5 3 making connections american indians and settlers

Bộ sách Scott Foresman social studies grade 5 gồm các quyển sau: 5.1 Uncovering Amerias Past 5.2 Vespucci Sails For America 5.3 Making Connections American Indians and Settlers 5.4 Conflict in the Colonies 5.5 Turning Points in the Fight for Freedom 5.6 Words of Freedom The US Constitution 5.7 Spreading Across the Continent 5.8 The Search for Land, Gold, and a New Life 5.9 Civil War Heroines 5.10 The Great Depression 5.11 The Home Front 5.12 Rockets and Satellites 5.13 When Everyone Became a Hero 5.14 New Problems New Solutions 5.15 Touring the United States

Trang 1

Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction Compare and

Contrast

• Maps

• Captions

ISBN 0-328-14892-X

ì<(sk$m)=beijcj< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

• England gave land in the Ohio River valley to a group

of Virginia colonists George Washington, one of those

colonists, was sent by the British to make the French

leave the area

• Some Mohawks, who were part of the Iroquois League,

left the league to join the French in their war against the

British and other Iroquois

• After the French and Indian War, the only part of the

mainland on the Atlantic coast that did not belong to

England was Florida, which was still controlled by Spain

Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction Compare and

Contrast

• Maps

• Captions

ISBN 0-328-14892-X

ì<(sk$m)=beijcj< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

• England gave land in the Ohio River valley to a group

of Virginia colonists George Washington, one of those

colonists, was sent by the British to make the French

leave the area

• Some Mohawks, who were part of the Iroquois League,

left the league to join the French in their war against the

British and other Iroquois

• After the French and Indian War, the only part of the

mainland on the Atlantic coast that did not belong to

England was Florida, which was still controlled by Spain

Trang 2

The Thirteen English Colonies were settled in different

regions These differences explained why farming

was popular in one region, while fishing was the main

industry in another Each region also had different

relationships between the colonists and the American

Indians In this book you will read about regional

differences among colonies, how the colonists got

along with the American Indians, and the French and

Indian War

Vocabulary

alliance self-sufficient backcountry tributary trading post

Write to It!

Do you think the English settlers should have found another way to get along with the American Indians?

What else could the settlers have done, besides moving onto the American Indians’ land? Write two paragraphs to explain your thoughts

Write your paragraphs on a separate sheet of paper

ISBN: 0-328-14892-X

by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited

reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding

permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,

Glenview, Illinois 60025.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

Maps

10 Mapquest.com, Inc.

Photographs

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: The Granger Collection, NY

3 ©Bettmann/Corbis

4 Mary Evans Picture Library

7 Francis G Meyer/Corbis

9 Cherokee Indian Museum North Carolina / Mireille Vautier/The Art Archive

12 Corbis

13 Getty Images

14 The Granger Collection, NY

Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Sacramento, California • Mesa, Arizona

Trang 3

New Beginnings

When the European colonists came to North America, they settled a land with its own geography, history, and

culture The settlers had to change their way of life to

survive in this land There were already people living in

this land, and these people were the American Indians,

or Native Americans The settlers and the American

Indians had a very complicated relationship Throughout

early American history the settlers and American Indians

fought wars against each other, made trade and military

alliances, and shared numerous ideas

The Thirteen English Colonies

The settlers, who were also called colonists, lived along the Atlantic coast of North America There were thirteen

colonies along this coast Each colony was unique

However, the colonies that were geographically close to

one another shared similar climates The way each of the

colonies was settled was based on these differences As

a result, there were three distinct colonial regions The

regions were called the New England, the Middle, and the

Southern Colonies The American Indians, who settled this

land long before the arrival of the colonists, lived in groups

whose lands consisted of more than one colony or region

3

The Thirteen English Colonies

Trang 4

The New England Colonies

The New England Colonies had rocky soil, cold winters, and short summers Because the soil in New England

made it difficult to farm, a cash crop that could be grown

and sold to markets was never developed Most farmers

in New England were self-sufficient They grew just enough

food to survive on, but not enough to sell to markets The

colonists learned important farming techniques, such as

how to grow corn, from the American Indians

Fishing, boat building, and trading were all important jobs that

shaped the New England

economy The New England

forests supplied lumber that

could be used to

build ships Other

natural resources

present in New

England were iron

and animal furs

The colonists got

furs by trading with

American Indians

Metacom, also known

as “King Philip,” led

the Wampanoag in

Kings Philip’s War

5

In 1633 Dutch colonists expanded their fur trade from the Hudson River valley in present-day New York State

to present-day Connecticut The English colonists in Massachusetts wanted to compete with the Dutch for the fur trade The Pequot, a powerful American Indian group, saw the English as more of a threat than the Dutch To fight the Pequot, the English made an alliance with the Mohegan and the Narragansett, rivals of the Pequot In

1637 conflicts over land and the fur trade led to a war involving the English, the Pequot, the Mohegan, and the Narragansett This was known as the Pequot War In 1638 English colonists and their American Indian allies defeated the Pequot Hundreds of Pequot were killed For nearly forty years after the Pequot War ended, New England did not engage in any major conflicts with the American Indians

In 1675 King Philip’s War was the most destructive conflict between American Indians and the colonists up

to that time Twelve out of ninety New England towns were destroyed and 5 percent of the colonists were killed

Almost 40 percent of the American Indians were killed

or fled the region After the war, the American Indians who stayed in New England lived in small, scattered communities The American Indians could not oppose the large groups of colonists They lost control of their land, and by the 1700s English colonists started moving west

Trang 5

The Middle Colonies

Unlike the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies had a more moderate climate and soil that was very good

for farming The Middle Colonies grew wheat, barley, and

oats, grains they traded with the other colonies As a

result, they were often called the “breadbasket” colonies

There were fewer towns in the Middle Colonies than in New England because of the large amount of space that

was required for farming Instead of using land for a town

square, as in New England, farmers in the Middle Colonies

needed large areas of land to grow crops and raise

animals In addition, the Middle Colonies had excellent iron

and coal resources and a strong fur industry All of these

were used for trade

Because many of the colonists who lived in Massachusetts were Puritans, people who practiced other

religious beliefs were persecuted In contrast, the Middle

Colonies had much more diversity and more religious

freedom Quakers, Presbyterians, Mennonites, and

Catholics all lived in the Middle Colonies The Quakers,

many of whom lived in Pennsylvania, were known for their

acceptance of other people, especially African Americans

and American Indians

7

In 1682 William Penn founded the Pennsylvania colony

That same year, he made a treaty with the Lenni Lenape group In the treaty Penn promised to pay them for most of the land that King Charles had given him Compared with many other colonies, Pennsylvania had no major conflicts with American Indians—at least throughout Penn’s lifetime

The Lenape, or Delaware, lived in a region that consisted

of much of the Middle Colonies In 1600 there were about twenty thousand Delaware By 1700 their numbers decreased to about four thousand, due to several wars and disease One cause of these wars was the fur trade between the American Indians and the European colonists

In order to meet the growing demand for fur, several American Indian groups competed for the same hunting territories This competition led to war among the groups

William Penn made a treaty with the Delaware in 1682.

Trang 6

The Southern Colonies

In the Southern Colonies, the winters were shorter and milder than in the other colonies The geography was also

different The land along the Atlantic Coast was a mixture

of bays, swamps, and rivers This land was fertile and

often wet, making it very good for growing tobacco, indigo,

and rice These crops were often grown on plantations

Large southern plantations had their own blacksmiths and

dressmakers In some cases large plantations had bigger

populations than some towns in New England

The crops grown by large plantations brought a lot

of wealth to the southern colonies Most southerners,

however, did not own plantations Many southerners were

self-sufficient farmers, like the ones in New England Some

southerners lived in the backcountry, where there were

dense woods and hills People living in the backcountry

had complicated relationships with the American Indians

of that region, on whose hunting and fishing areas the

colonists had settled

American Indians known as the Tuscarora went to war against the North Carolina colonists in 1711 Two years

later, the colonists defeated the Tuscarora with the help of

the Yamasee, a rival American Indian group In 1715 the

Yamasee made an alliance with part of the Creek group

9

in their own fight against the colonists The colonists defeated this alliance with the help of the Cherokee and other American Indians By the end of the war, the American Indians were defeated, and many of the survivors were driven from their homes to Spanish-held Florida

From 1700 to 1715 more than a million animal furs were shipped from the port city of Charleston, South Carolina The fur trade forced the Cherokee to hunt farther from their homes Competition with the colonists for hunting grounds, wars with other

American Indians, and disease were some of the challenges faced by the Cherokee

Between 1773 and 1792, the Cherokee signed several treaties that gave nearly all

of their land in the South to the colonists

This wood carved mask is an artifact of the Cherokee culture.

Trang 7

7

.

2

# + 9

-/ 5 4

! ).

0 ! , ! #(

)! .

- 43

!4,!.4)#

/#%!.

0!#)&)#

/#%!.

'ULF -EXICO

(UDSON

"AY

'REAT

#/,/.)%3

$ISPUTED

$PU

TED

$

PTE D

.

&RENCH

%NGLISH

3PANISH 5NCLAIMED LANDS

10

European Land Claims, 1750

11

The Ohio River Valley

The English, the French, and many different American Indian nations fought over land in North America By the early 1700s the population along the Atlantic coast was growing rapidly Some English colonists began to move west and cross the Appalachian Mountains for more land on which to settle By the mid-1700s, many English colonists were moving into a region called the Ohio River valley

This region was important because the Ohio River was

a tributary of the Mississippi River Both the French and the English wanted to control the Ohio River valley because

of its access to the Mississippi River, fertile land, and its central location for trade France had already claimed the Mississippi River and all of its tributaries as part of New France in the 1670s The French had set up trading posts

by the mid-1700s where they traded goods with American Indians In addition, the American Indians wanted to protect this region from being settled by the English Both the French and the English relied on the American Indians for the fur trade and military support Some American Indians depended on both the French and the British for trade in manufactured goods, especially weapons All of these groups wanted to have control over the Ohio River valley War seemed hard to avoid

Trang 8

The French and Indian War

In the 1740s England gave land in the Ohio River valley

to a group of colonists from Virginia These colonists

thought that they could sell parts of the Ohio wilderness

to other colonists as good farmland This land grant led to

tension between the French and the English In the early

1750s the French built forts in the Ohio River valley to

secure what they felt was their territory The British saw

their claim threatened and demanded that the French

remove their forts The French refused to leave, and war

soon broke out

George Washington’s battle with French forces near

Fort Duquesne in 1754

is known as the Battle

of Great Meadows

The battle took place

near where the

city of Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania, is

located today

Washington’s battle

marked the beginning

of the French and

Indian War A series

of battles between the

British and the French, and

their American Indian allies,

followed George Washington

13

The struggle for power in North America was not the only source of conflict between Britain and France They fought each other in Europe as well In 1756 Britain formally declared war on France, and the Seven Years’

War began In North America the British lost many battles

to the French One of the reasons that the French were winning was their alliance with American Indians Even though American Indians traded with both the British and the French, many American Indians believed that English colonists would force them off their land

To help gain an advantage, both the French and the British made alliances with different American Indian groups The two major American Indian groups involved were the Algonquians and the Iroquois These two groups were made up of different nations that shared the same language and culture During the French and Indian War, the French made alliances with the Algonquians and the English formed alliances with the Iroquois League The Iroquois sided with the English partly because the Iroquois and the Algonquians had been longtime enemies

Washington reads the Sunday service to his troops during the French and Indian War.

Trang 9

In 1756 the war changed direction when William Pitt became Secretary of State Pitt was a very forceful man

From London, he seized control of British forces He

appointed young generals to lead the British and colonial

troops The British forces began winning battles against

the French One of the British victories in 1758 was the

capture of Fort Duquesne, the fort George Washington had

failed to capture four years earlier Washington now took

part in the fort’s capture

The Iroquois joined the British side during the war This time, the Iroquois hoped that this alliance would help them

keep control of their land The British captured Quebec,

the French capital in North America,

in 1759 When the British gained

control of Montreal in 1760,

most French territory in

North America was now

under British control

The war for North

America between

Britain and France

largely ended in

1760 However,

the two countries

and their allies

continued to fight

in Europe for

three more years

William Pitt

15

The Treaty of Paris

The British won the French and Indian War after seven years of fighting In 1763 the Treaty of Paris was signed, and France gave most of its claim in America to Britain, including most of Canada and all of its territory east of the Mississippi River

England now controlled much of North America

However, the British troops and forts needed to secure this territory were too few and too far apart Because the French were defeated and were no longer a threat, the colonists began to move west to settle Some American Indians hoped that trade agreements could be made with the settlers, but other American Indians feared that the growing number of settlers would drive them from their lands This movement by the colonists would have a big impact on the lives of the American Indians living in the West

Trang 10

Glossary

alliance an agreement between two groups

or nations to defend each other backcountry the rugged area of land near the Appalachian Mountains

self-sufficient able to rely on oneself for most of what one needs

trading post a place where settlers and American Indians met to trade goods tributary a stream or river that flows into a larger river