Chapter 5 provides knowledge of internet hardware, software and communications. This chapter includes contents: Structure of the internet, servers, communications media, storage area networks (SANs), digital subscriber lines (DSL), broadband, integrated services digital network (ISDN),...
Trang 1Chapter 5, Internet Hardware, Software and Communications
5.4.1 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) 5.4.2 Broadband
5.4.3 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 5.4.4 T1 and T3 Lines
5.5 Internet2
5.6 Software
5.6.1 Application Service Providers (ASPs) 5.6.2 Databases
Trang 2Chapter 5, Internet Hardware, Software and Communications
Outline
5.7 Operating Systems
5.7.1 UNIX 5.7.2 Microsoft Windows 5.7.3 Linux
5.7.4 Mac OS X 5.8 Enhancing Business Communication
5.8.1 Intranets and Extranets 5.8.2 Streaming Audio and Video 5.8.3 Internet Telephony
5.8.4 Web Casting and Webconferencing
Trang 4• IP address (Internet Protocol)
– Computers use IP addresses to locate other computers on the Internet
• Packet
– Source address, a destination address, sequencing
information, errorcontrol information and the data to be delivered to the destination address
• Router
– Used to move packets across the Internet efficiently
Trang 5• The Internet employs many advanced hardware technologies
Trang 6• Server
– A host on the Internet that manages network resources and fulfills requests from clients
– Web servers, email servers, database servers and file servers– A single server may provide multiple services
• A Web server stores Web pages and delivers the pages to clients upon request
Trang 7• Communications medium
– The hardware that connects computers and other digital equipment
• Bandwidth
– Indicates how much data can be transferred through the medium in a fixed amount of time
– Usually measured in bits per second (bps)
• Copper wire
– The primary communications medium
Trang 8• Fiberoptic cable
– Composed of flexible glass fiber, is thinner and lighter than traditional copper wire, yet has much wider bandwidth
optic networks through particles 100 times smaller than the
Trang 9• The strength of a signal transmitted over a
communications medium is reduced as the signal travels farther and farther
• Repeater
– Can be used to alleviate this problem by amplifying and retransmitting the signal across segments of copper wire or fiberoptic cable
• Transmission costs
– Fiberoptic cable is more expensive than copper wire
– Installation of fiberoptic cable is more complicated than installation of copper wire
– Fiberoptic cable requires fewer repeaters
Trang 10• Companies produce large volumes of data to
support sales analysis tools, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, multimedia Web sites
and ecommerce systems
• Storage Area Network (SAN)
– Provides highcapacity, reliable data storage and delivery on
a network – Allows network administrators to collect data in logical
groups on data servers distributed throughout the network– SAN devices store large volumes of data and may also
provide backup and recovery services
Trang 11• Mirroring technology
– A SAN device stores redundant copies of data, so that if one copy is lost or damaged, a mirrored copy can be used
• Fiberchannel technology
– A highspeed communications medium based on fiberoptic technology that provides transfer rates of 100 Mbps
• Network storage devices providers
– EMC
– Compaq
– StorageNetworks
Trang 12• Analog signals can be transmitted over a telephone line just like a human voice
– A modem at the ISP then converts the sound back into a digital signal that can be transmitted over the Internet
Trang 14• Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)
– Offers highbandwidth Internet access over existing copper telephone lines
– Splits your phone line into three informationcarrying
channels – DSL connections require special hardware at the local
telephone company’s central office and at the user’s location
Trang 16Modem 33–56 No Very low Universal
Cable modem 64–1500 No Medium Very limited ISDN 56–128 Yes High Widely available xDSL 384–55,000 No Low Limited
Frame relay/T1 64–1544 Yes Very high Widely available
Fig. 5.1 Internet c onnec tion c omparison c hart. (Courtesy of GLINK, LLC.)
Trang 17
• Broadband
– A category of highbandwidth Internet service provided
mainly by cable television and telephone companies to home users
– Can handle voice, data and video information
– Enables videoconferencing, realtime voice and streamingmedia applications
– Always connected, eliminating the need to dial into an ISP
• Cable modem
– Translates digital signals for transmission over the same
cables that bring cable television to homes and businesses– Connections is shared among many users
Trang 18Network (ISDN)
• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
– Provides highspeed connections to the Internet over both digital and standard telephone lines
– Limited service
– Costly connection
– Divided into three channels that each perform different tasks
• Two bearer channels each support data transfers, while the data channel is used to transmit routing information
– ISDNZone
Trang 19• T1 line
– A dedicated connection that supports data rates of 1.544 Mb per second
• Everythingt1.com
Trang 20– Teleimmersion
• Allows users in different locations to share information in real time—even 3D images
– Virtual laboratory
• Enable researchers worldwide to collaborate on projects
– Digital libraries
• Storage of audio and video files, enabling a search for a
Trang 21• Application Service Providers
• Databases
Trang 22• Provide customized business software applications over the Internet
• Maintains and updates the application as necessary
• Companies can eliminate the costs associated with developing and maintaining business applications
Trang 23• Database
– An integrated collection of data
• Database management system (DBMS)
– Provides mechanisms for storing and organizing data in a manner that facilitates satisfying sophisticated queries and data manipulations
• Structured Query Language (SQL
– Almost universally used with relational database systems to
make queries (i.e., to request information that satisfies given
criteria) and manipulate data
Trang 24• Relational database model
– A logical representation of the data that allows the
relationships between the data to be considered independently of the physical implementation of the data structures
• Popular enterprise-level relational database
Trang 25• Major operating systems used in desktop
computers are UNIX , Linux , Macintosh and
Windows
Trang 26– First version written in assembly language
– Unique design and coherence
– Met the needs of programmers who were building software and of administrators who control software development efforts
Trang 28
• The most popular operating system in the world
• Introduced in 1984 with graphical user interface (GUI) added to the DOS system
• Windows 98, Windows NT and Windows 2000
Trang 29• Linux
– A UNIXlike operating system that has been developed by volunteers worldwide
– Initially developed by Linus Torvalds
– Greatest success on the serverside
• Version 1.0
– Released in 1994, gained market share to become one of the world’s most widely used operating systems
• The Gnome Foundation
– Founded to develop a free Linuxbased desktop environment and a free application framework to compete with Microsoft Office for the desktopcomputer environment
Trang 30• Open source software
– Freely available source code, so that anyone can use, customize and make updates to the software
Trang 31• Microsoft.NET
– Weaves together the operating system, the Internet and each device to create applications and services to be accessed
anytime, anywhere, from any device – Could potentially support UNIX and Linux
Trang 32• Achieved great success in the 1980s, dominating the market for GUIbased personal computers
• One of the first widely available systems to use a windowbased (i.e., a GUI) interface, a mouse and icons
Trang 33• Internet appliances
– Desktop devices designed specifically for connecting to the Internet
– iPAQ Home Internet Appliance
– Netpliance iopener
• Devices allow you to browser the Web, send and receive email and access streaming media online
• Limited functionality
Trang 34
• Web casting
• Virtual conferencing
• Wireless technology
Trang 35• Intranet
– An organization’s internal network that uses the TCP/IP protocols of the Internet
– Only authorized parties, such as the organization's
employees, have access to an organization’s intranet – Used to store internal information
• Extranet
– An intranet that is also accessible by authorized external parties who are not members or employees of the
organization– Members or employees might have unrestricted access to information on the extranet, whereas customers or vendors might have access to a limited subset of that information
Trang 36• Streaming technologies
– Allow users to send and process audio and video data
continuously – Allows users to start playing the audio or video file while it
is still downloading – Users can play music over the Internet
– Users can watch a small video on a Web site
Trang 375.8.2 Streaming Audio and Video
Trang 38• Internet telephony
– Enables communication over the Internet, allowing you to use your PC as a telephone
– Cost efficient
• Net2Phone
– Service allows you to make free PCtotelephone calls
within the United States, and international calls at discounted rates
– Net2Phone and other Internet telephony services are not
always compatible with systems running firewalls
– ClickTogether service allows companies to add personalized voice capabilities to a Web site
Trang 39– Live or prerecorded
• Web conferencing
– Allows businesses to meet and collaborate online, in real time from anywhere in the world
• Evoke
– Webcasting and Web conferencing