Chapter 8 - Consequences. Chapter 8 is devoted entirely to the consequences section of the tubbs model of small group interaction. These consequences are the potential outcomes or end results of group interaction. One consequence, solutions to problems, is discussed, along with the quality and acceptance of solutions.
Trang 1Consequences
Trang 3• Acceptance of Solutions—there are three different types of solutions for problems: (1) high quality, low
acceptance, (2) high acceptance, high quality, and (3) high acceptance, low quality
• Quality of Solutions—groups have the potential to make betterquality decisions than the same individuals in those groups would make if working alone
Trang 45. What lessons from this case can you apply to your own work experience?
Trang 5Solutions to Problems
• Quality of Solutions
– Groups have the potential to make betterquality decisions than the same individuals would make
if working alone.
• In those instances when group performance does not
surpass individual performance, the group process
has been counterproductive
Trang 6• By decreasing function while decreasing cost by a proportionally greater amount.
– It has been found that groups are better at solving complicated tasks requiring reasoning and elimination of poor solutions.
Trang 7Solutions to Problems
• Acceptance of Solutions
– For solutions to be effective, they must be of high quality and they must be accepted by those who must carry them out.
• Three types of problem situations can be identified:
– Problems requiring high quality but low acceptance are
best solved by persons with a high level of technical knowledge and expertise.
Trang 8• Acceptance of Solutions (continued)
– People generally are resistant to changes that affect their lives, especially if these changes are initiated by others.
– Group decision making and “people involvement” can be powerful assets in increasing satisfaction and overcoming resistance to change.
Trang 9• Changes will be accepted if they do not threaten our security.
• Changes will be more readily accepted when people are involved in gathering the facts that indicate the need for change
• Greater acceptance and commitment will result when the changes are kept open to further revision based
on the success or failure of the new procedures
Trang 10• Acceptance of Solutions (continued)
– For longterm success, teams must function in a responsible manner, and management must
possess a high degree of trust and confidence in the system.
Trang 11Changes in Interpersonal Relations
• Meetings designed to share perceptions of one another to inform each other of
particular problems can potentially clear up and reduce areas of misperception and
misunderstanding.
• Cohesion is a result of group interaction, but
it in turn influences other things
• Small group interaction has the potential of increasing interpersonal relations and
cohesiveness.
Trang 12• Team Building
– Larson and LaFasto (1989) identified eight dimensions of team excellence:
Trang 13Changes in Interpersonal Relations
• Team Building
– A group’s performance is a function of its collective abilities, motivations, and
opportunities.
• Group members will have an understanding of the group’s role in the organization and learn to
recognize threats from the larger system and the opportunities it affords
Trang 14• Communication in small groups can result
in an increased knowledge level and increased coordination among group members based on the sharing of
information.
• Rogers (1995) finds that some people by nature are earlier adopters of new ideas whereas others are more resistant to change.
Trang 15Improved Information Flow
Trang 16• Adopter Categorization on the Basis of Innovativeness
Trang 17Organizational Change
• The Ten Commandments of Implementing Changes:
1. Analyze the organization and its need for change.
2. Create a shared vision and common direction.
3. Separate from the past.
4. Create a sense of urgency.
5. Support a strong leader role.
Trang 19Organizational Change
• Peter Drucker (1999) has offered the following advice for leaders on managing change:
1. Introduce change on a small scale.
2. Budget for change.
3. Balance change and continuity.
Trang 21Organizational Change
• The Strategic Doom Cycle
Trang 22Hitchcock and Willard (1995) offer the following practical tips for using teams to help create
organizational change.
– The business concept must be viable
– Recognize that the right to make a decision is separate from the competency to implement it
– Clarify what decisions should be made at certain levels, and establish a mechanism to move decisions among these levels
Trang 23Organizational Change—
Practical Tips
• Hitchcock and Willard . . . (continued)
– Codify the principles that will guide you, and establish a mechanism to hold everyone accountable for carrying out those principles
– Devise a system for resolving conflicts and differences.– Establish an equitable way for distributing profits or rewards that is consistent with the egalitarian nature of democracy
Trang 24• Rogers (1995) and his colleagues found that people accept change along a distribution
that is a bellshaped curve.
– Innovators – Early adopters – Early majority – Late majority – Laggards
Trang 25The Systems Approach
• Four potential consequences of group interaction are: (1) solutions to problems, (2) changes in interpersonal relations, (3) improved information flow, and (4) organizational change.
• Small group interaction must be viewed as a system of interrelated variables in which a change in any one variable creates changes
in the other variables in the system.
Trang 26• Information flow may be improved as a result of interaction; but with a highly structured communication network and authoritarian leadership, communication flow might actually diminish.
• Numerous studies have shown that it takes a comprehensive (systems) approach to
successfully create largescale organizational change.