After reading this chapter, you will be able to: Describe an overall framework for project integration management as it relates to the other project management knowledge areas and the project life cycle, discuss the strategic planning process and apply different project selection methods, explain the importance of creating a project charter to formally initiate projects,...
Trang 3The Key to Overall Project Success: Good Project Integration Management
• Project managers must coordinate all of the other knowledge areas throughout a project’s life cycle
Trang 5Figure 31. Project Integration
Management Overview
Note: The PMBOK Guide includes similar charts for each knowledge area.
Trang 7• Project performance should be measured
against a baseline project plan
Chapter 3
Trang 8• Historical information
– includes lessons learned from past project and similar projects, and the particular customer’s history
• Organizational policies
– defined in terms of the product and cover the full range of management concerns
• Constraints
– include results of previous project decision and performance, relevant lessons learned from past projects, and history with a particular
customer and with similar projects
• Assumptions
– include the results of previous project decisions and performance, as well as relevant lessons learned from past projects, and the history with
a particular customer and with similar projects
Trang 9Tools & techniques
• Project planning methodology
– Documents the characteristics of the product or service that the project was undertaken to solve. It also documents the
relationship to a business need that created the project. It is really any structured approach used to guide the project team during the development of the project plan.
Trang 10• Supporting detail
– includes the results of previous project decisions and performance, as well as relevant lessons learned from past projects, and the history with a particular
customer and with similar projects.
Trang 11Attributes of Project Plans
• Just as projects are unique, so are project plans
– Plans should be dynamic
– Plans should be flexible
– Plans should be updated as changes occur
– Plans should first and foremost guide project execution
Chapter 3
Trang 13Table 31. Sample Outline for a Software
Project Management Plan (SPMP)
Project Management Plan Sections Introduction Project
Organization ManagerialProcess TechnicalProcess WorkPackages,
Schedule, and Budget
organizational boundaries and interfaces;
project responsibilities
Management objectives and priorities;
assumptions, dependencies, and
constraints;
risk management;
monitoring and
controlling mechanisms;
and staffing plan
Methods, tools, and
techniques;
software documentation;
and project support functions
Work packages;
Dependencies; resource requirements;
budget and resource allocation;
and schedule
IEEE Std 105811987
Chapter 3
Trang 14Stakeholder Analysis
• A stakeholder analysis documents
important (often sensitive) information about stakeholders such as
– stakeholders’ names and organizations
– roles on the project
– unique facts about stakeholders
– level of influence and interest in the project – suggestions for managing relationships
Chapter 3
Trang 15Chapter 3
Trang 16• Organization policies
– includes formal and informal policies, such as QC audits, continuous improvement targets, and personnel guidelines
Trang 17Tools & techniques
• General management skills
– include leadership, communication, negotiation skills, problem solving, and influencing the organization.
• Product skills & knowledge
– defined as part of resource planning and provided by the team members.
• Work authorization system
– a method for ensuring that qualified people do work at the right time and in the proper sequence
– any formal procedure for sanctioning project work to ensure
completion. It can involve written or verbal authorizations to
being work.
Trang 18• Organizational procedure
– formal and informal procedures often useful during
project execution. Some policies are a) QC audits; b) continuousimprovement targets; c) personnel
guidelines.
Chapter 3
Trang 19Outputs of Project Plan
Execution
• Work results: the outcome of activities performed. Work results are fed into the performance reporting process. These are the results monitored throughout all aspects of the project.
• Change requests: formal requests, usually by the
customer but possibly also from other team members, which expand or shrink project scope, modify costs and schedule estimates, as well as impact resources. These requests can be oral or written, direct or indirect,
externally or internally initiated, and legally mandated or optional.
Trang 20Integrated Change Control
• It covers those factors that ensure changes made to the project are beneficial. It is necessary to identify the change has actually occurred and has been
Trang 21Figure 33. Integrated Change
Control Process
Trang 22controlling. It includes the schedule and budget, as well as the knowledge area subsidiary plans such as the communications plan, risk management plan, and quality plan.
• Performance reports:
– can alert the project team to issues that could cause problems in the future. Status reports describe the project’s current standards. Progress reports describe the team’s accomplishments.
• Change requests:
– These are the result of a) external events (such as new
governmental regulations); b) errors or omissions in defining the project scope; c) errors or omissions in defining the project
scope; d) a valueadded change (such as taking advantage of new technology)
Trang 23Tools & techniques
• Change control system
– A collection of formal, documented procedures that define how project performance will be monitored and evaluated.
– It also includes the steps for changing official project documents. It includes paperwork, tracking systems, processes, and the level of
approvals necessary to authorize the changes
• Describes who is authorized to make changes and how to make them
• Often includes a change control board (CCB), configuration management, and a process for communicating changes
• CCB is a formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting changes on a project
• Provides guidelines for preparing change requests, evaluates them, and manages the implementation of approved changes
• Includes stakeholders from the entire organization
Trang 24Tools & techniques (2)
• Configuration management
– Documents the procedures used to apply technical and administrative direction and surveillance
– Ensures that the products and their descriptions are correct and complete– Concentrates on the management of technology by identifying and
controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products – Configuration management specialists identify and document
configuration requirements, control changes, record and report changes, and audit the products to verify conformance to requirements
Trang 25• Problem: Stakeholders rarely agreed upfront on the project scope, and time and cost estimates
were inaccurate
• Modern view: Project management is a process
of constant communication and negotiation
• Solution: Changes are often beneficial, and the project team should plan for them
Chapter 3
Trang 26Use written and oral performance reports to help identify and manage change
Use project management and other software to help
manage and communicate changes
Trang 27– Project life cycle: concept, development, implementation and
closeout
Chapter 3
Trang 28– modern view: constant communications and negotiation => change are beneficial and should be planned
– Change control system : a formal and document process => authorization
to make timely change
– Configuration management: control, record and report change, and audit the product to verify conformance to requirement (after all the changes)
Chapter 3