh Secondary School - - - English Group
Plough, play, proud, pray, pure, puritant,…
islebeechsellcitedazefare
I’ll
sight
eightbeancheepcorddearfeat
atebeencheapchorddeerfeet
ayebeatcheckcotedieflower
Ibeetchequecoatdyeflour
eye
Trang 4Pham Cong Binh Secondary School - - - English Group
PART TWO
STRESS
A The aims:
- To help the sts know the way to mark stresses, and pronounce words correctly
- To emphasize the important of stresses
- To show the rules to mark stresses
- To provide the sts with exercises on stresses and intonation
Primary stress: (/) The strongest and loudest stress of all
Secondary stress: () The second loudest stress
Tertiary stress: (\) weaker than secondary stress
Weakstress: (٧) Zero stress, the weakest degree of loudness
2 In words:
2.1 Primary stress: (/) The loudest one
2.2 Secondary stress: (\) The weaker one
III The marking rules for word- stress:
1 For disyllables words:
Usually on the first syllables: mother, ready, colour, palace, student, teacher,…
Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, disorder, peaceful, kindness, scientist,…
(But: foresight, forecast, unkeep)
1.3 Usually on the sound of “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”: dictate, surprise, defy,…
2 For words with more than 2 syllables:
Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end: family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory,…
Usually on the 3rd last syllables with words ending in “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”, “logy’, “logist”, “cracy”,
“ility”: recognize, demonstrade, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility…
Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”,
“eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “tion”, “sion’: physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual,
courageous, dilicious, familiar,… (Except for: Television)
Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “ade”, “esque”: Portugese, refugee, employee,
engineer, volunteer, adequade, picturesque, cigarette,…
3 Others rules:
3.1 Words having more than one function:
3.2 Usually on the syllables that either have long vowel sound, dipthong sound, or end in more than one
consonant : affect, obtain,…
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IV Rules for phrase-stress:
1 Compound nouns: (/ \) farm-house, fire-engine, cowboy, black-bird,
But: (\ /): pass-by, sun-set, ice-cream, steak-dinner, glass-window, silk-dress, nylon-stock, flower,…
cotton-2 Compound adjectives: ( \ /) light-blue, absent-minded, blue-eyed, hard-working,…
But: (/ \) sun-burnt, sun-lit, sea-sick, sea-faring,…
3 Adjective-nouns: ( \ /) a sad song, a beautiful picture, a fresh egg, an interesting lesson,
4 Present participle-noun: ( \ /) a travelling circus, a singing student, an amusing story, a sleeping
child,…
5 Gerund – noun: (/ \) a dancing teacher, an eating apple, a looking glass, a stepping-stone, a
magnifying glass, a washing machine,…
6 Qualifier-adjective: ( /)very tired, rather old, pretty bad, quite important, too weak,…
7 Verb- adverb: ( /) come here, speak clearly, try carefully, read aloud, sit down, ….
8 Verb-adverbial particle: ( \ /) put on, look up, put off, come through, take off, call on, hand over, go
over,….
9 Verb-adverbial particle-noun: (\ /) put on the coat, turn on the light,…
10 Verb-noun-adverbial particle: (\ /) put the coat on, turn the light on,…
11 Verb-preposition: ( / )look at, speak to, wait, for, look up,…
PART THREE
VOCABULARY
A The aims:
- To help the sts know the function of words
- To show the sts the way to build up vocabulary, especially related words
- To provide the sts with vocabulary exercises
- To enrich the sts’ vocabulary
B Teaching procedure:
I Nouns (n):
1 Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements…
2 Functions:
Subject (S): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)
Object (O): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party)
Complement (C): Make the coplementation (She was a famous singer)
Compounds (Co): Summer holiday, birthday cakes,…
Possessive cases (Pc): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,…
Noun phrases (Np): Free words combination or compounds
3 Plural forms:
Adding “s” to almost count-nouns:
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3.2 Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ” with /iz/ sound:
3.3 Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants:
3.4 Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”:
3.5 Irregular changes:
3.6. Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(either singular or plural form, either singular or
plural verb)
3.7. Always plural form-nouns:
goods greens (vegetable) outskirts savings pains (trouble, effort)
3.8. Unchange the names of creatures: deer, sheep,carf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout,
turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs)
3.9. Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards, bowls
4 Uncount-nouns:
4.1 Substances:
4.2 Abstract nouns:
4.3 Others:
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4.4 Notes: Particular sense of uncount nouns:
4.4.1 a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family)
4.4.2 a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study)
4.4.3 a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of history) 4.4.4 a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a great love for funny stories) 4.4.5 a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…(It’s a pity that I couldn’t come)
4.4.6 a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion / suspicions that
no one will agree to help
- shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;…
- city street; corner shop; coutry lane; …
- summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; …
- steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…
- coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;…
- fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …
- football match; beauty contest; pop music;…
6 Suffixes:
6.1 er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/…: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, applicant, employee,…
6.2 ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/…: government, difference, action, capitalism, assistance, marriage,… 6.3 hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/…: neighbourhood, freedom, friendship, sadness, variety,
6.4 ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/…: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, behaviour, difficulty,…
II Adjectives (adj):
1 Kinds (Classification):
Main kinds:
a Demonstrative: this, that, those, these.
b Distributive: each, every, either, neither.
c Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers
d Interrogative: which, what, whose.
e Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their
f Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,…
Participles:
a present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for objects)
b past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings)
c Notes: Present participles are different from gerund
e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing.
2 Functions (Position):
2.1 Noun-subordinator: a new book, a kind lady, a large room,…
2.2 Verb-complementation: Follow the certain verbs as be, become, seem appear, feel, get, grow
(become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,…
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But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb:
Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)
- He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd)
- He turned pale (= He became pale)
- He turned angrily to the man behind (=He was angry with the man behind)
- The soup tasted horrible (= The soup was not delicious itself)
- They tasted the soup suspiciously (= They thought there was something wrong with the soup)
3 Comparison forms:
3.1 Positive degree: as + adjs + as
Eg: - She is as tall as my wife.
- Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).
3.2 Comparative degree:
3.2.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: adjs-ER + than
Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na
- She was better at English than we were (us)
3.2.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: more + adjs + than
Eg: - She was more hard-working than us.
- We are more intelligent than him
3.3 Superlative degree:
3.3.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: the adjs-EST
Eg: - Nam is the best in our class.
- She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met.
3.3.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: the most + adjs
Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group.
- She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.
Notes: For adjs ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:
3.4 Parallel: - “The… the”:The older she gets, the wiser she become.
- And: It’s getting darker and darker.
She has now more and more free time.
- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike.
It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go alone
3.5 Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill.
Tom and Bill are alike.
3.6 Like/ as: He swims like a fish.
You look like a ghost.
Do as I told you.
3.7 Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave).
He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).
3.8 The adjectives: The rich, the poor,…
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4 Clauses:
That – clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam.
It’s better that someone should tell him.
find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V:
I found that it is impossible to start now.
She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.
It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives:
a Character: brave, careless, corwardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice
(=kind), mean, rude, selfish, wicked, wrong,…
b Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,…
Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives:
Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculou s(lố bịch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,…
- That’s the amazing idea to show.
- It was an unreasonable result to accept.
It’s + adjs + infinitives: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important,
necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),…
It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitves: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe,
unsafe,…
S + be + adjs + infinitives :
- Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad,…( S + be + glad/
happy/ sorry/ sad + to say/ tell/ inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…)
- Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing,
unwilling.
Special cases:
- Due: (time) >The race is due to start in 5 minutes
- Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.
- Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident.
- Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action
- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher.
- Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house.
- Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.
- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.
- Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes.
- Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news.
- Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone.
- Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone.
- Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come.
- Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky that we weren’t late.
- S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book.
- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man will live longer.
- Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature.
- Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was concious that she would be late.
5 Suffixes:
able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/…: talkable, visible, whitish, bored, amusing, careful, hopeless,…
y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/…: wealthy, manly, golden, chinese, poisonous, logical, effective,…
ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/…: adequade, humanate, dependent, worldwide, domestic, communist,… like/ style/ type/…: childlike, Romantype, Germanstyle,…
Trang 10Pham Cong Binh Secondary School - - - English Group
Nationality:
a an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mxican, African,…
b ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portugese, Sudanese, Lebanese,…
c i: Pakistani, Iraqui, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,…
d ian: Argentinian, Australian,Brazillian, Italian,…
e ish: English, Polish, Turkish, danish, Finnish,…
f others: Czech, French, dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,…
C Verbs (v):
1 Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences.
2 Classification:
Auxiliary verbs:
Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ do (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs)
Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/…(These are sometimes functional verbs)
Lexical verbs:
Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish)
Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They arehelpful)
Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without any complementation
e.g She cried (noisily).
It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cat and dog)
Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation
a Monotransitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O).
e.g She bought flowers.
Ann met her fiancé yesterday.
b Ditransitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects (S+V+O+O)
e.g She bought me some sweets (= She bought some sweets for me) They gave me a big cake (=They gave a big cake to me)
c Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co”
e.g He made me angry.
The female film star drove him mad.
3 Affixations:
en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )
e.g danger…….to endanger wide…… to widen
courage……to encourage lenghth……to lenghthen
rich……… to enrich broad …… to broaden
ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify)
e.g modern……to modernize industrial….to industrialize
maximum….to maximize capital…… to capitalise
natural…… to naturalize minimum….to minimize
4 Sentence models:
4.1 S + Vintrans: e.g They laugh/ The wind is blowing.
4.2 S + Vmonotrans + O: e.g He did his homework/ Harlay carried an umbrella.
4.3 S + Vin/ extensive + Cs: e.g He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted.
4.4 S + Vintrans + A: e.g He went abroad/ She arrives late.
4.5 S + Vditrans + O + O: e.g She buys me presents/ That brings my father success
4.6 S + Vcomplex trans + O + C: e.g The story made me bored/ You drive me mad.
4.7 S + Vintrans + A + A: e.g She went to school early/ He came to the park in the early
morning.
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D Adverbs (adv):
1 Kinds (Classification):
Adv of manner: bravely/ fastly/ happily/ quickly/ well/ hard/…
( She sings marvellously/ He worked very hard)
Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ up/…
(She comes there twice a week/ Here comes the police)
Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ then/ today/ yet/…
(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return soon)
Adv of frequency: always/ often/ sometimes/ never/ once/ twice/…
(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the leader)
Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ surely/…
( He was certainly the liar/ luckily, she passed the exam)
Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ very/…
(He was quite handsome/ Hardly did we see anything)
Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/…
(When did you go?/ Where is she now?)
Adv of relative: when/ where/ why
(He came when we were watching T.V)
2 Same form with adjectives:
Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings.
3 Positions (Functions):
Adv of manner:
Follow verbs: e.g: He danced gracefully.
Before prepositions or follow objects in “V + pre + O”:e.g: He looked at me carefully.
He looked carefully at me Follow S: e.g:He suspiciously tasted the soup.
At the beginning or at the end of sentences: e.g: Carefully he checks the suitcase.
He checks the suitcase carefully.
Adv of time:
At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/ soon/ then/ today/ tomorrow/ at once/ since then/ till/…
e.g: He will returns soon Today we will learn lesson two.
Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as conjunctions at the beginning)
e.g: He went to the church immediately Immediately, he went to the church
Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still e.g: He still lives in the suburbof the city.
Split: just e.g: He has just left the house.
Adv of place:
3.3.1 At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here/ there/…
e.g: Nowhere could we find him English is spoken everywhere.
3.3.2 Administration: here/ there
e.g: He lives here/ She hasn’t gone there.
Adv of frequency:
4.1 always/ continually/ frequently/ occasionally/ often/ once/ twice/ periodically/ repeatedly/ sometimes/ usually
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e.g: She usually walks to school.
4.2 Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarely ever/ seldom
e.g: Never will she eat this kind of food.
Inversion cases:
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