5 3 early american alliances

Meyer/Corbis 3 ©Bettmann/Corbis 4 Getty Images 7 ©Peter Gridley/Getty Images 12 Getty Images 13 State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, USA/Bridgeman Art Library 14 Bettmann/Corb

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Scott Foresman Social Studies

ISBN 0-328-14893-8 ì<(sk$m)=beijdg< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features

Nonfi ction Compare and

Contrast

• Maps

• Captions

Fascinating Facts

• England gave land in the Ohio River valley to a group

of Virginia colonists George Washington, one of those

colonists, was sent by the British to make the French leave

the area

• Some Mohawks, who were part of the Iroquois League,

left the league to join the French in their war against the

British and other Iroquois

• After the French and Indian War, the only part of

mainland on the Atlantic coast that did not belong to

England was Florida, which was still controlled by Spain

Scott Foresman Social Studies

ISBN 0-328-14893-8 ì<(sk$m)=beijdg< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features

Nonfi ction Compare and

Contrast

• Maps

• Captions

Fascinating Facts

• England gave land in the Ohio River valley to a group

of Virginia colonists George Washington, one of those

colonists, was sent by the British to make the French leave

the area

• Some Mohawks, who were part of the Iroquois League,

left the league to join the French in their war against the

British and other Iroquois

• After the French and Indian War, the only part of

mainland on the Atlantic coast that did not belong to

England was Florida, which was still controlled by Spain

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Write to It!

Suppose that you are a reporter for a colonial newspaper covering the French and Indian War Write a three- or four-paragraph article summarizing the events of the war

Write your article on a separate sheet of paper.

ISBN: 0-328-14893-8

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Glenview, Illinois 60025.

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Maps

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Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: Francis G Meyer/Corbis

3 ©Bettmann/Corbis

4 Getty Images

7 ©Peter Gridley/Getty Images

12 Getty Images

13 State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, USA/Bridgeman Art Library

14 Bettmann/Corbis

Vocabulary

alliance self-sufficient backcountry trading post tributary

In this book you will read about the growth and

development of the Thirteen English Colonies in

North America From the time of the first European

settlements, the colonists experienced a complicated

relationship with the American Indians This relationship

included agreements and conflicts that led to the French

and Indian War

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New Beginnings

When the European settlers arrived in North America, they

had to adapt to a new land with its own geography, history, and

culture There were already people living in this new land who

had for centuries adapted their lives to the environment in which

they lived These people were the American Indians, or Native

Americans The settlers and the American Indians had a very

complicated relationship At different points throughout early

American history, the settlers and American Indians fought wars

against each other, formed trade and military alliances, and

shared farming techniques Two key factors that profoundly

impacted the way of life and the interactions between the

settlers and American Indians were geography and climate

The geography and climate varied greatly along the east coast

of North America

3

The Thirteen Colonies

The colonists lived along the Atlantic coast of North America

There were thirteen colonies, and each colony had distinctive characteristics However, colonies that were geographically close

to one another shared similar climates As a result, three distinct colonial regions emerged The regions were called the New England, the Middle, and the Southern Colonies

The Thirteen English Colonies

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The New England Colonies

The colonists who settled in the New England Colonies found

rocky soil, cold winters, and short summers to be characteristic of

the region’s geography and climate Because of this, most farmers

in New England learned to be self-sufficient They learned

important farming techniques, such as how to grow corn, from

the American Indians

Fishing, boat building, and trading were not only popular ways

of earning a living, they were also important industries that helped

shape the growth of the New England economy The dense New

England forests supplied plenty of timber to build ships Other

natural resources found in New England were iron and animal

furs One way the colonists obtained furs was by trading with

American Indians

Metacom, Sachem of the Wampanoag, was known to colonists as “King Philip.”

5

In 1633 Dutch colonists expanded their fur trade from the Hudson River valley in present-day New York to present-day Hartford, Connecticut The English colonists in Massachusetts wanted to compete with the Dutch for the fur trade The Pequot,

a powerful American Indian group, saw the English as more

of a threat because there were more English colonists In 1637 conflicts over land and the fur trade sparked a war between the English and the Pequot This was known as the Pequot War In this war, the English colonists were assisted by the Narragansett and the Mohegan—rivals of the Pequot By the fall of 1638, English colonists and their American Indian allies defeated the Pequot, and hundreds of Pequot were killed For nearly forty years after the end of the Pequot War, New England did not experience any major conflicts with American Indians

In 1675 King Philip’s War became the most costly conflict between American Indians and the colonists Twelve out of ninety New England towns were destroyed and 5 percent of the colonists were killed Almost 40 percent of the American Indian population were killed or fled the region After the war, the American Indians who stayed in New England survived in small, scattered communities The American Indians no longer had the strength to use armed resistance to oppose the colonists They lost control of their land, and by the early 1700s English colonists had expanded across the region

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The Middle Colonies

Between the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies

lay the Middle Colonies Unlike the colonies in the North, the

Middle Colonies had very fertile soil and a more moderate

climate As a result, the Middle Colonies were often called the

“breadbasket” colonies because they supplied the New England

and the Southern Colonies with grains, such as wheat, barley,

and oats

Unlike New England, there were fewer towns in the Middle

Colonies because of the large amount of space required for

farming Rather than use land for a town square as in New

England, farmers in the Middle Colonies needed large areas of

land to grow crops and raise livestock In addition, the Middle

Colonies had excellent iron and coal resources and a strong fur

industry All of these items were traded in the bustling coastal

cities of the Middle Colonies

Because many of the colonists who lived in Massachusetts

were Puritans from England, people who practiced other religious

beliefs were persecuted In contrast, the Middle Colonies were

much more diverse and enjoyed more religious freedom Quakers,

Presbyterians, Mennonites, and Catholics all lived in the Middle

Colonies The Quakers, many of whom lived in Pennsylvania,

were known for their tolerance, especially toward African

Americans and American Indians

7

In 1682 William Penn founded the Pennsylvania colony as a place where his Quaker beliefs could be practiced In the same year, he made a treaty with the Lenni Lenape group In the treaty, Penn promised to pay them a fair price for most of the land that King Charles II had given him Compared to many other colonies, Pennsylvania had no major conflicts with American Indians—at least until Penn’s death in 1718

The Lenape, or Delaware, lived in a region that consisted of much of the Middle Colonies In 1600 there were about twenty thousand Delaware By 1700 war and disease had reduced their population to about four thousand One cause of war was the fur trade between American Indians and the colonists The demand from Europe for fur was so great that several American Indian groups competed for the same hunting territories This competition led to war among the groups

William Penn and colonial leaders met with the Delaware in 1682.

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The Southern Colonies

The Southern Colonies had winters that were shorter and milder

than the winters in either New England or the Middle Colonies

The geography was also different The land close to the Atlantic

coast was a mixture of bays, swamps, and rivers This land was

fertile and often wet, making it very good for growing cash crops,

such as tobacco, indigo, and rice Many cash crops were grown

on plantations Large plantations often had their own blacksmiths

and dressmakers In some cases large plantations in the South had

bigger populations than some towns in New England

Southern plantations brought much wealth and prestige to

the South However, the majority of southerners did not own

plantations Like farmers in New England, many southerners

were self-sufficient These southerners lived in the backcountry,

surrounded by dense woods and hills People living in the

backcountry had a complicated relationship with the American

Indians of that region, on whose hunting and fishing areas

they settled

9

The Tuscarora, an American Indian group, went to war against the North Carolina colonists in 1711 Two years later, the colonists defeated the Tuscarora with the help of the Yamasee,

a rival American Indian group In 1715 the Yamasee made an alliance with part of the Creek group in their own fight against the colonists The colonists defeated this alliance with the help

of the Cherokee and other American Indians By the end of the war the next year, the American Indians were defeated Many of the survivors were driven from their homes and fled to Spanish-controlled Florida

More than a million animal furs were shipped from the port city of Charleston, South Carolina between 1700 and 1715 The fur trade forced the Cherokee to hunt farther from their homes

Competition with the colonists for hunting grounds, wars with other American Indian groups, and disease were some of the challenges faced by the Cherokee Between 1773 and 1792, the Cherokee signed a number of treaties with colonists by which the Cherokee gave up a great deal of their land in the South

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The Ohio River Valley

Much of the conflict that occurred between people in early

North America was about land English colonists, French traders,

and many different American Indian groups were involved By

the early 1700s the Atlantic Coast was becoming too densely

populated Some English colonists began to cross the Appalachian

Mountains and move further west They moved to the Ohio

River valley, which had very fertile land By the mid-1700s, the

French already had trading posts in this region, where they met

American Indians and traded goods

This area was important because the Ohio River was a

tributary of the Mississippi River France had already claimed the

Mississippi River and all of its tributaries as part of New France

Both the French and the English wanted to control the Ohio River

valley because it offered access to the Mississippi River, fertile

lands, and a central location for trade In addition, American

Indians wanted to protect this region from being settled by the

English Some American Indians depended on trade with both the

French and the British in manufactured goods, especially weapons

The French and the English relied on the American Indians for

fur trade and military support All three groups wanted to have

control of the Ohio River valley, and war seemed inevitable

11

European Land Claims, 1750

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The French and Indian War

In the 1740s England granted land in the Ohio River valley to

a group of Virginia colonists These colonists thought the land

could be sold as farmland to other colonists This land grant

increased tension between the French and the English In the early

1750s the French built forts in the Ohio River valley to secure

what they felt was their territory The British did not want to lose

their claim and demanded that the French dismantle their forts

The French refused the demand, and war soon broke out

George Washington’s attempt to capture Fort Duquesne in

1754 is known as the Battle of Great Meadows The battle took

place near present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Washington’s

battle with French forces marked the beginning of the French and

Indian War A number of battles between the British, the French,

and their American Indian allies followed

George Washington

13

The struggle for power in North America was not the only source of conflict between Britain and France In 1756 Britain formally declared war on France and the Seven Years’ War began

Most of the fighting between the two countries and their allies took place in Europe In North America the British began the war by losing battles to the French One reason the French were winning was their alliance with American Indians Even though American Indians traded with both the British and the French, many American Indians feared that the English colonists would drive them from their land

To help gain an advantage, both the French and British made alliances with different American Indian groups In general, the French had a better relationship with the American Indians because they were traders and did not take the American Indians’

land as the English colonists did The two major American Indian groups involved were the Algonquians and the Iroquois

These two groups were made up of different nations that shared the same language and culture During the French and Indian War, the French formed alliances with the Algonquians and the English formed alliances with the Iroquois League The Iroquois allied themselves with the English because the Iroquois and the Algonquians had been enemies for a long time

General Edward Braddock, Washington’s commander, was mortally wounded near Fort Duquesne.

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In November 1756 the war changed direction when former

Prime Minister William Pitt became Secretary of State Pitt was a

very forceful man, and from London, he seized control of British

forces He appointed new, young generals to lead the British and

Colonial troops As a result, the British began winning battles

against the French In 1758, British forces were able to capture

Fort Duquesne, the fort George Washington had failed to capture

in 1754 In this victory, four years later, Washington was able to

take part in the fort’s capture

William Pitt became British secretary of state in 1756

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The Iroquois joined the British during the war The Iroquois hoped that this alliance would help them keep control of their land The British captured Quebec, the French capital city in New France, in 1759 When the British gained control of Montreal

in 1760, most of France’s territory in North America fell under British control In 1760 the war between Britain and France for North America largely ended However, the two countries and their allies continued to fight in Europe for the next three years

British Control

After seven years of fighting, the British won the French and Indian War The two sides signed the Treaty of Paris in 1763, and France gave much of its land in North America to Britain, including most of Canada and all of its territory east of the Mississippi River

After the French and Indian War, England controlled much of North America However, the British forts and troops needed to secure this vast territory were too few and too far apart Because the French had been defeated and were no longer a threat, the colonists began to move west to settle Many American Indians feared that the growing number of settlers would force them off their lands This movement by the colonists would soon affect the lives of the American Indians living in the West

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Glossary

alliance an agreement between two groups

or nations to defend each other

backcountry the rugged area of land near

the Appalachian Mountains

self-sufficient able to rely on oneself for

most of what one needs

trading post a place where settlers and

American Indians met to trade goods

tributary a stream or river that flows into

a larger river