Loi ich, nguy co va van hoa ung xu' tren mang xa hoi MXH la be thd'ng nhung mdi quan he giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi tren nen tdng intemet vdi nhigu muc dieh khae nhau, khdng gidi ban
Trang 1XAY DliNG VAN HOA UfNG XU TREN MANG XA HOI
• Dai ta, ThS NGUYEN VAN TY
• Tdm tdt: Hien nay, mang xd hpi (MXH) dang trd thdnh cong cti truyen thong gidi tri pho bien dUdc nhieu ngiidi sii dting nhdt hien nay Bin canh nhiing tien ich viidt troi, MXH ndy sinh khdng it van de, chdng han nhiing hieu hien lech chudn, vlngx^ thieu vdn hda, hoac diing MXH de trtic ldi , gdy ra nhiing tdc dpng xdu tdi nen tdngvd nhiing gid tri dao diic, vdn hda cua ddn tpc, ddi hoi cdn cd gidi phdp chdn chinh
• TH khda: mang xd hpi, vdn hoa iing xii
1 Loi ich, nguy co va van hoa ung xu' tren
mang xa hoi
MXH la be thd'ng nhung mdi quan he giiia con
ngudi vdi con ngudi tren nen tdng intemet vdi
nhigu muc dieh khae nhau, khdng gidi ban bdi
khdng gian vd thdi gian MXH cd nhung tinh nang
nhu chat, E-raail, chia se file, hinh anh, nghe
nhae, xem video, nhdn tin, trd chuyen nhdra, vigt
blog, choi game, dign dan true tuygn,
Tren the gidi cd hdng tram MXH khac nhau,
phd bien la: Facebook, Youtube, WhatApp, Skype,
Qzone, WeChat, Instagram, Tvwitter, Flickr,
Google Plus, Go.vn, Baidu Tieba 6 Viet Nam,
ed 11 MXH dugc ua thich la Facebook, Zalo,
Youtube, Instagram, Messenger, Tik Tok, Mocha,
Google+, Line, Fhckr, Pinterest Rieng Facebook
cd sd lugng ngudi su dung nhigu nhdt vdi
khoang 55 trieu tdi khodn, chigra 57% dan sd'"'
Theo Bdo eao Nghien ctiu tbdi quen su dung
MXH eua ngudi Viet Nara (2018), trung binh 1
ngdy, ngudi Viet Nam danh 2,12 gid de truy cap
MXH, rieng vol Facebook Id 3,55 gid Khoang
tiidi gian tir 18:00 den 22:00 Id didi diem ngudi
dung thudng truy cap nhigu nhdt Muc dich buy cap de ket ndi lien lac (26,8%), xem tin tiic (25,7%), giai tri (21,7%), hpe tap (13,4%), mua sdm onhne (9,6%), cac boat ddng kbdc (9,6%)'^' MXH mang lai nhigu gid tti tich cue, cho phep ngudi dung tim kiem thdng tin, the hien ban thdn va ttai nghiem cudc sdng; tuong tdc, gap go, giao luu, gdn ket cdng ddng, trao nhdn, chia se tinh cam, truygn tai cam hung eho nhau; tim kiem viec lara, quang cao, kinh doanh va giai tri
Su xudt hien cua MXH da tao ra nhiing gid tti mdi, dem lai hieu qua cho ngn kinh te thuc day ddi vdi gido due - dao tao va cac linh vuc kbdc cua ddi sdng xa hdi
Vdi pham vi tiep can rgng rai, toe dp lan truygn nhanh va kbd kiem soat, MXH nhu con dao hai ludi, cd the giiip lan tda i±iing dieu tdt dep nhung cflng dg bi Igi dung gdy ra nhigu be luy Ngudi dung MXH cd thg bi xdm pham ddi
tu khi dang nhdp tai khodn E-mail, trd chuyen, gin tiiu, anh hoac tai heu; cd nguy co bi Iiia dao
ve kinh td, mdt an todn cho cd nhdn vd gia dinh;
dg bi ddi tugng lgi dung thuc hien hdnh vi pham
Trang 2tdng tign, tham tri nhieu ngudi thigu eanh gidc,
qua tin vdo edc mdi quan he do, dan tdi an mang
thuong tdm"'
Qud tiinh sti dung MXH, neu ngudi dimg ehii
quan sg bi mat dinh hudng, eo thg ddn tdi vd tinh
hoac cdy tan phdt nhiing thdng tin xau, dgc, gdy
hai cho cgng ddng, tham chi tiep tay cho cdc ddi
tupng chdng pha Dang, Nhd nudc Viec tiiam gia
MXH d miic cao, chiem qud nhigu thdi gian, cd
the ddn den nguy ca giam sut siic khde, hieu qud
hoc tap, cdng tde va giao tigp, thdm tri lam ran
niit quan he ngodi ddi thue
Tir thuc tign su dung mang xa hgi da hinh
thanh ngn van hda iing xii ttgn mang Vdn hda
ling xir tren MXH dugc higu la he thdng gia tri
chi phdi nhdn thiic, thai do, hanh vi irng xti ciia
ca nhan, cdng ddng trong eac mdi quan he vdi
hi nhien, xa hdi vd vdi ehinh ban thdn khi thara
gia MXH, phan dnh trinh dp phdt trign ciia ed
nhdn vd cdng ddng
Van hda iing xu tren MXH bao ham cd mdi
quan he giiia con ngudi va mdi trudng xung
quanh, bieu hien dcho mdi ngudi bidt gdp phdn
tuyen truyen tten MXH vg bao ve mdi trudng
thien nhign, tiet kiem tai nguyen, sdng xanh,
saeh, dep, an todn, lanh manh, thdn thien; bigt
ygu thuong, eham sde, bao ve ede lodi ddng vat,
Van hda irng xii trgn MXH cdn the hien trong
mdi quan he vdi chi'nh ban than, vdi cde gia tri
nhu su khiem tdn, thdt thd, dting cam, cd cbinh
kien, lap trudng, quan digm rd rang; tinh than
edu thi, hge hdi, khdng tu kieu, tu dai hoac tam
ly tutt, thigu tm vdo ban thdn,
Mdi quan he trgn MXH cd pham vi rgng Idn,
da dang vd khd kigm sodt ban mdi quan he ttong
ddi thuc Mdt eu dan mang cd the cd thiet ldp
quan he ban be khdp the gidi, khdng bi gidi han
bdi khdng gian, tiidi gian, khdng phan biet
nghe nghiep, Mgt ca nhdn cd thg tham gia nhigu MXH kbdc nhau vdi danh tinh dugc cdng khai, cung cd the an danh, thdm tri mao danh ngudi khac Cd trudng hgp mdt ngudi tham gia rapt MXH vdi nhieu tdi khodn kbdc nhau
Do tinh tuong tac true tiep, tinh tiic tiidi ttong giao tiep nen viec danh gid cam xuc, dial dd, hanh
vi khd chinb xde, ke ca nhirng giao tiep qua hinh anh nhu ggi dien bdng Mesenger, Skype, Zalo, Cac cam xue that ed the bi che ddu, khdng bpe Id hoac bgc Id khdng ddy dii, thdm tri bgc Id ttdi ngupc Sugiao tiep bang anh mat, nhung dieu bg, cir chi than thien, tinh cara chdn thdt khd cd the bieu hien vd tdc ddng nhu ngoai ddi thue Ngdn ngir sii dung trong giao tiep, iing xit trgn mang xa hdi chu yeu la ngdn ngu vigt va ky hieu Chdng ban, nhan xet, binh ludn bang chii viet, hoae td thai dp bdng nhu ky hieu va hinh anh nhu: like (thieh), love (yeu thieh), cudi (haha), ngac nhign, budn, phdn no tren trang Facebook; nhan tin, td thdi dO bang ldi hoac ky hieu hinh dnh trgn Zalo,
Mgt sd nghien eiiu ehi ra rdng, trong quan he tren MXH, cd nhan tbudng chung to rd rdng chi'nh kien thai dd ciia minh, mudn bao ve quan diera ciia minh vdi ngudi khac, dan den sir tu trgng gia tang trong khi su tu chii lai gidm Hanh ddng tren MXH ed die khdng trung khdp vdi bdnh dgng ngodi ddi thue Con ngudi thich gay
an tugng hem It quan tdm den suy nghi cua ngudi khac ban, dg dai ttong suy nghi hoac cd nhiing suy nghi, quan diem qua da
2 Mot so bi§u hien tieu cue tren mang xa hoi
it nirdc ta hien nay
Mdt thuc te Id mdi tnrdng MXH dang bi van due bdi ede hanh vi giao tigp, ung xif chua van bda, each sir dung MXH chua van minh hoac lgi dung cac didn ddn cdng khai de da kich, ndi xau
Trang 3IQ DIEN DAN
bdi nho Idn nhau Hien nay ed rdt nhieu ngudi,
dac biet Id gidi tte cho rdng MXH la thg gidi do,
cd thg an danh, vi the hp khdng chi dg dai ttong
edeb iing xii vdi nhau, ma cdn coi MXH nhu mdt
cdng eu de tim higu cudc sdng eiia ngudi kbac
vd thg hien cai tdi eua mmh, hoac ed dinh kien
vdi xa hdi
Tren MXH, khdng thieu nhirng ldi ndi tue,
chtii tiig, nhiing phdt ngdn gay sde; nhiing hdnh
ddng tra thu ca nhdn bdng ndi xau, quay clip,
nhiing Idi binh luan miet thi; xuat bien nhung
"thdnh ehiii", nhiing "anh hung ban phim"
Hien tugng a dua, "nera da' tap thg tten mang
ngdy cang tang Cd khi ngudi diing the hien cam
xuc, thdi do nhu thich (like), yeu thieh (love),
chia se (share) mdt cdch vd thiic hay theo thdi
quen ma khdng xera xet, cdn nhdc hdu qua,
thdm tri khdng dgc, khdng xera
Kgt qud khdo sdt cua chuong trinh Nghign
ciiu mternet va xa hgi (VPIS) (2018) cho thdy, cac
trudng hgp phat ngdn gay thu ghet eiia ngudi su
dung MXH tai Viet Nam la: ndi xau, phi bang
(61,7%); vu khdng, bia dat thdng tin (46,6%); ky
till dan tdc (37,01%); ky dii gidi tinh (29,03%); ky
tiiikhuyettdt(21,76%);kytiii tdn giao (15,09%)'*'
Ldi sdng do tten MXH kbd phd bien, dac biet
ttong gidi tte Hg ed nhirng suy nghl, y tudng dira
vao nhung gi xa vdi ma MXH mang lai, mudn ttd
thanh Hotgirl facebook, hoae thich ddng nhiing
hinh anh ggi cam thu hiit su ehii y dg edu like,
comment ao Tat ca hoat dgng, cam xuc, dign
bign tam trang dgu dugc phoi bay tten
Face-book ca nhan, bat chap nhirng rdo can vg thudn
phong ray tuc Nhigu ngudi xa rdi cude sdng
thue, phi pham qud nhieu tbdi gian, tinh than
vdo mang xa hdi online, thdm chl cd trudng hop
mdc benh do gidc, cd dan, tram cam, bat man
Mdt nghich ly dang dign ra Id hien nay ldi sdng
lanh limg, vd cam ngoai ddi thue, nhung lai dat
dao cam xiic trudc nhting ^ dang tten MXH Rat nhieu nhiing biic anh, doan clip quay cdnh nam smh, nu' sinh ddnh nhau, eae tai nan giao thdng thuong tdm, ttudc dnh mdt td md, day higu ki ciia ngudi di dudng md khdng ai giup dd, ttong
dd ed ngudi ghi hinh, thg nhung khi dang len mang lai nhdn dugc nhigu xdt xa, thuong cam Trong dd cd ehuih nhirng ngudi vd cam chung kien d ddi thue nhung lai xdt xa, thuong cam d ddi sdng do
Ngdn ngu su dung tten MXH hien nay rdt lai edng, da ldm mdt di su ttong sdng eua tieng Vigt Viec dung tigng Viet kgt hgp vdi ngdn ngii Wiac (phd bign la tieng Anh) ed xu hudng tang len ddng bao ddng Tigng Viet dugc dung theo cdch rigng vdi su ket hgp "la hda" va khd hieu Hien tugng dung tidng ldng, thgm, bdt, thay the ehu cdi, viet chti hoa tuy tien, vigt sai chinh ta rdt nhigu trgn MXH Cd nhieu trudng hpp lech Igc
ca tu tiJong va dao diie, vdn hda truyen thdng Cdc bieu hien lech chuan vg dao diie, van hda trgn MXH hien nay didn ra phd bign va da den muc dang bao ddng Ndu khdng cd cdc thiet chg hoac che tai pbu hgp dg ngan ehan tiii rdt cd thg nhting hien tupng dd se tigp tuc lan rdngvd phdt trign thdnh nhiing hanh vi nguy higm cho xd hdi
3 Nhimg giai phap xSy dung van hoa irng xir tren mang xahoi
Mpf M, ning cao y thik:, ren luy$n hinh vi dao
due, lam casd cho xic dinh thii do, hinh vi ung
xu vin hoa tren MXH
Ung xti tren MXH ludn can cd thai do tdn ttgng ngudi kbdc, biet quan tam, ldng nghe, chia
se, thdng cam Mpi Idi nhdn xet, bmh ludn phai khach quan vd te nhi, td thai dd, cam xue phii hpp, khdng ndi xdu, keo be cdnh nhdm ha thdp danh du, nhdn pham cua ngudi khac Bigt each chgn ban va quan ly danh saeh ban be, khdng nen q u i nhieu ban khien cho viec Idem sodt
Trang 4m
didng tin khd khan Trudc khi ket ban vdi nhiing
ngudi mdi, can tim hieu mdt each ky luong
Suy nghl ky vg nhiing ^ ndi va dang tten mang,
cd ttach nhigra vdi ldi ndi, hanh vi Tun hieu ky
cac ngudn tiidng tin dg kigm chiing, khdng nen
"tay nhanh hon nao" dua ra nhting nhan xgt,
binh luan vol vang, khdng dung hoac dc y Dua
hmh dnh phu hgp len mang, khdng dua nhiing
hinh anh hd hang, mang tinh khieu dam hoac
bao luc, anh selfie diln ra a nhting noi khdng phii
hpp {ddm tang, tai nan giao thdng ) Dg phdng
ke xau cd the sti dung nhiing biie anh cho nhiing
muc dieh khdng tdt dep Trude khi dang tai
nhiing biic anh va cdc cau chuyen cua ban be can
cd ldi xm phgp va dugc su ddng y cua hg
Cd y thiic giu ^ ban sde van hda iing xii ciia
ddn tgc, giu gm su ttong sdng ciia tigng Viet khi
giao tiep tten MXH Khdng nen dung tu ngu tuc
tiu hoac til la khdng cd trong tu dien tieng Viet,
khdng nen diing tieng ldng, tii vidt tdt hoac ngdn
ngu pha tap Phan iing than ttpng trudc cac van
de nay smh ttgn MXH
Hai la, tuyen truyen, phd bien Luit An ninh
mang, giup mdi ngim hiiu rdy nghia, gii tri, ndi
dung, quyin lai, nghia vu, trich nhiem va nhdng
hanh vi bi cim hen quan den van hoa ung xu khi
tham gia MXH
Luat An ninh mang nhdm bao ve ngudi dung
hgp phdp tten khdng gian mang; phdng ngua,
ddu ttanh, Idra that bai hoat dgng su dung khdng
gian mang xara phara an ninh qudc gia, chdng
Nhd nudc, tuyen truygn phd hoai tu tudng, pbd
hoai ndi bd, kich ddng bieu ttnh, pha rdi etia cac
dig luc phan ddng Phdng ngira, ngan ehan, img
phd, khac phue hdu qua ciia cac dgt tan edng
mang, khung bd mang va phdng, chdng nguy co
chidn ttanh mang
Ludt An mnh mang quy dinh rd nhung hdnh
vi bi cam lign quan den van hda iing xir nhir xuc
pham nghiem ttgng danh dir, uy tin, nhan phdm cua ngudi khac; thdng tm bia dat, sai su that xdm pham danh du, uy tin, nhan phara hoac gay thiet hai den quygn va lgi Ich hgp phap eua ca quan,
td ehiic, ea nbdn khac; hoat ddng raai dam, te nan xa hdi, mua bdn ngudi; ddng tai thdng tin ddm d, ddi truy, tdi ac; pha hoai thuan phong, ray tuc ciia ddn tdc, dao diic xa hdi, siie khde etia edngddng'^'
Nhiing quy dinh ciia Ludt khdng xam pham den quyen con ngudi, khdng can trd tu do ngdn ludn, khdng can trd boat ddng binh thudng, dung ludt eiia cd nhdn, td chuc nhu nhflng thdng tin tten mang xa hdi, blog, web phan dgng tuygn truyen, xuyen tac Thuc hien dting Ludt nghia la bao ve chinh minh, ngudi thdn va gia dinh, ddng tbdi, gdp phan bao ve an ninh mang qudc gia
Baia, Nha nudc sdm nghien cim ban hanh Bg
quy tic ungxutren MXH, hudng tdi xay dung mdi trudng mang lanh manh, an toan
Tai ky hgp thti 4, Qudc hgi khda XIV, Nghi quygt cua Qudc bdi da chi rd: "Xdy dung va trien khai bd quy tac ling xii trgn MXH cho cde rdid eung cap dich vu va ngudi sii dung mang xa hdi tai Viet Nam, hudng tdi xdy dung mdi trudng raang ldnh manh, an todn tai Viet Nam"'^' Mae dii viec dieu ebinh banh vi va xti ly nhiing
vi phara cua td chirc, ca nhdn tten khdng gian mang da duoe quy dmh cu dig ttong Ludt An nmh mang 2018 Tuy nhien, van cdn diigt ban hanh Bd quy tdc ung xu trgn MXH, bdi quy tde iing xii khdng dua ra che tdi xii ly nhu ludt, ehi dua ra nhung chuan mue thai dd, hdnh vi iing xir, cd tdc dung dinh hudng, digu chinh, khuyen khieh hoae khuygn cao, canh bao, nhdm phdt huy nhiing mat tieh cue, ban chg tdc ddng tieu cue, ndng cao van hda ungxir eho ngudi dtmg MXH Theo dd, bd quy tdc iing xii trgn MXH se dua
ra cac quy tde ehung bao gdm: tdn ttgng, trdch
Trang 5El^ DIEN DAN
nhiem, lanh manh va an toan Cac quy tde rieng
ddi vdi edc nha cung edp dicb vu va ngudi su
dung phai tudn thil theo ede miic do: ngn/khdng
nen, dugc/khdng duoc Chdng han, ngudi diing
MXH la cdn bd • vidn cbtic - ngudi lao ddng ttong
ea quan nhd nudc khdng duac iing xti ttai vdi cac
chuan muc dao diie cdng vu vd dao diic nghg
nghiep; hoac ngudi ddn sii dung MXH nen Ign
tieng ting hd, chia se nhiing thdng tin tich cue;
dimg MXH cd vdn hda; khdng sti dung tii ngu
gdy thu ban, kich ddng bao luc
Bdn la, phit huy vai trd neu guang cua cin
bd, dangvien, thaycdgiao, cac bac phu huynh;
phdi hgp chit che giua td chuc, ca quan, nha
trudng va gia dinh trong xay dung vin hda ung
xu tren MXH
Cac CO sd gido due dua ndi dung giao due an
ninh mang, an toan thdng tui vao chuong trinh
day hgc phii bgp vdi nganh hgc, cdp hge Thue
hien Dg dn "xay dung van hda ling xii trong
tnrdng hge giai doan 2018 - 2025" dd dugc Thti
tudng Chinh phu phe duyet Tang cudng gido
due, xay dung van hda ung xir van ramh, lieh su,
bdi dudng cac ky nang img phd vdi cac tinh
budng tten MXH Sang tao nbiing phong trao
tuong tu nhu phong ttao "Gid trdi dat", "Mua he
xanh", Chi rd nhting ttdo luu tieu cue, phdn van
hda tten MXH vd edc bien phdp phdng, ttdnh
Can bd, dang vien, thdy cd gido, cde bdc phu
huynh phai radu muc trong van hda ting xit ttgn
MXH cho hgc sinh, sinh vien noi theo Cae bdc
cha me cdn cd bien pbdp quan ly chat chg khi
con era tiiara gia MXH nhung khdng dnh hudng
den quygn tu do ca nhdn, cd nhiing Idi khuygn
hiiu ich, yeu cau kg khai trung thuc nhiing tdi
khoan, kgt ban vdi con cai de cd the nhin thay
dugc nhung bai viet, ldi binh ludn, thdi do vd
chia se ciia con cai minh vdi ban be va cd nhting
tdc dgng dieu chinh khi can thigt
Nam la, su dung cic giii phip vi cdng nghe
hd tra cho xiy dung vin hda ungxirUen MXH
Ngoai viec dp dung ludt, quy tde ung xii, chg tdi cu tiig, edn sii dung cdc giai pbap vg edng nghe, chdng ban nhu bdo mat thdng tin ea nhdn tten mang, giu bi mat mat khdu, dat chg dp cd nhdn hoae ehi ban be thdn duet va tin eay mdi
cd die xem; nghien ciiu sii dung phdn mgm loc, ngan ehan thdng tin xau, ddc khi mdi dugc dang tai; nhd cac chuygn gia cdng nghe thdng tin tu van edeh sii dung MXH an todn Coquan chuygn ttdeh nghien ciiu thdnh lap bd phan chuygn tim kiem nhiing bai ddng sai su that, xiic pham ngudi khac, nhung hinh anh phdn cam, giii tdi nha cung cdp dich vu xuygn quoe gia, edc MXH
md ngirdi dimg dang tai va yen cau gdbd Nhu vay, MXH thuc su Id mdt bg phdn quan ttgng ttong "he sinh thai mdi", mang dgn cho con ngudi nhiing lpi Ich khdng hg nhd Tuy nhien, viec sii dung MXH cting an chiia nhiing mat ttai tao ngn nhiing nguy ea bign ddi vSn hda ndi chung, van hda ling xu ttgn MXH ndi rieng
md gidi nghien ciiu, ca quan hoach dinh chinh sach vd radi ngudi can quan tam •
(1) "Viet Nam xay dung Bd quy tdc iing m tten
mang xa hdi", congnghe.tuoitte.vn, 11-12-2018 (2) "Bao cdo Nghien cihi thdi quen su dung mang
xa hdi ctia ngudi Vigt Nam 2018", vinaresearch.net, 27-4-2018
[3)"Hg luy khon ludng tirmdi quan hg tinh cam qua mangxa hgi", viemammoi.vn, 8-11-2017 (4) htrps://nld.com.vn; "Chuan hda iing xii tten mangxa hoi", 23-12-2018
(5) Luat An ninh mang 2018
(6) hrtps://viemamnet.vn: "Xay dung bp quy tdc lingxdtten mang xahoi", 24-11-2017