Chapter 4 - Group circumstances and structure. Chapter 4 includes a more in-depth treatment of three of these: physical environment, group size and structure, and group type. Some examples discussed in this chapter are primary groups, casual and social groups, work groups, educational groups, problem-solving groups, and computer-assisted groups.
Trang 1Group Circumstances and
Structure
Trang 3• Casual and Social Groups—include neighborhood groups, fraternities, and even classmates. The impact of these relationships on behavior is often quite profound.
• Communication Networks—the five patterns of communicating between group members
• Education Groups—groups that interact for the sole purpose of study or instruction
• Primary Groups—groups that usually include one’s family and closest friends
Trang 4• Seating Patterns—often affect the type and volume of interaction in a group.
• Territoriality—the word was coined by Edward Hall and is defined as “the tendency for humans and other
animals to lay claim to and defend a particular area or territory.”
• Work Groups—the formations of people on the job
Trang 51. What are your impressions of the processes used to develop new medicines?
2. What do you think of the testing of chemicals on animals?
3. Are there any ways you could suggest to improve the use of teams in the drug development process?
Trang 61. How would you resolve the problem now facing the physician leading the project?
2. What future problems do you anticipate? How would you address them?
3. What practical lessons from this case apply to your life?
Trang 71. What do you think about how conflicts at Chempure are resolved?
2. What, if anything, would you recommend that Chempure do differently?
3. What other implications or lessons does this case present that apply to your life?
4. How does this case illustrate the Tubbs Model of Small Group Interaction?
Trang 8• An environment that is conducive to more communication, such as the less traditional
“open office,” is often more conducive to the success of group tasks.
• Territoriality
– In addition to identifying certain places as our territory, we also move about in a portable space bubble of about 18 inches in each direction that
we let only certain people violate.
• This is referred to as our personal space.
Trang 10• Seating Patterns
– Research has shown that even the seating patterns around rectangular tables have a major impact on interaction.
Trang 11• Seating Pattern
Trang 12• Seating Patterns at Rectangular Tables:
(a) CornertoCorner, (b) FacetoFace, (c) DistantOpposite, (d) Corner to End, (e) SidebySide, and (f) EndtoEnd.
Trang 13• Seating Preferences at Round Tables:
(a) SidebySide, (b) DistanceOpposite, and (c) SidetoEnd.
Trang 15• Communications Networks: (a) Wheel, (b) Chain, (c) Y, (d) Circle, and
(e) AllChannel.
Trang 16• Group Size
– As the group’s size increases arithmetically (linearly), the potential number of interactions increases geometrically (exponentially).
– Social loafing, the decreased effort of each individual member in the group, occurs more as the number of people in a group increases.
Trang 19• Work Groups
– The level of productivity is set by group norms, not by physiologic capacities.
– Noneconomic rewards and sanctions significantly affect the behavior of the workers and largely limit the effect of economic
incentive plans.
– Often workers do not act or react as individuals but as members of groups.
Trang 20• ProblemSolving Groups
– The terms taskoriented, problemsolving, and
decisionmaking groups have been used
interchangeably to stress the emphasis on the cognitive end products of group discussion.
– One recent innovation is the use of tiger teams
—small groups of highperforming people who are challenged by a company’s executive team
to take problems and find workable solutions.
Trang 21– Questions of policy
Trang 22• ProblemSolving Groups
– Discussion Group Formats
• Dialogue—a discussion or conversation between two people
• Panel—usually involves a small number of people conducting an informal discussion on a topic that they have all thought about and possibly researched beforehand
• Symposium—includes several participants, each of whom gives a short formal presentation on a
prepared topic
Trang 23• ProblemSolving Groups
– Discussion Group Formats . . . (continued)
• Forum—a questionandanswer period designed to allow audience members to interact with the
discussion group
• Colloquy—involves questioning of experts by the other experts on the panel, laypersons on a second panel, or laypersons in the audience
Trang 24• Discussion Group Techniques
– Phillips 66
• A specific technique developed by J. D. Phillips, it allows all members of an audience to form groups of about six people to discuss a specific topic for about six minutes and then report the group’s conclusion through a spokesperson
– Case discussion
• An educational discussion centered on a real or hypothetical event
Trang 25• Discussion Group Techniques (continued)
– Role playing
• Allows participants to adopt a new “role” or set of behaviors.
– Fishbowl
• One small group attempts to solve a problem for a specified period of time (e.g., 30 minutes), while a second group, seated around the outside of the first group, observes the process
– Conference
Trang 26• ComputerAssisted Groups
– Through new software, small groups can now
do computersupported cooperative work by means of groupware.
Trang 27Here are 10 of the most common “team traps” to avoid.
Trang 28– You need the benefit of facetoface contact and want to save the time and expense associated with traveling to another location
– Your goal is to provide information such as briefings or training classes
– You are broadcasting presentations to many employees
Trang 29– The time lag difficulties will be distracting or detrimental to communication
– The added social context of facetoface communication
is needed
– The success of your meeting relies on short bursts of input from all participants
– The group must discuss sensitive issues
– The group misses out on side discussions that often
Trang 30• Leadership
– With the advent of computers, leaders must rely
on their groups to process the multitude of data – For leaders, computeraided communication can
be an important means of influencing a group’s methods and capabilities.
• ComputerAssisted Groups: Where Are They Going?
– In coming years, computer technology will play
an increasing role in group interaction.
Trang 31• In systems theory, the elements that constitute the internal influences of our model would be called part of the
throughput of small groups.
• Probably the most important internal influence in the model is the type of group.
• The allchannel network was best for group
Trang 32• As group size increases, the allchannel network begins to bog down in confusion, and a more controlled network tends to be more appropriate.
• The type of group format is related to the discussion group formats and techniques and the desired group outcome.