This chapter introduces projects and project management, explains how projects fit into programs and portfolio management, discusses the role of the project manager, and provides important background information on this growing profession. Although project management applies to many different industries and types of projects, this text focuses on applying project management to IT projects.
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Chapter 1:
Introduction to Project
Management
adopted from PMI’s PMBOK 2000 and Textbook : Information Technology Project Management
(author : Dr. Kathy Schwalbe)
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Examples of IT Projects
• Northwest Airlines developed a new reservation system called ResNet (see chapters 1116)
• Many organizations upgrade hardware, software, and networks via projects (see chapter 5 opening and closing case)
• Organizations develop new software or enhance existing systems to perform many business
functions (see examples throughout the text)
• Note: “IT projects” refers to projects involving hardware, software, and networks
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• IT Projects have a terrible track record
– A 1995 Standish Group study (CHAOS) found that only 16.2% of IT projects were successful and over 31% were canceled before completion, costing over
$81 B in the U.S. alone
• The need for IT projects keeps increasing
– In 1998, corporate America issued 200,000 newstart application development projects
– In 2000, there were 300,000 new IT projects, and
– In 2001, over 500,000 new IT projects were started
Motivation for Studying Information Technology (IT) Project Management
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Advantages of Using Formal
Project Management
• Better control of financial, physical, and human resources
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The Triple Constraint
• Every project is constrained in different ways by its
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Figure 11. The Triple Constraint of
Project Management
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Problems of poor project management
• The 2001 Standish Group Report Showed Decided
Improvement in IT Project Success Rates From the 1995 Study
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Why the Improvements?
"The reasons for the increase in
successful projects vary First, the
average cost of a project has been
more than cut in half Better tools
have been created to monitor and
control progress and better skilled project managers with better management processes are being used The fact that there are processes
is significant in itself.“*
The Standish Group, "CHAOS 2001: A Recipe for
Success" (2001)
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What is Project Management?
Project management is “the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities in order to meet project requirements” (PMI*, Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide),
2000, p. 6)
*The Project Management Institute (PMI) is an
international professional society. Their web site is
www.pmi.org.
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Figure 12. Project Management
Framework
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Project Stakeholders
• Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities
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9 Project Management
Knowledge Areas
• Knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop
– 4 core knowledge areas lead to specific project
objectives (scope, time, cost, and quality)
– 4 facilitating knowledge areas are the means through which the project objectives are achieved (human
resources, communication, risk, and procurement
management
– 1 knowledge area (project integration management) affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas
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Project Management Tools and
Techniques
• Project management tools and techniques assist project managers and their teams in various
aspects of project management
• Some specific ones include
– Project Charter and WBS (scope)
– Gantt charts, network diagrams, critical path analysis, critical chain scheduling (time)
– Cost estimates and earned value management (cost)
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Figure 14. Sample Gantt Chart
The WBS is on the left, and each task’s start and finish date
are shown on the right using a calendar timescale.
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Each box is a project task from the WBS. Arrows show dependencies between tasks The bolded tasks are on the critical path. If any tasks on the critical path take longer than planned, the whole project will slip unless something is done.
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ACWP
BWCP Schedule Variance
Cost Variance
EAC BAC
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• PM provides the tools and environment to plan, monitor, track, and manage schedules, resources, costs, and quality
• PM provides a history or metrics base for future planning
as well as good documentation
• Project members learn and grow by working in a cross functional team environment
*Knutson, Joan, PM Network, December 1997, p. 13
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How Project Management (PM)
Relates to Other Disciplines
• Much of the knowledge needed to manage projects is unique to PM
• However, project managers must also have knowledge and experience in
– general management
– the application area of the project
• Project managers must focus on meeting specific project objectives
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Figure 13. Project Management and Other
Disciplines
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History of Project Management
• Modern project management began with the
Manhattan Project, which the U.S. military led to develop the atomic bomb
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• Average salaries for project managers
are over $81,000
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Project Management Knowledge Continues to Grow and Mature
• PMI hosted their first research conference in June
2000 in Paris, France
• The PMBOK Guide – 2000 Edition is an ANSI standard
• PMI’s certification department earned ISO 9000 certification
• Hundreds of new books, articles, and
presentations related to project management have been written in recent years
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• The number of people earning PMP certification
is increasing quickly
• PMI and other organizations are offering new
certification programs (see Appendix B)
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Figure 16. Growth in PMP Certification, 19932000
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– Midrange tools: Handle multiple projects and users, cost
$200500 per user, Project 2000 most popular
– Highend tools: Also called enterprise project
management software, often licensed on a peruser basis
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You Can Apply Project Management to Many Areas
• Project management applies to work as well as personal projects
• Project management applies to many
different disciplines (IT, construction, finance, sports, event planning, etc.)
• Project management skills can help in everyday life
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Summary
• Project and project management definition
– unique purpose, temporary, require resources, sponsor support and involve uncertainty
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• 9 Project Management Knowledge Areas
– core: scope, time, cost, quality
– facilitating: HR, communication, risk, procurement – integration
• Project Management Profession