The third choice, how their readers will, has all the necessary parts of a noun clause: subordinator + subject + verb.. 2.9 NOUN CLAUSES When a noun clause is the subject of a sentence,
Trang 1Quiz 4
9 People - how light behaves thousands 13 In typical four-year engineering curricula,
of years ago the first two years - basic sciences,
and the last two years are devoted to CA) must have begun observing specialized engineering courses
CB) must began to observe
Ce) must to begin to observe CA to spend studying
(> must begin observing CB) to be spent studying
were spent to study
10 It is - rather than moderate inflation that Cb) are spent studying
distorts prices and sends economies tumbling
14 While niost Americans - their parents CA) a galloping inflation rate “mama” and “papa,” today these terms
CB because a galloping inflation rate are seldom heard in urban America outside DY
11 If everybody liked the same kind of tea, CB) used to call
C®) are used to being called m CAD that
it would 15 Since 1954, - the polio vaccine
Ce) there would be was introduced, infantile paralysis has
12 Within three years of the first commercial CA) it was the year
radio broadcast, - of radio stations in CB) a year
North America had reached nearly six hundred the year of
CD) the year CA) had the amount
for the amount
Ce) that the number
(©) the number
Choose the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct
16 “Lost Generation” was the first term for to identify a young generation considered separate from
the general population by its ae and special experience ©
D
17 Scientists found that an ice core taken from a glacier in western China it supports the idea that
the world’s climate is more unstable than previously believed ©
D
18 There was much discrimination against Filipino immigrants, and one of the first anti-Filipino
riots broken nt in Yakima, Washington, in 1928 ° ©
D
DELTA’sS KEY TO THE TOEFL® Test 203
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19
20
21
22
23
24
25
At the age of twenty, “Babe” Zaharias won the first of several golf tournament, and she later
was the first American to win the British Women’s Open Championship
Some retail stores have experimented with faster checkout counter belts and a device call a
spectrophysic scanner
A study by the Harvard School of Public Health shows that everyday measures to avoid heart
disease—such as exercising more and eating less fat—saving about 32,000 lives each year
The British governor of India established a code which reformed the judicial system of India
but excluding native Indians from all high posts
Besides causing shortages in water supply and inflicting damage on crops, drought can also
leading to dust storms and forest fires
D
A bird bath that is kept full of clean water is the perfect place for a wild birds to perform their
cold weather ablutions
A great amount of recent researches has focused on the role of single fathers in raising their children
Answers to Structure Quiz 4 are on page 642
Trang 32.9 NOUN CLAUSES
2.9 Recognizing Noun Clauses
Q Focus
Read the following TOEFL item What does this sentence need?
Effective journalists can predict - respond to a story
do their readers how will their readers how their readers will
This sentence needs a direct object for the verb can predict A direct object must be a noun structure
3
yas}
om
9
Cc
FẠ\)
mm
Look at the part of the sentence after the blank space: respond to a story, a verb phrase It suggests
that the direct object of the sentence is a clause, and respond is the verb of this clause The missing
part, then, is the beginning of a noun clause
A noun clause is a type of subordinate clause that functions as a noun in a sentence Like all
subordinate clauses, a noun clause has a subordinator, a subject and a verb
The third choice, how their readers will, has all the necessary parts of a noun clause: subordinator +
subject + verb Therefore, it is the correct answer
The sentence should read: Effective journalists can predict how their readers will respond to a story
Trang 4
DO YOU KNOW ?
i Approximately one item on the TOEFL will test your ability to recognize a noun clause in a
sentence You must be able to recognize the parts of a noun clause and to understand what
function the noun clause serves in the sentence
2 Anoun clause is formed with subordinator + subject + verb (+ rest of clause) A noun clause
can serve these functions in a sentence:
Subject:
How life began has been a topic of debate for many centuries
Subject Complement:
A little mass gives a lot of energy, and this is why nuclear power is so abundant
Direct Object:
In 1978 scientists discovered that the planet Pluto has a satellite, Object of a Preposition:
Microeconomics is concerned with how wheat prices rise while cotton prices fall
Noun clauses usually begin with words called subordinating conjunctions or subordinators
Saag ee CLEP eee Bes SoS EA SU t6 r2 tro tysyreiipierrisasvirsidalsrtiivsrsei sa lì tixviiteriiairiieserespaeiriiiie le TH
sp in 05 i23 1i 16ïE 2e TUE2TC1201212 107) 02Đ50102001erDVEriie yen sates ce thi oiisiiiiiitarrriiiboiiiieeiiniE Beast greets tins carstseeeme cree ENA AN NOUN- CLAUSES 6 cca eos
PSEEEESS So ctperenecmtnina san ervereuee 34 Piae cn becnnranetans Sàn
Seen test ti ee eee ae EU II TS 0/ỆAtASiiini Ti tiện ` = Thiện: peesseeiscren
đà in SS Sri astasiny 0 cổ iì ee hủ ng ng Ón in v0 lu in ri 7 loi nôn lại Diên là sẽ
th wie eek TA ` ẽ re ee ee ed áo EU cu ca bok sas eet racteatenes
Ss ESS ES pa 011001 S62:0161) Setttri rititioiitisiiitiettriiiosaieta ii tri be te = ` TA Bee 4AAẠAÊšÊ(Ê
Ti SE TH nhan thê ng TIỀN iibiei1i kossciikrietEtisresrri TS hinh ma c
P :::::
Peo Hew much i awhal peSsicaey caaita seteeesa aE urechyeotevarcuicestreeueeceneiPacsaes ine iseestntennteny tates:
EESese ce sata ee eacctare tas tacenaceeiasreavecea en sncrs tees ecestaveun tseue gues careeverdecena eaaucsetensesastr in eeoveupeeesteaonmsaenerateneey
nã x .n.nrnrrr ắnr ra ii
SE SGE GES iaeay perme ecaeneergcee E - Gs Gites tascingeevenpnsaeninueeesin SREEEEE: TH He pin HH nan na ca SS atin
SILOS Gain SH Ls Eas
Note: In some sentences, the subordinator is also the subject of the noun clause
Whoever bothers to read junk mail is probably wasting a lot of time
In the following sentences, underline the noun clauses and circle their subjects and verbs
a What one person considers a wildflower may be a weed to another
b Psychiatrists have concluded that stress-related changes contributed to major illness in 79
percent of the persons studied
c Scholars disagree over who really wrote some of Shakespeare’s sonnets
(Answers: a Noun clause: What one person considers a wildflower; subject: one person;
verb: considers; b Noun clause: that stress—related changes contributed to major illness in 79
percent of the persons studied; subject: stress-related changes; verb: contributed; c Noun clause:
who really wrote some of Shakespeare’ sonnets; subject: who; verb: wrote)
Trang 52.9 NOUN CLAUSES
When a noun clause is the subject of a sentence, there must be a verb in the main clause
That goods are scarce is the central fact behind the science of economics
When a noun clause is the direct object of a sentence, there must be a subject and a verb in the
main clause
Children usually imitate whatever their parents do
You must be careful to check that both the main clause and the noun clause contain a subject and
a verb
In the following sentence, what are the subject and verb of the main clause? What are the subject
and verb of the noun clause?
That secondhand smoke, like active smoking, can cause serious health problems
has been shown by several studies
SY
raul
c
3
=
A ny}
(Answers: The subject of the main clause is the noun clause: That secondhand smoke can
cause serious health problems Verb of main clause: has been shown Subject of noun clause:
secondhand smoke Verb of noun clause: can cause.)
Beware! Sometimes a TOEFL sentence will try to trick you by separating the subject and verb
with a modifying phrase, such as like active smoking in the above example
Note: When a noun clause begins with that and is used as a direct object in a sentence, you can
omit that, with no change in meaning
Most astronomers believe that some form of life must exist on other planets
Most astronomers believe some form of life must exist on other planets
Some noun clauses can be reduced to infinitive phrases (See 2.7) Look at some examples:
Noun Clause:
How society should distribute scarce goods is a central economic problem in any society
Infinitive Phrase:
How to distribute scarce goods is a central economic problem in any society
Noun Clause:
In children’s games, the leader tells the others what they must do
Infinitive Phrase:
In children’s games, the leader tells the others what to do
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208
A TOEFL item may test your ability to recognize when a noun clause is needed in a sentence
Look at this example:
Sharks were once thought to be instinctive killing machines, but it is now believed -
C) they learn to hunt by experience C) that learn to hunt by experience learning to hunt by experience
= that their learning to hunt by experience
The second clause of this sentence needs direct object for the verb believed This direct object is
also the true subject of the clause; it is the “false” subject (See 2.1)
The first answer choice, they learn to hunt by experience, is a clause because it has a subject and
a verb—but is it a noun clause? Yes, it is Remember, if a noun clause is a direct object, and if the
noun clause begins with chat, sometimes that is omitted In this case, that has been omitted, but
this does not change the fact that they learn to hunt by experience is a noun clause It is also the
choice that best completes this sentence
Why are the other three answer choices incorrect?
Look at another example:
There are a number of organizations and books that can help you learn more about - indoor air quality
to improve how to improve C_) how improve the
This sentence needs an object for the preposition about The object of a preposition must be a
noun (You will review prepositions in 2.21.) In this case, you can see the missing part must be
a noun clause with indoor air quality as its direct object
Which answer choice is a noun clause? The second choice, how to improve, is a noun clause that
has been reduced to an infinitive phrase It is the choice that best completes the sentence
Why are the other three answer choices incorrect?
A TOEFL item may test your ability to choose the correct subordinator for a noun clause Look at
this example:
.——==—= standardized tests discriminate against certain types of students has been argued since the 1970s
There are Unless C) That
De.ta’s KEY 10 THE TOEFL® Test
Trang 72.9 Noun CLAUSES
You can recognize that the verb of the main clause, has been argued, must have a subject Its
subject must be a noun clause whose subject + verb is standardized tests discriminate This
noun clause must begin with a subordinator
The first and fourth answer choices are not subordinators The second choice, Unless, is a
subordinator, but it introduces adverb clauses (See 2.11) The third choice best completes the
sentence The sentence should read: That standardized tests discriminate against certain types
of students has been argued since the 1970s
Ye PRACTICE
Exercise 2.9.A
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence
1 A good college history textbook includes
~—===== about history
every student knowing
CB should every student know
Cc) in that every student should know
CD) what every student should know
2 The Counseling and Career Center
provides academic and career advising,
and it also will tell students - for
other community resources
Ca) where to go
CB) where go
Cc) they can go where
(®) wherever
3 How vines climb, - , and what special
needs they have all make a big difference
when deciding where to put which vine
CA) when they can be planted
CB» they can be planted
Cc) can they be planted
(2) when were they being planted
4, A female tiger signals - ready to mate by
leaving her scratch marks and scent on trees
CA) her
CB that she 1s
Cc) is she
@) she
DeLta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test
Sy)
¬
z
=
Q
= ras
ím
5 A study found that men in discussion groups spent a lot of time finding out - about politics and current events
CA)
CB) best informed who was best informed by whom (@) was who informed best who was best informed
6 When changing lanes, a driver should use his turn signal to let other drivers know -
which lane he is entering
®
Cc) where lane he is entering (®) into lane he is entering
he is entering which lane
7 The architects of the grand Palace at Fontainebleau did not seem to know - with the building’s exterior
CA) doing it CB) to do what what to do (> they did what
8, - Abraham Lincoln was the greatest American president was the unanimous vote
of a group of prominent historians
It was
Ce) That (@) Because
209
Trang 8
9 Before paper was invented, people wrote on
“ could lay their hands on: silk, palm
leaves, or clay tablets
CA) which they
what
Cc) whatever
CD whatever they
10 it is believed - seasonal variation is the change in the wind patterns of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres
CA) the principal cause to be
of the principal cause that the principal cause of
@ the principal cause is
Answers to Exercise 2.9.A are on page 642
2.9 EXTENSION
1 For each sentence in Exercise 2.9.A, students identify (a) the subject and verb of the
main clause and (b) the subject and verb of the noun clause
2 Students create “TOEFL sentences” to test their classmates’ understanding of noun
clauses as the subject of a sentence Students write their own sentences or change
sentences they find in print Omit the subject of the sentence, and leave a blank space
where it should be Classmates must complete the sentences with a noun clause Use
the list of subordinators on page 206
3 Do activity #2 again, but this time omit the direct object of the sentence and leave a
blank space where it should be Classmates must complete the sentences with a noun
clause
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210 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AND PHRASES
2.10 Recognizing Adjective Clauses and Phrases
Q Focus
Read the following sentences:
Air pollution is a hazard to human, plant, and animal health as well as to
physical structures
When hiking, you should carry a map of the area where you plan to be
A mountain range, from which many swift rivers flow, forms the backbone
of the Malay Peninsula
9
a
=
A
A form of electric engine called a linear induction motor drives the maglev train
What is similar about the underlined parts of the sentences? All of the underlined parts work as
adjectives The first sentence has several single—word adjectives
Both the second and third sentences contain an adjective clause An adjective clause is a subordinate
clause that functions in the same way that a single-word adjective does An adjective clause
describes, defines, modifies, or gives information about a noun
The fourth sentence has an adjective phrase, which is an adjective clause that has been reduced The
adjective phrase called a linear induction motor modifies the noun engine
All of the above examples are similar to the types of sentences you will see on the TOEFL
DeLTA’s KEY TO THE TOEFL® Test 21
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©) DO YOU KNOW ?
212
One or two items on the TOEFL will test your ability to recognize adjective clauses and adjective
phrases You must be able to recognize correct and incorrect usage of all of the parts of adjective
clause and phrases
Adjective clauses come after the nouns they modify Adjective clauses are sometimes called
relative clauses because they begin with words called relative pronouns
Adjectives clauses can also begin with these subordinators:
Like all clauses, an adjective clause must have a subject and a verb Sometimes the subject is the
relative pronoun Within an adjective clause, the relative pronoun can serve these functions:
Subject of an Adjective Clause:
Frederick Douglass was a former slave who became a leader in the anti-slavery movement
Direct Object:
Abraham Lincoln is the president whom historians believe was the greatest
The cat is the animal that many Americans choose as their pet
Note: When whom, that, or which functions as the direct object of the adjective clause, you can
omit it, with no change in meaning:
Abraham Lincoln is the president historians believe was the greatest
The cat is the animal many Americans choose as their pet
Object of a Preposition:
Bermuda is an area of islands and coral rocks to which thousands of tourists are
attracted every year
Note: The preposition before the relative pronoun is part of the adjective clause Use a
preposition if it is needed with the verb or if you want to communicate a specific meaning Look at the above sentence written in a different way:
Thousands of tourists are attracted to an area of islands and coral rocks, Bermuda
The verb are attracted needs the preposition fo, so the preposition must come before which in
the adjective clause:
(an area) to which thousands of tourists are attracted every year
Note: Who, that, where, when, and why never follow a preposition at the beginning of an
adjective clause
De.ta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test