5 3 new world, new neighbors

New Beginnings European settlers came to North America and founded colonies in what they thought was a new land.. The Thirteen Colonies The settlers, who were also called colonists, live

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Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction Compare and

Contrast

• Maps

• Captions

ISBN 0-328-14891-1 ì<(sk$m)=beijbc< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

group of Virginia colonists George Washington, one

of those colonists, was sent by the British to make

the French leave the area

League, left the league to join the French in their

war against the British and other Iroquois

the mainland on the Atlantic coast that did not

belong to England was Florida, which was still

controlled by Spain

Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction Compare and

Contrast

• Maps

• Captions

ISBN 0-328-14891-1 ì<(sk$m)=beijbc< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

group of Virginia colonists George Washington, one

of those colonists, was sent by the British to make

the French leave the area

League, left the league to join the French in their

war against the British and other Iroquois

the mainland on the Atlantic coast that did not

belong to England was Florida, which was still

controlled by Spain

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In this book you will read about the Thirteen

English Colonies and how each region’s land

and climate affected the way they were settled

You will also read about how the colonists and

American Indians got along with each other

ISBN: 0-328-14891-1

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Write to It!

How did the American Indians view the English settlers? How did they view the French? Write

a paragraph comparing and contrasting the American Indians’ view of these settlers

Write your paragraph on a separate sheet

of paper.

Maps

11, 15 Mapquest.com, Inc.

Photographs

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Peter Gridley/Getty Images

3 ©Bettmann/Corbis

4 Mary Evans Picture Library

7 Francis G Meyer/Corbis

9 Corbis

12 Getty Images

13 Getty Images

14 Bettmann/Corbis

Vocabulary self-sufficient alliance backcountry tributary trading post

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New Beginnings

European settlers came to North America and

founded colonies in what they thought was a new

land There were already people living in this land

These people were the American Indians, or Native

Americans At different times the settlers and Native

Americans fought wars against each other, made trade

and military agreements, and shared ideas

The Thirteen Colonies

The settlers, who were also called colonists, lived

along the east coast of North America There were

thirteen colonies Colonies that were closer to one

another had similar climates As a result, there were

three colonial regions The regions were called the

New England, the Middle, and the Southern Colonies

Each region was settled differently, depending on the

region’s geography and climate

3

The Thirteen English Colonies

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The New England Colonies

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and

Connecticut made up the New England Colonies In the

New England Colonies, the soil was rocky, the winters

were cold, and the summers were short Because

rocky soil was difficult to farm, a crop that could be

grown and sold was never developed Most farmers

in New England were self-sufficient They grew just

enough food to survive on, but not enough to

sell to other people The colonists learned

important farming methods from the Native

Americans

Fishing, boat building, and

trading were ways of making

money The New England

forests supplied lots of wood

that could be used to build

ships Other natural resources

found in New England were

iron and animal furs One way

the colonists were able to get furs

was by trading with the Native

Americans

4

“King Philip”

5

English colonists in Massachusetts wanted to compete with the Dutch for the fur trade The English made an

alliance with the Mohegan and the Narragansett to

fight against the Pequot, a powerful Native American group An alliance is an agreement between two groups to defend each other In 1637 conflicts over land and the fur trade led to the Pequot War A year later, English colonists and their Native American allies defeated the Pequot For nearly forty years after the Pequot War ended, the New England Colonies did not engage in major conflicts with Native Americans

In 1675 King Philip’s War was the worst conflict between Native Americans and the colonists up to that time Many New England towns were destroyed, and many colonists were killed A large number of Native Americans were killed or fled The Native Americans lost control of their land By the 1700s, English colonists started moving west

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The Middle Colonies

The Middle Colonies were New York, Maryland,

New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania The Middle

Colonies had soil that was very good for farming The

Middle Colonies grew wheat, barley, and oats that

they traded with the other colonies As a result, they

were often called the “breadbasket” colonies

There were fewer towns in the Middle Colonies than

in New England In addition, the Middle Colonies had

many natural resources such as iron, coal, and animal

furs They traded grains, iron, coal, and animal furs

with the other colonies

Many of the colonists who lived in Massachusetts

were Puritans People who were not Puritans were

treated unfairly In contrast, the Middle Colonies had

much more religious freedom Many different religious

groups, including the Quakers, lived in the Middle

Colonies The Quakers were known for being accepting

of other people

7

William Penn founded the Pennsylvania Colony in

1682 That same year he made an agreement, with the Lenni Lenape group Pennsylvania had no major conflicts with Native Americans for some time

The Lenape, or Delaware, lived in a region that included much of the Middle Colonies In 1600 there were about twenty thousand Delaware By 1700 their population fell to about four thousand, after several wars and much disease One cause of these wars was the fur trade between Native Americans and the colonists

William Penn visited Native Americans in 1682.

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The Southern Colonies

The Southern Colonies were Virginia, North

Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia The winters

were shorter and milder than in the Middle and New

England Colonies The geography was different too

The land close to the Atlantic Coast was a mixture of

bays, swamps, and rivers This land was very good

for growing crops Tobacco, indigo, and rice became

the main crops of this region These crops were often

grown on plantations

The large plantations brought a lot of wealth to

the Southern Colonies However, most southerners

did not own plantations Some of these southerners

lived in the backcountry, where there were dense

woods and hills People living in the backcountry had

a complicated relationship with the Native Americans

The colonists had settled on their hunting and fishing

areas

9

A Native American group in North Carolina called the Tuscarora went to war against the colonists in

1711 In 1713 the colonists defeated the Tuscarora with the help of the Yamasee In 1715 the Yamasee made an alliance with part of the Creek group The colonists defeated this alliance with the help of the Cherokee and other Native American groups At the end of the war, the Native Americans were

defeated Many fled to Spanish Florida

From 1700 to 1715 more than a million animal furs were shipped from Charleston, South Carolina The fur trade forced the Cherokee to hunt farther from their homes The Cherokee faced competition for hunting grounds, wars with other Native American groups, and disease By 1792 the Cherokee signed several treaties that gave nearly all of their land in the South to the colonists

This is a portrait of Austenaco, Commander in Chief of the Cherokee Nation.

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The Ohio River Valley

There was a lot of fighting over land in North

America By the early 1700s, the land along the

Atlantic coast was becoming crowded Some English

colonists began to move west They moved to an

area called the Ohio River valley This area was

important because the Ohio River was a tributary of

the Mississippi River France claimed the Mississippi

River and all of its tributaries as part of New France

in the 1670s The French had already set up trading

posts by the mid-1700s, where the French and Native

Americans met to trade goods

50 ˚ W

140 ˚ W

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30 ˚ N

30

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R O C K Y M O

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ATLANTIC OCEAN

PACIFIC OCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

Hudson Bay

Grea

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13 COLONIES

Disputed

Dis

ute d

Dis

ute

0 500 1,000 Miles

0 500 1,000 Kilometers

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French claim English claim

Spanish claim Unclaimed lands

11

The Ohio River valley was seen by the English colonists as an ideal place to live The Native Americans did not want the colonists to take their land The French and the English depended on Native Americans for the fur trade Some Native Americans depended on the French and British for trade in manufactured goods The French, British, and Native Americans all wanted to have control over the Ohio River valley War among these groups seemed hard to avoid

European Land Claims, 1750

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The French and Indian War

In the 1740s England gave land in the Ohio River

valley to colonists from Virginia These colonists thought

that the Ohio wilderness would make good farmland

In the early 1750s the French built forts in the Ohio

River valley to defend what they felt was their territory

The British demanded that the French take down their

forts Soon war broke out

George Washington’s battle near Fort Duquesne in

1754 is known as the Battle of Great Meadows It took

place near where the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,

is located today Washington’s battle with French

and Native American forces was the beginning of the

French and Indian War

In 1756 Britain declared war on France

and the Seven Years’ War began Much

of the war took place in Europe In

North America the British lost many

battles to the French One reason the

French were winning was because of

their alliance with Native Americans

Both the French and the British made alliances with different Native American groups The two major Native American groups involved were the Algonquians and the Iroquois During the French and Indian War, the French made alliances with the Algonquians, while the English formed alliances with the Iroquois League The Iroquois joined the English partly because the Iroquois and the Algonquians had been enemies for a long time

Washington reads to his troops during the French and Indian War.

George Washington

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In 1756 the war changed direction William Pitt

became Secretary of State and took control of the

British forces He chose new generals to lead the British

and colonial troops The British forces began winning

battles against the French

The Iroquois joined the British during the war The

Iroquois hoped that this alliance would help them

keep control of their land The British gained control of

Montreal in 1760 Now most French territory in North

America belonged to the British The war for North

America between Britain and France largely ended

in 1760 However, the two countries and their allies

continued to fight in Europe for three more years

William Pitt

ATLANTIC OCEAN

PACIFIC OCEAN

Gulf of

Hudson Bay

Great Lake s

13 COLONIES

0 500 1,000 Miles

0 500 1,000 Kilometers

N

French claim English claim Spanish claim

Unclaimed lands Reserved for Native Americans Proclamation Line

of 1763

15

The End of the War

After seven years of fighting, the British won the French and Indian War The Treaty of Paris was signed

in 1763 In this treaty France gave much of its land in North America to Britain

Although the French territory now belonged to England, British troops

and forts could not defend this territory

Because the French were no longer a threat, colonists began to move west This movement by the colonists would effect the lives of the Native Americans living in the West Many Native Americans opposed the growing number of colonists moving into their lands

European Land Claims, 1763

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Glossary

alliance an agreement between two

groups or nations to defend each other

backcountry the rugged area of land

near the Appalachian Mountains

self-sufficient able to rely on oneself

for most of what one needs

trading post a place where settlers and

Native Americans met to trade goods

tributary a stream or river that flows into

a larger river