WHOSE: Là tính từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu, kết hợp với một danh từ, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ.. This is the lady whose son cheated me.[r]
Trang 1PHẦN I PHONETICS – NGỮ ÂM -(ÔN TẬP)
Bài 1 STRESS – TRỌNG ÂM RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM
I. Definitions:
1 Phoneme: The smallest part of sound (vowel and consonant sounds) Âm tố - là thành phần nhỏ nhất của
âm thanh (gồm nguyên âm và phụ âm)
2 Syllable: The sound made when one or clusters of phoneme are articulated Âm tiết – là tiếng phát ra khi
một hoặc nhiều âm tố được phát âm
3 Stress: The degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced
Độ lớn hay thống trị về âm của một âm tiết khi một chùm âm của một từ (có từ hai âm tiết trở lên) được đọc, nói hay phát âm.
II. Rules to mark stress:
1 Di-syllable words:
a Usually on the second syllable if it is a verb whose second syllable doesn’t contain the vowel sounds of
/ә/, /I/, and /әu/, on the first syllable of the other words (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 đối với
động từ - trừ các âm tiết thứ 2 chứa nguyên âm /ә/, /I/, hoặc /әu/, rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất đối với các từ
loại còn lại) As: mother, ready, color, palace, student, teacher, tonight, afraid, people, money, enjoy,
paper, begin, provide, summer, abroad, noisy, success, enter,…
b Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes(đối với những từ có mang tiền tố, hậu
tố, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết gốc) As: become, react, foretell, unpleasant, begin, failure, threaten,
daily, treatment, ruler, unknown, builder, lately, quickly,…
c Be careful with words with different word-class (đối với những từ mà bản thân có nhiều chức năng từ
vựng ta áp dụng qui tắc a) As
PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.
2 Words with more than two syllable:
a Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thư ba kể từ âm tiết cuối): As
family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory, recognize, demonstrate, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility…
b Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ic”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”,
“eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “ion”(đối với các từ có tận cùng như đã liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết liền
trước của các tận cùng này – thứ 2 kể từ âm tiết cuối) As: physician, experience, expedient, parental,
essential, habitual, courageous, delicious, familiar,… (Except for: Television)
Trang 2c Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “oo”, “esque” (đối với các từ có tận cùng như liệt
kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào chính các âm tiết chứa các tận cùng này) As: Portuguese, refugee, employee,
engineer, volunteer, adequate, picturesque, cigarette,…
PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.
Notes: - Trên thực tế không có một qui tắc bất biến cho việc xác định vị trí trọng âm của từ.
Bài 2 PRONUNCIATION CHART – BẢNG PHIÊN ÂM QUỐC TẾ - (ÔN TẬP)
ngắn,gần vớiơ
trongâmViệt
Voiced consonants (phụ âm hữu thanh)
trònvanghọng
ă, ângắnbật
rộngmiệng
Trang 3âm, gầnư
dài, âmhọng vàvòmmiệng
câm,không
có âm
phụ
âm vớis
hay ây,
âm képdài
như âmViệt
/pr/ proud
như âmViệt
phụ
âm k+
ngân,
âm lưỡihọng
/kw/ quite
phụ
âm b+
âm baai-ơ
/bj/ burial
/dw/ dwell
ây-ơ hay ơ
phụ
âm f+
Trang 4ơ âmViệt
dụ chỉmangtínhminhhọa,họcsinhcầnnhớconchưđạidiệnâm
như âmViệt
/str/ stream
âm tắcsát bậthơi
/stj/ student
Chú ý: - Các biểu tượng cấu âm ở các từ điển khác nhau có sự khác biệt nhỏ.
PRACTICE EXERCISE – BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH Find the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others of the same group.
PHẦN II TENSES – ÔN TẬP VỀ NGỮ PHÁP
I The simple present tense:
1 The form
(+) S + V (-) S + don’t/ doesn’t + V (?) Do/ Does + S + V?
2 The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly (She never comes late)
- To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord street)
- To denote a true fact (The earth moves around the Sun)
3 The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/… - always/ usually/ ofen/ sometimes/occasionally/… - the proof of constant truth
4 Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00)
- The division of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,…
II The present progressive tense:
1 The form:
(+) S + am/ are/ is + V-ING (-) S + am/ are/ is + not + V-ING (?) Am/ Are/ Is + S + V-ING?
Trang 52 The usage: - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking (She is teaching Maths)
- To denote the intention/ prediction/ plan/…(She is coming soon)
3 The recognition: - now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/…
- follow a command, request,…
4 Notes: - The ING-forms ( getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…)
- The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as: be/ see/ hear/ understand/ know/ like/ want/
glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/ forget/…( use the simplepresent instead )
III The present perfect tense:
1 The form:
(+) S + have/ has + P.P (P2) (-) S + haven’t/ hasn’t + P.P (P2) (?) Have/ Has + S + P.P (P2)
2 The usage: - To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still happening at
present (We have lived here since 1990)
- To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using “just”
(She has just come from New York)
- To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet” (He hasn’t come yet)
- To denote past actions; no certain time expression, using “already” (We have already seen that film)
3 The recognition: - just = recently = lately - ever/ never (comments)
- already/ yet/ since/ for/ so far/ until now/ up to now (present)
Notes: - Past participles: (regular verbs adding “ed”./ irregular verbs “learn by heart”)
- The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense.
- The present perfect progressive is used to denote past actions “happening”, or “will happen The tense is
ofen related to the verbs: live/ learn/ wait/ work/ study/… →“S + have/ has + been + V-ING”
IV The simple past tense:
1 The form: (pV = the past form of verbs)
(+) S + pV (-) S + didn’t + V (?) Did + S + V?
2 The usage: - To denote a finished past action (We went to the park together)
- To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past
(She did all the work yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.)
3 The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/… - yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…
- “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/
V The past progressive tense:
(+) S + was/ were + V-ING (-) S + was/ were + not + V-ING (?) Was/ Were + S + V-ING?
- To denote past interrupting actions (She was watching T.V when I came)
- time clause with “when”, “while = as”.
Notes: - actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only (When I heard a knock at the
door, I came to open it When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)- this is a timed action.
VI The past perfect tense:
1 The form:
(+) S + had + P.P (P2) (-) S + had not (hadn’t) + P.P (P2) (?) Had + S + P.P (P2)?
2. The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain point of
time or another past event (the past of the past tense) e.g: She had sold all the baskets before 9.00
yesterday She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday.
3 The recognition: - when-clause/ afer/ before/ already/ since/ for/…
- The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING”
VII The simple future tense:
1 The form:
(+) S + will/ shall + V (-) S + will/ shall + V (?) Will/ Shall + S + V?
- “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses
- The negative forms “will not = won’t”, “shall not = shan’t”
Trang 62 The usage: - To denote future actions (They will build more hospitals)
- To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…(The car will start in-time)
3 The recognition: - someday, tomorrow,…/ - next week/ month/ year/
4 Notes: “ shan’t” is not used in conditional sentences./ “ shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/… VIII Various forms of the future tenses:
1 The future progressive tense:
1.1 The form:
(+) S + will be + V-ING (-) S + won’t be + V-ING (?) Will + S + be + V-ING?
1.2 The usage: - To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”
e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight./ We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning.
- To show the future happening actions with “when” Eg She will be sitting at the gate when we come
tomorrow.
2 The future perfect tense:
2.1 The form:
(+) S + will have + P.P (P2) (-) S + won’t have + P.P (P2) (?) Will + S + have + P.P?
2.2 The usage: - To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”
e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by then.
- To show a future schedule-finished action e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn.
3 Other forms:
a The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan…
e.g: A: When does he leave? B: He leaves tonight
b The present progressive: To denote an intention.
e.g: A: When are you leaving? B: I am leaving this afternoon.
c The “be + going to inf” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an arrangement.
e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday They are going to get married.
NOTES: CHÚ í THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES
Simple present tense
Simple past tense
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Main clause Adverbial clauses (of time)
PHẦN III PHRASES VS CLAUSES – CỤM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ
Bài 1 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES WITH CONJUNCTIONS – MĐ PHỤ VỚI LIấN TỪ
1 The implication:
not only _, but also = not only , but _ as well
Hoặc: Subject + not only + verb + but also + verb
He writes not only correctly but also neatly./ Maria excels not only in mathematics but also in science
Adv adv Ngữ giới từ ngữ giới từ
Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music
Động từ động từ
Trang 7b As well as
subject + verb + as well as + verb
2 The norminal clause: Mệnh đề danh từ (tương ứng như danh từ, có thể làm S, C, O trong câu)
a That – clauses: Theo sau các động từ có ngụ ý giải thích với that, có thể đảo lên đầu câu làm chủ ngữ.
= That she dissatisfied with her work was the reason she lef
b Wh – clauses: Đây là hình thái mệnh đề danh từ khá phổ biến, thường theo sau các ngoại động từ, ngoại động
từ đa, đặc biệt ở cấu trúc câu gián tiếp
c Whether/ if – clauses: Dùng với cấu trúc câu hỏi nghi vấn ở câu gián tiếp.
Eg She asked if I could answer the phone They wanted to know whether the train was any late
Bài 2 PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE – CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH
1 The phrases of purpose: to V/ so as to V/ in order to V và dạng phủ định
S + verb + to/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb = To/ so as/ in order (not) + to verb, S + verb
Eg To be better at English, he attended an evening class = He attended an evening class to be better at English
In order to be better at English, he attended an extra-class
He attended an extra-class so as to be better at English
2 The clause of purpose with “so/ therefore”
S + V, so S + V hay S + V, therefore S + V
He learned hard, therefore he got better and better grades
Bài 3 PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION – NHƯỢNG BỘ
1 Phrases of concession with: despite / in spite of (mÆc dï)
Despite/ In spite of + danh từ/ ngữ danh từ
In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades
2 Clauses of concession with: although, even though, though
Although/ Though/ Even though S + V, S + V = S + V although/ though/ even though S + V
Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades
Eg He promised to call me, but till now I haven’t received any call from him, though
In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic
The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to
Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic
Trang 8The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections.
Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep
She attended the class although she did not feel alert
3 Clauses of concession with: despite/ in spite of the fact that
Despite/ In spite of + the fact that S + V S + V =S + V despite/ in spite of + the fact that S + V
Mét sè thÝ dô bæ trî: In spite of the fact that the weather is bad, we are going to have a picnic.
The child ate the cookie despite the fact that his mother had told him not to
Bài 4: CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
I CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN CƠ BẢN – MAIN FORMS: (gồm 3 loại)
1 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1- REAL CONDITION)
a form: If S – V(hiện tại), S will V = S will V if S – V(hiện tại)
- gọi là câu điều kiện có thực
c examples: - If it stays nice, we will go out = We will go out if it stays nice
d notes: Unless = If not
- If you don’t study harder, you will fail the exam = Unless you study harder, you will fail the exam.
- He will fail the exam unless he is more industrious = He will fail the exam if he isn’t more industrious
2 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 2- UNREAL PRESENT CONDITION)
a form: If S – V(quá khứ/ riêng với to be = were với mọi chủ ngữ), S would V
- gọi là câu điều kiệnkhông có thực ở hiện tại
c examples: - If it were nice, we would go out = In fact, it is not nice so we don’t go out anymore
d notes: có thể đảo were lên đầu thay cho if
-If I were ten years younger, I would marry her = Were I ten years younger, I would marry her.
3 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 3- UNREAL PAST CONDITION)
a form: If S had P.P, S would have P.P
- gọi là câu điều kiệnkhông có thực ở quá khứ
c examples: - If it hadn’t been for your help, we would not have overcome those problems = In fact, weovercame those problems, thanks to your help
d notes: có thể đảo had lên đầu thay cho if
-If I had been there, I would have helped her = Had I been there, I would have helped her.
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
1 If I a lot of money now, I a new car.
2 If I you, I do that.
3 If I were offered the job, I think I it.
4 I would be very surprised if he
5 Many people would be out of work if that factory down.
6 6 If she sold her car, she much money.
7 They would be disappointed if we
8 Would John be angry if I his bicycle without asking?
9 She terrible upset if I lost this ring.
10 If someone in here with a gun, I would be very frightened.
11 What would happen if you to work tomorrow?
Trang 912 We‘ll get wet if we out.
13 If I go shopping, I some food.
14 If I find it, I you.
15 What would you do if you a million dollars?
NOTES – CHÚ Ý :
1 Dùng “or else”/ “otherwise”/ “or”
Unless you cut your hair, they won’t let you in)
- Cut your hair, otherwise they won’t let you in (= If you don’t cut your hair, they won’t let you in,
hoặc Unless you cut your hair, they won’t let you in)
2 Special uses of “if” clauses – Một số cách sử dụng của mệnh đề “If”
If you will /would.
Eg If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here
I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me
If you could + verb in simple form.
If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me
Should it be cloudy and gray, the ground hog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign that spring
is near
3 Special conditions:
even if + nagative verb
You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready
Whether or not + positive verb
He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god
unless + positive verb = if not
If you don’t start at once, you will be late = You will be late unless you start at once
But for that + unreal condition
Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here)
present ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë hiÖn t¹i
My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time
qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë qu¸ khø
otherwise + conditional sentence kÎo, nÕu kh«ng th×
Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldn’t be here
present ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë hiÖn t¹i
I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer
qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thùc ë qu¸ khø
Provided/ providing (that)
You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess
Suppose/ supposing ? = what if ?
Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late?
What if I’m- tao thÕ th× sao nµo ®a ra sù th¸ch thøc
or
Trang 10If only + simple present / will V = hope that s will v
If only he comes in time / If only he will head your advice
If only + simple past/ past perfect = wish that
If only he didn’t smoke (but he doesn’t) If only she had come in time (but she didn’t)
if only + would verb - íc sao, mong sao
4 Mixed conditions: Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp đạc biệt.
a For a true action: Với khả năng thực tế, câu mệnh lệnh.
If the weather stays fine, we can arrive on time (= The weather is now fine and there’s no sign ofthe bad changes)
b For a suggestion: Với lời đề nghị, khuyên răn.
You’d better cancel the project if it is possible (= It’s best for you to cancel the project)
c For a present subjunction but past unfulfilled result Với giả định hiện tại mà kết quả không thể xảy ra ở quá
khứ Điều giả định này luôn đúng ở hiện tại
but the subjunction is at present Mãi mãi tôi vẫn không thể là cậu được, đây là thực tế nênkhông cần chuyển điều kiện về quá khứ hoàn thành)
c For a past subjunction but present unfulfilled result Với giả định quá khứ mà kết quả không thể xảy ra ở hiện
tai Điều giả định này được coi là quá khứ của quá khứ, nhưng kết quả là phi lý
up to now, this is only my regret Sự tiếc nuối của tôi khi nghe bạn thuật lại vụ việc giả định của tôirơi vào hoàn cảnh quá khứ, nhưng kết quả này đã không xảy ra trước đó)
Bài 5 PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON – NGUYÊN NHÂN, LÍ DO
Jan was worried because it had started to rain = Jan was worried because of the rain
The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam
Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car) Mary got John to wash the car (John washed the car.)
to have / get st done = (®a c¸i g× ®i lµm )
Mary had the car washed (The car was wash by somebody.)
I have the laundry washed (the laundry is washed by someone)
to want / like something done
hoÆc I want it repaired and cleaned ( buéc ai ph¶i lµm g×.)
to make sb do st = to force sb to do st
Trang 11Eg The robber forced the teller to give him the money.= The robber made the teller give him themoney.
to make sb do st = to cause st +P2
The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged
b.
to make sb / st + adjective
Eg Wearing fowers made her more beautiful
to find + sb/ sth + adjective (P1- P2)
We found the boy frightened - b¶n th©n th»ng bÐ sî
c Let
let sb do st = to allow/ permit sb to do st
(John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.)
The teacher let the students leave class early./ The policeman let the suspect make one phone call
Dr Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday
Mrs Binion let her son spend the night with a friend./ We are going to let her write the letter
Mr Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings
d Help
to help sb do/ to do st
Eg John helped Mary wash the dishes Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a taxi.The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials
Bài 6 COMPARISON – SO SÁNH
1 Các cấp so sánh thông dụng với tính từ và trạng từ: (so sánh bằng, hơn, hơn nhất)
2 Các dạng so sánh đặc biệt: (song song, thăng tiến)
1 Sarah is at chemistry than Susan
2 I don’t work so hard my father
3 Sam is the student in my class
4 No one in my class is beautiful her
5 Going by train isn’t convenient as going by car
6 The test is not difficult it was last month
7 Peter usually drives Mary
8 She cooked than you
9 This film is interesting than that film
10 My salary is his salary
11 He works we do
12 No one in this class is Jimmy
13 Apples are usually oranges
Trang 12A cheap than B more cheap C the cheapest D cheaper than
14 I know him than you do
15 you are, you concentrate
A Tired/the least hard B The more tired/the harder C The tireder/the harder D The tired/the harder
Bài 7 SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES – GIẢ ĐỊNH
1 The use of “as if/ as though”
a. The present sense:
S + verb (simple present) + as if/ as though + S + verb (simple past)
HiÖn t¹i qu¸ khø
Angelique walks as though she studied modelling (She didn’t study modelling)
HiÖn t¹i qu¸ khø
He acts as though he were rich (He is not rich)
HiÖn t¹i qu¸ khø
S + verb (simple past) + as if/ as though + S + verb (past perfect)
Past simple past perfect
Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost (She didn’t see a ghost.)
Past simple past perfect
He looked as though he had run ten miles (He didn’t run ten miles.)
Past simple past perfect
2 The use of with and hope:
We hope that they came yesterday ( We don’t know if they came.)
S+ wish + (that) + S* + could/ would/ were + verb/ V-ing
I wish that you would stop saying that (You probably won’t stop.)
She wish that she were coming with us ( She is not coming with us.)
S + wish + (that) + S* + verb in simple past
We wish that he were old enough to come with us ( He is not old enough.)
They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today ( They have to go to class.)
S + wish + (that) + S + past perfect/ could have + P2
She wish that she could have been there ( She couldn’t be there.)
We wish that we had had more time last night ( We didn’t have more time.)
notes
Qu¸ khø §iÒu kiÖn ë t¬ng lai T¬ng lai
The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now
Qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn ë hiÖn t¹i hiÖn t¹i
to wish somebody something
Trang 13to watch somebody doing something
see
4.
advise ask command decree
demand insist move order
prefer propose recommend request
require stipulate suggest urge
or
S1 + verb + that + S 2+ [verb in simple form]
The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately
The university requires that all its students take this course
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking./
Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished
We proposed that he take a vacation./ I move that we adjourn until this afernoon
b
advised important mandatory
necessary obligatory proposed
recommended required suggested
urgent imperative
or
It + be + adjective + that + S + [verb in simple form ]
( any tense)
It is necessary that he find the books.
It was urgent that she leave at once./ It has been proposed that we change the topic
It is important that you remember this question./ It has been suggested that he forget the election
It was recommended that we wait for the authorities
c
It + be + noun + that + S + [verb in simple form ]
( any tense)
Eg It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking
d Eg God save the queen ! Chúa phù hộ cho nữ hoàng God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau)
Curse this frog !: chết tiệt con cóc này
- Dùng với một số thành ngữ: Come what may: dù có chuyện gì đi nữa
Eg Come what may we will stand by you If need be : nếu cần
Eg If need be we can take another road
e it is time
It is time (for sb) to do st :
Eg It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time)
It is time
It is high time subject + simple past It is about time
Nhận xét: High/ about đợc dựng trớc time để thêm vào ý nhấn mạnh.
Eg It’s high time I lef for the airport (it is a little bit late)
Bài 8 PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT – KẾT QUẢ
1 Phrase of result: Thường dựng với “TOO”/ “ENOUGH” theo cấu trỳc sau:
S + be (look/ seem/ get/ become/…) + too ADJ (for O) + to V
S + V + too ADV (for O) + to V
Eg He is too short to play football./ He ran too slowly to become the winner of the race
S + be + ADJ enough (for O) + to V hay S + V + ADV enough (for O) + to V
Eg She ớn’t old enough to drive a car / He spoke English well enough to be an enterpreter
2 Clause of result:
Trang 14S + verb + so that / in order that + S + verb
He studied very hard so that he could pass the test (nó đã học rất chăm chỉ để có thể qua đợc kỳ thi)She is sending the package early so that it will arrive in time for her sister’s birthday
Damien is practicing the guitar so that he can play for the dance
I am learning German so that I will be able to speak it when I go to Austria next summer
Susan drove to Miami instead of fying so that she could save money
Will you let me know about the party so that I can make plans to attend?
3 Cause and effect:
Subject + verb + so + adj/ adv + that + S + verb
The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation
Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record
Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary
The soup tastes so good that every one will ask for more
The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him
The students had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class
4
S + verb + so + few/ many + pl N + that + S + verb
I had so few job offers that it wasn’t difficult to select one
S + verb + so + much/ little + N+ that + S + verb
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat
S + verb + such + a + adjective + pl N + that
S + verb + so + adjective + a + N + that
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors/ It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors
It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down/ It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put itdown
S + verb + such + adjective + N đếm được số nhiều/ N khụng đđ+ that + S+ verb
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it
dt không đếm đợc L u ý : Ta không thể sử dụng so trong cấu trúc trên.
4
He has so heavy a work load that it is difficult for him to travel
Peter has such long fingers that he should play the piano
Professor Sands gives such interesting lectures that his classes are never boring
This is such tasty ice cream that I’ll have another helping
Bài 9 RELATIVE CLAUSES – MỆNH Đẩ QUAN HỆ
1 Relative pronouns:
Trang 15Eg The man who told you I was out met me in the park The person who you wanted to see died daysago.
This is the lady who helped my mom That’s the one who we need to contact
b WHOM: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan
hệ
The one to whom he wanted to talk was out Mr Ba, from whom we got news, was escapedyesterday
c WHOSE: Là tính từ quan hệ chỉ người, dùng để thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu, kết hợp với một danh từ, làm chủ
ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ
Eg This is the lady whose son cheated me
The country whose people were struggling against foods announced the situation of disastersyesterday
d WHICH: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ hay tân ngữ của mệnh đề
quan hệ
The house, which was on fire, was built long ago
e THAT: Là đại từ quan hệ thay thế, dùng để thay thế cho các đại từ quan hệ như WHO, WHICH, làm chủ ngữ hay
tân ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ, ngoài ra còn được sử dụng trong câu chẻ
The one that told you I was out met me in the park./ The person that you wanted to see died daysago
f WHEN: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
Eg The day when she lef was rainy The time when we reunite is uncertain
g WHERE: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn.
Eg This is the house where he lived in his childhood The place where we play football is a footballground
h WHY: Là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lí do, nguyên nhân, có vai trò là mệnh đề quan hệ trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân.
Eg The reason why she lef was unknown That’s why we are worrying now
2 Relative clauses:
a Restrictive Relative Clauses: Đây là loại mệnh đề cần thiết có mặt để câu có nghĩa, nếu không có nó câu không
đảm bảo về ngữ nghĩa (Chủ từ chưa được xác định)
the library thì không rõ là ai)That is the book that I like best (là cuốn mà tôi thích trong vô vàn cuốn sách)
b Non- Restrictive Relative Clauses: Đây là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết có mặt mà câu vẫn có nghĩa, nếu không
có nó câu vẫn đảm bảo về ngữ nghĩa vì tiền ngữ (chủ từ) đã xác định Loại mệnh đề này thường cách mệnh đề chính bằng các dấu phảy, hoặc thường có các tính từ hay đại từ chỉ định hay sở hữu như: this, that, these, those, his, my,…
This is Mrs Jones, who helped me last week./ Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar
3 Reduced clauses:
a Present Participle Phrase: (V-ING phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ danh động từ V-ING để
thay thế cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu động từ chính của mệnh đề đó ở thể chủ động
Do you know the boy who broke the window yesterday? = Do you know the boy breaking ….?
b Past Participle Phrase: (V-ED phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ tính từ V-ED để thay thế
cho mệnh đề quan hệ nếu động từ chính của mệnh đề đó ở thể bị động
Do you know the boy who was punished by the headmaster yesterday? = Do you know the boy punished by the headmaster yesterday?
c Infinitive Phrase: (to V phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một ngữ động từ to V để thay thế cho
mệnh đề quan hệ trong trường hợp mệnh đề có chứa các từ FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, LAST, ONLY có thể dùng với cấu trúc “for O + to V”, hoặc một số mệnh đề mang tính rang buộc nhiệm vụ…
Trang 16Eg English is an important language which we have to master = English is an important language to
master/ for us to master
He is the only one who know the answer = He is the only one to know thư answer
d Noun Phrase: : (Noun phrases replace relative clauses) Có thể dùng một hoặc một cụm danh từ để thay thế cho
mệnh đề quan hệ nếu mệnh đề đó mang ngữ danh từ (thường chỉ nghề nghiệp)
The man who is a new manager of the office is still young = The man - a new manager of the office - is still very young
Bài 10 CLEFT SENTENCES – CÂU CHẺ
1 Subject focus: Nhấn mạnh tới chủ ngữ, chủ thể của hành động hoặc đối tượng được đề cập
S + V → It be S that/ who V
2 Object focus: Nhấn mạnh tới tân ngữ, chủ thể nhận hay chịu tác động của hành động.
S + V + O → It be O that/ whom S + V
3 Adverbials focus: Nhấn mạnh tới trạng ngữ, đề cập tới thời gian, nơi chốn, cách thức, phương pháp của hành
vi
S + V + A → It be A that S + V
Bài 11: INDIRECT SPEECH – CÂU TRỰC TIẾP, GIÁN TIẾP 1
definition:
a tenses
b Others;
At breakfast this morning he said he would be very busy today
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow
Jack said he was leaving today
Trang 17bring, build, buy
cut, draw, feed, tell
find, get, give hand, leave, lend, write
make, offer, owe paint, pass, pay
promiss, read, sell send, show, teach
S + V + Od + for/ to + Oi
S + verb + Oi + Od
4 notes
The little boy brought some fowers for his grandmother
The little boy brought his grandmother some fowers
I fixed Maria a drink./ I fixed a drink for Maria
He drew a picture for his mother./ He drew his mother a picture
He lent his car to his bother./ He lent his brother his car
We owe several thousand dollars to the bank./ We owe the bank several thousand dollars
Bài 12: THE PASSIVE VOICE – CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG
be + P2
1 Changes:
Eg I gave him a book hay I gave a book to him
- to be made, to be made of / This table is made of wood
- to be made from: /- to be made out of:
This cake is made out of four, egg, butter and sugar
Hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year
Subject present complement
A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year
singular subject be past participle
The tornado destroyed thirty houses
Subject past complement
Thirty houses were destroyed by the tornado
plural subject be past participle
The committee is considering several new proposals
Subject present progressive complement
Several new proposals are being considered by the committee
plural subject auxiliary be past participle
The committee was considering several new proposals
Subject past progressive complement
Several new proposals were being considered by the committee
plural subject auxiliary be past participle
The company has ordered some new equipment
subject present perfect complement
Some new equipment has been ordered by the company
Singular subject auxiliary be past participle
The company had ordered some new equipment before the strike began
Trang 18Some new equipment had been ordered by the company before the strike began.
Singular subject auxiliary be past participle
The manager should sign these contracts today
Subject modal + verb complement
These contracts should be signed by the manager today
Subject modal be past participle
Somebody should have called the president this morning.
Subject modal + perfect complement
The president should have been called this morning.
Subject modal have be past participle
Notes:
Have/ get / make
To have smb do smth = to get smb to do smth
Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car.) Mary got John to wash the car (John washed the car.)
To have / get smth done
Eg Mary got the car washed (The car was wash by somebody.)
To want / like something done
Eg - What do you want done to Anh muốn làm gì với
Eg - What do you want done to your motorbike? - I’d like it repaired and cleaned hoặc I want it repaired andcleaned
To make smb do smth = to force smb to do smth
Ví dụ: The robber forced the teller to give him the money = The robber made the teller give him the money
Động từ to make vả to cause còn đợc dùng theo mẫu sau:
Ví dụ: Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday The hurricane caused many water front housesdamaged
Ví dụ: Wearing fowers made her more beautiful
Đi theo hớng này thì động từ to find có thể dùng theo công thức:
Nếu là phân từ 1 sẽ mang tính chủ động còn phân từ 2 mang
tính bị động
Ví dụ: I found her quite interesting to talk to My sister found snakes frightening - con rắn đáng sợ
We found the boy frightened - bản thân thằng bé sợ
PHẦN IV SENTENCE ELEMENTS – THÀNH TỐ CỦA CÂU - - - (ễN TẬP)
Bài 1 SUBJECT (S): CHỦ NGỮ
1 Definition: Gender to be the action doer or described or mentioned
(là chủ thể của hành động hay đối tượng được miờu tả).
2 Classification:
a Subject pronouns: (đại từ nhõn xưng chủ ngữ)
smbsmth
To make smb / smth + adjective