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conscious experience: Sensations (elements of perceptions), Images (elements of ideas), and affections (elements of emotions).. • These elements could be broken down into their respec[r]

• seeks to analyze the adult mind (the total sum of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to

find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences as well as how they

correlated to physical events To do this,

psychologists employ introspection, self-reports of sensations, views, feelings, emotions, etc

• literally means 'looking within', to try to describe

a person's memory, perceptions, cognitive

processes, and/or motivations

• three types of mental elements constituting

conscious experience: Sensations (elements of perceptions), Images (elements of ideas), and

affections (elements of emotions)

• These elements could be broken down into their respective properties, which he determined were quality, intensity, duration, clearness, and

extensity

• states that mental states (beliefs, desires, being

in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their

functional role – that is, they have causal

relations to other mental states, numerous

sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs

• mental states are the corresponding functional

role, mental states can be sufficiently explained without taking into account the underlying

physical medium (e.g the brain, neurons, etc.)

that realizes such states; one need only take into account the higher-level functions in the cognitive system

• It assumes that all behaviors are either reflexes produced by a response to certain stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that

individual's history, including especially

reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual's current motivational state and

controlling stimuli

• Behaviorism focuses on one particular view of

learning: a change in external behavior achieved through using reinforcement and repetition to

shape behavior of learners

Main versions

• Methodological behaviorism: Watson's

behaviorism states that only public events

(behaviors of an individual) can be objectively

observed, and that therefore private events

(thoughts and feelings) should be ignored

• Radical behaviorism: Skinner's behaviorism

theorizes that processes within the organism

should be acknowledged, particularly the

presence of private events (such as thoughts and feelings), and suggests that environmental

variables also control these internal events just as they control observable behaviors

• Cognitive theory mainly stresses the acquisition

of knowledge and growth of the mental structure

• The process of assimilating and expanding our intellectual horizon is termed as cognitive

development

• In cognitive theories not only the environmental factors and instructional components play an

important role in learning There are additional key elements like learning to code, transform,

rehearse, and store and retrieve the information

• A behaviorist uses feedback (reinforcement) to

change the behavior in the desired direction, while the cognitivist uses the feedback for guiding and supporting the accurate mental connections

• Cognitivists examine the learner's 'how to design' instruction that it can be assimilated (i e , what about the learners existing mental structures?) In contrast, the behaviorists looks at learners how to determine where the lesson should begin ( i e., At what level the learners are performing

successfully?) and what are the most effective

reinforces ( i.e., What are the consequences that are mostly desired by the learner ?)

• emphasizes individuals' inherent drive towards self-actualization, the process of realizing and

expressing one's own capabilities and creativity

• It adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and positive human potential

It encourages viewing ourselves as a "whole

person" greater than the sum of our parts and

encourages self exploration rather than the study

of behavior in other people Humanistic

psychology acknowledges spiritual aspiration as

an integral part of the psyche

Humanistic Therapy

• encourages a self-awareness and mindfulness that helps the client change their state of mind and behaviour from one set of reactions to a

healthier one with more productive

self-awareness and thoughtful actions Essentially, this approach allows the merging of mindfulness and behavioural therapy, with positive social

support

Principles of Humanistic

• Human beings, as human, supersede the sum of

their parts They cannot be reduced to components.

• Human beings have their existence in a uniquely

human context, as well as in a cosmic ecology.

• Human beings are aware and are aware of being

aware - i.e., they are conscious Human

consciousness always includes an awareness of

oneself in the context of other people.

• Human beings have the ability to make choices and therefore have responsibility.

• Human beings are intentional, aim at goals, are

aware that they cause future events, and seek

meaning, value, and creativity.