CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF CONCESSION: Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ I.. Clauses of concession: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ là mệnh đề phụ chỉ sự tương phản của 2 hành động tron
Trang 1CLAUSES AND PHRASES
A CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF CONCESSION: ( Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ)
I Clauses of concession:
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ là mệnh đề phụ chỉ sự tương phản của 2 hành động trong câu Mệnh đề này thường bắt đầu bằng những từ nối như: Although, Even Though, though,
No matter, Whatever…
Cấu trúc:
Although
Even though
Ex: (Al)though I don’t agree with him, I think he’s honest
She went on walking (al)though she was terribly tired
Even though I didn’t understand the words, I knew what he wanted
(Even though dùng để nhấn mạnh sự tương phản)
No matter + who/ what / when / where / why / How(adj/adv) + S + V What ever + (N) + S + V
Lưu ý: Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng “No matter” hoặc “What ever” thường được đặt trước mệnh
đề chính để nhấn mạnh
Ex: - Whatever exercises she had taken, she was still fat
- No matter what she says, I don’t believe her
II Phrases of concession: Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ thường được bắt đầu bằng in spite of, despite
Cấu trúc: In spite of + Noun/ Noun phrase/ Gerund phrase
Despite Ex: - Despite his sickness, he still had to go to school.
- We went out in spite of the rain.
III Other usages:
1 Sử dụng liên từ độc lập: Để chỉ sự tương phản ta có thể dùng liên từ độc lập như “BUT,
YET”
- BUT, YET được dùng giữa 2 câu ghép và trước BUT, YET phải có dấu phảy
Ex: She was terribly tired, but/yet she went on walking.
Lưu ý: không dùng chung Although với BUT và YET
2 Sử dụng từ nối (transition words): However, Nevertheless ( tuy nhiên) Các từ nối này
được đặt ở đầu câu thứ 2 (Trước However, Nevertheless có dấu chấm (.) hoặc chấm phảy (;), sau However, Nevertheless có dấu phảy) Ngoài ra However, Nevertheless có thể được đặt ở
giữa câu ( sau chủ ngữ) hoặc cuối câu nhưng được ngăn cách với câu bằng dấu phảy
Ex: - I washed my hands However, they still looked dirty.
- I washed my hands They, however, still looked dirty
- I washed my hands They still looked dirty, however.
EXERCISES
I Combine each pair of sentences into one, using the word given in brackets:
1 She can’t answer my question She is very intelligent (Although)
_
2 His life is hard He is determined to study well (No matter)
_
3 You do any job You should do it devotedly (Whatever)
_
4 He got good jobs He was not satisfied (eventhough)
_
5 He often tell lies Many people believe him (although)
Trang 26 He does anything He always tries his best (No matter)
_
7 She had taken many kinds of exercises She was still putting on weight (Whatever) _
8 He lived anywhere He always thought of his homeland (No matter)
_
9 He is very rich He isn’t happy (although)
_
10 He says anything Nobody believe him (Whatever)
_
II Complete the following with BUT, EVEN THOUGH, NEVERTHELESS
1 Bob ate a large dinner _, he is still hungry
2 Bob ate a large dinner, _ he is still hungry
3 Bob is still hungry _ he ate a large dinner
4 I had a lot of studying to do, I went to a movie anyway
5 I had a lot of studying to do, I went to a movie anyway
6 I had a lot of studying to do , I went to a movie anyway
7 I finished all of my work _ I was very sleepy
8 I was very sleepy, _ I finished all of my work
9 I was very sleepy _, I finished all of my work
Complete the following with YET, ALTHOUGH, HOWEVER
10 I washed my hands _, they still looked dirty
11 I washed my hands, they still looked dirty
12 _I washed my hands, they still looked dirty
13 Diana didn’t go how to swim, _ she jumped into the swimming pool
14 _ Diana didn’t go how to swim, she jumped into the swimming pool
15 Diana didn’t go how to swim _, she jumped into the swimming pool
16 Anna’s father gave her some good advice, she didn’t follow it
17 Anna’s father gave her some good advice , she didn’t follow it
18 Anna’s father gave her some good advice, she didn’t follow it
III Change clauses of concession to phrases.
1 He studied well though his life was hard at that time
_
2 Although it rained heavily, I went to school on time
_
3 He didn’t stop his car though the traffic lights turned red
_
4 Although Jane was sad, she managed to smile
_
5 Tom always studies hard though he encouters difficulties
_
6 The flight was not delayed though it was foggy
_
7 Although it got dark, they continued to work
_
8 He did the test well though it was difficult
_
9 My mother doesn’t wear glasses though she’s over fifty
_
10 The plane took off though the weather was bad
_
IV Choose the best anwser among (A, B, C, or D)
Trang 31 We’ll never give in they may do or say.
A although that B no matter how C despite D whatever
2 my father is old, he still goes jogging
3 _ the rain, we postpone our picnic
A because B because of C although D In spite of
4 He refused to give up work he won a million pounds
A despite B as though C even though D however
5 it was raining heavily, he went out without a raincoat
A in spite B in spite of C However D although
6 the wet weather, the football match went ahead
7 Although she is rich, she can’t afford to buy the car
A Rich like she is, she can’t afford to buy the car
B Rich as she is, she can’t afford to buy the car
C As rich she is, she can’t afford to buy the car
D As she is rich, she can’t afford to buy the car
8 Despite feeling cold, we kept walking
A Although we felt cold, we kept walking
B Although we felt cold, but we kept walking
C Cold as we felt, we kept walking
D Both A & C are correct
9 Although he took a taxi, Tom still arrived late for the concert
A Tom arrived late for the concert because he took a taxi
B Tom arrived late for the concert because of a taxi
C In spite of taking a taxi, Tom still arrived late for the concert
D Although Tom took a taxi, He can’t come to the concert in time
10 I’ll find that man no matter how long it takes
A It takes me a long time to find that man
B However long it may take, I’ll find that man
C I can’t find that man because it will take take a long time
D Although it took a long time, I could find that man
11 I meet her, she always wears a blue dress
12 comes, don’t open the door
A No matter what B No matter who C No matter how D No matter whom
13 We can not see the road the fog
A because B although C because of D in spite of
14 These boys were punished they went to school late
A because B because of C even though D in spite of
15 I tried, I could not finish my essay on time
C No matter harder D No matter what hard
16 It was cold and wet Bob put on his swimming suit and went on the beach
A Therefore B Despite C Although D Nevertheless
17 I can’t ride my bicycle there isn’t any air in one of the tires
18 I got to class on time I had missed my bus
A even though B nevertheless C because D despite
19 Brian used to be an active person, but now he has to limit his activities problems with his heath
A nevertheless B because of C although D in spite of
20 Some snakes are poisonous, _ others are harmless
Trang 4B CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF REASON (mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ lí do)
I Clauses of reason:
Mệnh đề chỉ lí do là mệnh đề phụ chỉ lí do hoặc nguyên nhân của hành động được nêu trong mệnh đề chính
Mệnh đề chỉ lí do thường được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các liên từ (conjunction) như: Because, Since, As ( Since và As thường được đặt ở đầu câu)
Cấu trúc:
Because/ since/ as + S + V
Ex:
- She didn’t go to class yesterday because she was seriously ill.
- Since / As she was seriously ill, she didn’t go to class yesterday
II Phrases of reason:
Cấu trúc:
Because of
Owning to
- The class was not in order because of the teacher’s absence.
- She didn’t go to class yesterday because of her serious illness.
- She didn’t go to class yesterday because of being seriously ill.
III Các cách dùng khác:
1 Sử dụng liên từ độc lập : FOR (vì), SO (vì thế)
Chú ý: FOR, SO được dùng giống như BUT, YET
Ex: - She didn’t go to class yesterday, for she was seriously ill.
- She was seriously ill, so she didn’t go to class yesterday
2 Sử dụng từ nối (transition words): therefore, consequently.
Therefore được dùng giống như however Consequently thường được đặt ở đầu mệnh
đề chỉ kết quả
- She was seriously ill Therefore, she didn’t go to class yesterday
- She was seriously ill She, therefore, didn’t go to class yesterday
- She was seriously ill She didn’t go to class yesterday, therefore
EXERCISES
I Combine each pair of sentences, using “Because, Since, As”
1 Mary looks happy She has just got good marks
_
2 A computer can be used for various purpose It becomes very popular today
_
3 The burglars were able to break into his house He has forgot to lock one of the windows
4 The exercise is not easy I shall have to consult my teacher
_
5 I didn’t come in time There was a traffic jam
_
6 The teacher is sick We’ll have no class tomorrow
_
7 He studies maths very hard He wants to become a teacher of maths
_
8 Peter was worried Mary was late
_
9 The T.V program was uninteresting They went to bed early
_
10 I couldn’t answer all the oral questions well I felt too nervous
_
Trang 5II Complete the sentences with: because, therefore, because of:
1 _ it rained, we stayed home
2 We decided to leave early the party was boring
3 Rescue attemps was temporarily halted _ the bad weather
4 Paul may not go to the football game his grades
5 Bill’s car wouldn’t start , he couldn’t pick us for the concert
6 They visited their friends often _ they enjoyed their company
7 The residents moved the island _ the hurricane
III Change clause of reason to phrases:
1 The car crashed because the driver was careless
_
2 He walked slowly because his leg was badly hurt
3 We didn’t go out because it rain heavily
_
4 She went to bed early because she felt tired
_
5 I can’t sleep because the weather is hot
_
6 My brother couldn’t sleep because he felt homesick
_
7 She didn’t make any mistakes in her answers because she was carefull
_
8 They stayed at home because it rained
_
9 The boy was punished because he behaved so badly
_
10 All the teachers love him because his conduct is good
_
IV Choose the best anwser among (A, B, C, or D)
1 We couldn’t sleep last night the noise next door.
A although B since C because D because of
2 I did it _ they asked me to.
A so B because C because of D the reason
3 Daisy was late her car was broken down.
A because B because of C if D whether
4 _ he can’t afford a car, he goes to work by bicycle.
A Because B As C Since D All are correct.
5 They were sacked _ their carelessness.
A because B because of C although D despite
6 The boy was punished _ they went to school late.
A because B because of C so D although
7 “Peter was late for work because of the rain” means “ _”
A The rain made Peter go to work late B The rain prevented Peter from going to work early.
B A and B are correct D A and B are incorrect
8 The mother got angry because _
A her son’s bad behaviour B her son will behave badly.
C her son behaved badly D her son bad behaving
9 He lost his job _ his lazyness.
A because B because of C if D although
10 We couldn’t go out because the weather was so bad.
A The weather was so bad but we went out.
B If the weather were fine, we couldn’t go out.
C Whatever weather we had, we couldn’t go out.
D We couldn’t go out because of the bad weather.
Trang 6C CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF PURPOSE: ( Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích)
I Phrases of purpose:
Nếu trong câu chỉ có 1 chủ ngữ, ta có thể dùng một cụm từ bắt đầu bằng:
- to
- in order to + infinitive phrase (V phrase)
- so as to
Ex: She studies English She wants to talk to foreigners
She studies English to talk to foreigners
in order to talk to foreigners
so as to talk to foreigners
+ Nếu phủ định mục đích thì dùng cụm từ:
In order not to + V _phrase
So as not to
Ex: He got up early He didn’t want to miss the train
He got up early in order not to miss the train.
so as not to miss the train.
II Clauses of purpose:
+ Nếu trong câu có 2 chủ ngữ khác nhau, ta phải dùng mệnh đề chỉ mục đích bắt đầu
bằng: so that, in order that, Lest (kẻo), For fear that (sợ rằng)
+ Cấu trúc:
So that + S + V (can/ could) + (not) + V
In order that
Ex:
I try my best to study English I want to find a better job
I try my best to study English so that I can find a better job
She hurried She didn’t want to miss the bus
She hurried so that She wouldn’t miss the bus
He spoke loudly He wanted everybody to hear him
He spoke loudly so that everybody could hear him
+ mệnh đề chỉ mục đích đi sau Lest/ for fear that thì có nghĩa phủ định ta dùng:
Lest / for fear that + should + V
- She hides the novel under her pillow lest (for fear that) her father should see it
+ Thay vì nói: The robber changes his address all the time so that the police can’t find him + Ta có thể nói: The robber changes his address all the time lest the police should find him
EXERCISES
I Use phrase or clause of purpose to combine each pair of the following sentences:
1 She went to the bookshop She want to buy a dictionary
_
2 My brother is learning English He can get a good job
_
3 My parents sent me to the USA They wanted me to study computer there
_4 The teacher spoke very slowly He wanted his pupils to understand what he said
_
5 Miss Hoa locked the door She didn’t want to be disturbed
_
6 We turned out the lights We didn’t want to waste electricity
_
7 They tried to do their job well They wanted the boss to increase their salary
_
8 I’m learning English I want to read books in English
_
Trang 79 My father drove carefully He didn’t want to cause accidents.
_
10 Please close the windows I don’t want anybody to look at my house
_
11 The notices are written in several languages Everyone may understand them
_
12 She needs a job She wants to support her old parents
_
13 My sister wore warm clothes She didn’t want to get cold
_
14 He’s studying hard He want to keep pace with his classmates
_
15 These men were talking in whispers They didn’t want anyone to hear their conversation _
II Change phrases of purpose to clauses of purpose and vice versa.
1 He climb the tree in order to get a better view
_
2 Leave early so that you may get home before dark
_
3 She went to the library in order that she could borrow some books
_
4 He hurried to the station so as not to miss the train
_
5 I went to see him so that I would find out what had happened
_
6 I got up early so that I couldn’t be late for school
_
7 I shouted in order that I could warm everyone of danger
_
8 John is practising the guitar to play for the dance
_
9 We should do morning exercises regularly so as to improve our health
_
10 She put on warm clothes so that she couldn’t catch cold
_
11 He locked the door so as not to be disturbed
_
12 These women delay their child birth so that they can pursue a job in society
_
13 The clown took off his mark so as not to frighten the children
_
14 We learn English so that we can have better communication with other people
_
15 She said nothing so as not to make him angry
_
III Choose the best answer among A, B, C, or D
1 We set off early _ we couldn’t get stuck in the traffic
2 Mary put on her scarf she get cold
A in order that/ will not B so as to / would not
C so that / would not D to / will not
3 The school boys are in a hurry _ they will not be late for school
Trang 84 He lighted the candle I might read the note.
A as long as B because C and D so that
5 He had to explain the lesson very clearly
A in order that his students to understand it B So that his students could understand it
C So as his students to understand it D So that his students to understand it
6 We have to start early we won’t be late
7 They went to the seaside _ they wouldn’t be disturbed by the noise of the city
A in order that B so that C so as to D A & B are correct
8 We stopped at a square _ have a rest
A so as B in order that C in order to D in order
9 My parents got up very early morning pack the car for our journey
A so that B in order that C so as to D so as
10 “I spoke slowly The foreigners could understand me” means “ ”
A I spoke slowly so that the foreigners could understand me
B I spoke slowly in order to the foreigners could understand me
C I spoke slowly that the foreigners could understand me
D I spoke slowly to make the foreigners could understand me
11 You may put your money in a small coin bank
A so that to keep it safe B so as not to keep it safe
C in order to keep it safe D not to keep it safe
12 He studies very hard _
A in order to fail the examination B so as to pass the examination
C so that to get knowledge D in order that he could be illiterate
13 Be as clear as possible _ there is no misunderstanding
A in order to B so as to C in order not to D in order that
14 They were talking in whispers nobody could hear them
A in order to B so that C in order that D B & C are correct
15 My mother needs a tin opener _ this bottle
A to open B in orther to open C so as to open D all are correct
Trang 9D CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF RESULT (mệnh đề va cụm từ chỉ kết quả)
1 Clause of result: (Mệnh đề chỉ kết quả) là mệnh đề phụ chỉ kết quả do hành đọng của mệnh đề chính gây ra
Cấu trúc:
a) SO … THAT
S + V + So + ADJ/ADV + That + S + V
Ex: - The film is so interesting that I have seen it twice.
- He speaks so quickly that I can’t understand.
b) SUCH … THAT
S + V + Such +(a/an) + (ADJ.) + N + THAT + S +V
EX:
- It was such terribly hot weather that all of us felt tired.
- They are such naughty boys that nobody likes them.
2 Phrases of result: (Cụm từ chỉ kết quả) thường có “TOO” hoặc “ENOUGH”
a) TOO… TO (quá … không thể)
S + V + too + ADJ/ADV + (for + N/Phr) + To_V
Ex: - This exercise is too difficult for me to do
- The coffee is too strong for him to drink
b) ENOUGH … TO
S+ V + ADJ/ADV + Enough + (for + N/Phr) + TO_V
- That program is interesting enough for me to see
- He is not old enough to drive a car
S+ V + Enough + Noun + (for + N/Phr) + TO_V
- There are enough seats for the pupils (to sit)
- He hasn’t got enough money to buy a book
EXERCISES
I Combine each pair of sentences, using “so… that” or “such … that”
1 This is an interesting film I want to see it again and again
_
2 The lesson is very difficult Nobody can understand it
_
3 My brother was very excited about the trip He couldn’t sleep
_
4 My sister has a beautiful voice We all like to hear her sing
_
5 There was a lot of guests There wasn’t enough food
_
6 There was a lot of food Everyone ate too much
_
7 Tom is an intelligent boy He is always at the top of his class
_
8 This is an expensive house Nobody can buy it
_
9 The work is very hard I can’t finish on time
_
10 This song is very simple All of us can sing it
_
II Use the construction “too… to” to rewrite the following sentences.
1 The box is so heavy that she can’t carry it
_
2 These shoes are very small I can’t wear them
_
3 It was so late that she couldn’t go home
_
4 She was so tired that she couldn’t eat
Trang 105 It is so cold that we can’t go out
_
6 The man is so rich that he can buy everything
_
7 My brother is so short that he can’t play football
_
8 This novel was so interesting that I couldn’t put it down
_
9 This soup is so hot that we can’t eat it
_
10 The room was so dark that I couldn’t see anything
_
III Rewrite the following sentences, using “enough” instead of “too”
1 This shirt is too expensive for me to buy
_
2 The water in this pool is too dirty to drink
_
3 He studied too badly to pass his exam
_
4 The test was too difficult for them to do
_
5 This book is too dull to read
_
6 This room is too noisy for us to study
_
7 This bag is too heavy for her too carry
_
8 This road is too dangerous for her to go out at night
_
9 Your handwriting is too bad to read
_
10 My sister is too weak to run fast
_
IV Choose the best answer among (a, b, c and d)
1 It is city that he got lost
A a such big B such big C such a big D a very big
2 There _ in the universe that we can’t count them
A so much stars B so many stars C such stars many D such stars much
3 He has _ to do that he can’t go to the cinema with us
A so much work B so many work C such much work D such a work
4 The film was boring that we had left before the end
5 Faraday’s father was _ poor to send him to school
6 It took _ time to learn this lesson
7 I’ve never seen people in one place
A so much B so many C so much of D so this many of
8 She is _ to understand it
A too intelligent B very prety C enough ability D too young
9 It is _ book that just a few people like it
A so an old B so old C such an old D such old
10 It was too late _
A to go for them to the party.B because they go to the party