After reading this chapter, you will be able to: Understand the importance of project quality management for information technology (IT) products and services, define project quality management and understand how quality relates to various aspects of IT projects, describe quality management planning and how quality and scope management are related,...
Trang 1Chapter 7:
Project Quality Management
adopted from PMI’s PMBOK 2000 and Textbook : Information Technology Project Management
(author : Dr. Kathy Schwalbe)
Trang 3Quality of Information Technology Projects
• Many people joke about the poor quality of IT products (MS window’s joke!!)
Chapter 7
Trang 4• Other experts define quality based on
– conformance to requirements: meeting written
specifications
– fitness for use: ensuring a product can be used as it was intended
Chapter 7
Trang 5Chapter 7
Trang 6• Noteworthy quality experts include
Deming, Juran, Crosby, Ishikawa,
Taguchi, and Feigenbaum
Chapter 7
Trang 7Quality Experts
• Deming was famous for his work in rebuilding Japan and his 14 points
• Juran wrote the Quality Control Handbook and 10 steps to quality improvement
• Feigenbaum developed the concept of total quality control
Chapter 7
Trang 8Quality Planning
• 11th of 21 of planning phase process
• It is important to design in quality and communicate important factors that directly contribute to meeting the customer’s requirements
– know what customer want is the key in quality
– but it is quite difficult to get this information
– Design of experiments helps identify which variable have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process
• Many scope aspects of IT projects affect quality like functionality, features, system outputs, performance, reliability, and maintainability
Chapter 7
Trang 9– The performing organization’s quality policy can
serve as the policy for the project.
• Scope statement
– provides a documented basis for making future project decisions and for confirming or developing common understanding of project scope among stakeholders.– The scope statement describes major product
deliverables and objectives that define the project
Trang 10Inputs to Quality Planning (2)
• Project description
– documents the characteristics of the product or service that the project was undertaken to create. It details
various technical issues or concerns that may impact Quality Planning
Trang 11Tools & techniques
• Benefit/cost analysis
– involves estimating tangible and intangible benefits and costs of meeting quality requirements and then using financial measures
to assess the relative desirability of the identified alternatives.
• Benchmarking
– compares actual or planned project practices to other projects to generate ideas for improvement and to provide a standard against which to measure performance.
• Flowcharting
– involves creating any diagram detailing how elements of a
system relate to one another. Flowcharting techniques
commonly used in quality management includes: a) causeand effect diagrams; b) process flow charts.
Trang 13Outputs from Quality Planning
• Quality management plan
– Part of the project plan. QMP describes how the PM team implements the quality policy. For the project, it covers a) quality control; b) quality assurance; c) quality improvement.
• Operational definitions
– Also called metrics. They describe the specifics of what something is (such as work procedure or operation) and how the Quality Control
Trang 14• Another goal of quality assurance is continuous quality improvement
– Benchmarking can be used to generate ideas for
quality improvements
– Quality audits help identify lessons learned that can improve performance on current or future projects
Chapter 7
Trang 15Inputs to Quality Assurance
• Quality management plan
– Part of the project plan. QMP describes how the PM team implements the quality policy.
– For the project, it covers a) quality control; b) quality assurance; c) quality improvement
Trang 16Tools & techniques
• Quality planning tools and techniques
– includes benefit/cost analysis, benchmarking, flowcharting, and Design of Experiments
• Quality audits
– A structured review of other QM activities to identify the lessons learned that can improve the performance
of this project and other projects in the organization.– Such audits are an independent review of quality
management activities to a performance standard
Trang 17control.
Trang 20• Pareto diagrams
– histograms, ordered by frequency of occurrence, that show how many results were generated by type or category of identified cause. The ranking of categories can be used to guide corrective action.
Trang 21Tools & techniques (2)
• Statistical sampling
– chose part of a population of interest for inspection. Appropriate sampling can often reduce the cost of quality control.
• Flowcharting
– A graphical method of analysis that helps determine how and where quality problems occur. It can help to develop approaches
to monitor cost & schedule performance.
Trang 22Outputs to to Quality Control
• Rework
– any action taken to bring a defective or NC item into compliance with required
• Acceptance decisions
– the results of inspecting items delivered.
• Completed checklists
– These documents are part of the project.
Trang 23Outputs to to Quality Control (2)
• Quality improvements
– outputs form the related process of quality assurance (QA). They represent actions intended to increase the effectiveness and
efficiency of the project.
– They provide added benefits to stakeholders. Implementing
quality improvements require preparation of change requires or taking corrective actions.
– Any improvements are managed according to procedures for
Overall Change Control.
• Process adjustments
– Immediate corrective or preventive action as a result of Quality Control measurements.
Trang 24Testing in software
• Many IT professionals think of testing as a stage that comes near the end of IT product development
• Testing should be done during almost
every phase of the IT product development life cycle
Chapter 7
Trang 25• System testing tests the entire system as one entity
• User acceptance testing is an independent test
performed by the end user prior to accepting the delivered system
Chapter 7
Trang 26Improving Information Technology
Project Quality
• Several suggestions for improving quality for IT projects include
Trang 27– The Software Engineering Institute’s Capability
Maturity Model provides a generic path to process
improvement for software development
– Several groups are working on project management maturity models
Chapter 7
Trang 28Project Management Maturity Model
1. AdHoc: The project management process is described as disorganized, and occasionally even chaotic. The organization has not defined systems and
processes, and project success depends on individual effort. There are chronic cost and schedule problems.
2. Abbreviated: There are some project management processes and systems in place to track cost, schedule, and scope. Project success is largely
unpredictable and cost and schedule problems are common.
3. Organized: There are standardized, documented project management processes and systems that are integrated into the rest of the organization. Project
success is more predictable, and cost and schedule performance is improved.
4. Managed: Management collects and uses detailed measures of the
effectiveness of project management. Project success is more uniform, and cost and schedule performance conforms to plan.
5. Adaptive: Feedback from the project management process and from piloting innovative ideas and technologies enables continuous improvement. Project success is the norm, and cost and schedule performance is continuously
improving.
Chapter 7
Trang 29• Quality Model: Malcolm Baldrige Award, CMM and
ISO 9000
• Quality Planning: identify customer’s requirements and define critical success factors
• Quality Assurance: continuous quality improvement,
Benchmarking and Quality audits
Chapter 7
Trang 30Summary (2)
• Quality control: tools and techniques => Pareto analysis, statistical sampling, quality control charts and testing
• Software test is very key factors:
– unit test, Integration testing, System testing, User acceptance testing