Thì Hiện tại tiếp diễn The present progressive tense: * The form: am/is/are + Verb-ing * Usage: Dùng để diễn tả một hành động đang đang diễn ra ở hiện tại lúc đang nói.. Thì Quá khứ đơn
Trang 1The sun rises in the east.
The Earth goes around the sun
Leaves fall in the Autumn
- Để nói về một khả năng (ability):
He teaches English in gade 9
Lan eats very little She never has breakfast in the morning
- Để diễn tả một hành động thờng xuyên ở hiện tại hay một thói quen đợc lặp đi lặplại trong HT (thờng đi với các trạng từ nh: always, never, often, sometimes, usually,rarely, )
I always get up at 6 o’clock
The weather here is not very good It often rains
Trang 2My father usually goes to work by car but he sometimes walks.
* Averbs used: always, usually, often, sometimes, never, rarely, everyday/morning/aternoon/evening/Sunday,
2 Thì Hiện tại tiếp diễn (The present progressive tense):
* The form: am/is/are + Verb-ing
* Usage: Dùng để diễn tả một hành động đang đang diễn ra ở hiện tại (lúc đang nói)
Nhng: meet meeting (vì trớc t có đến 2 nguyên âm)
* Averbs used: at the moment, at this moment, now
3 Thì Quá khứ đơn (The past simple tense):
* The form: is/are/am - > was/were
Verb + edDạng bất quy tắc
* Usage:
- Để diễn tả một hành động đã hoàn tất trong một thời gian xác định ở quá khứ
He wrote this letter yesterday
I didn’t have breakfast yesterday
She bought that dress two weeks ago
- Để diễn tả các hành động đợc lặp đi lặp lại hay nói cách khác diễn tả một thói quentrong quá khứ
I studied English three days a week last year
They went swimming almost every morning while they were on the farm.When my mother was young, she liked to sing
* Cách thành lập:
- ĐT tận cùng = e chỉ việc + d
Trang 3- Để thành lập dạng nghi vấn và phủ định: dùng trợ động từ ‘do’ ở dạng QK là ‘did’.
* Averbs used: yesterday/ + (morning/afternoon/evening), 3 years ago, in 1995, last+ (night/week/month/year/Sunday, )
4 Thì Quá khứ tiếp diễn (The past progresive tense):
* The form: was/were + Verb-ing
* Usage:
- Để nói một hành động đang diễn ra tại thời điểm xác định trong QK
I was having dinner at 7 o’clock last night
Were you watching TV at 8 o’clock last night?
- Để nói một hành động diễn ra trong suốt một thời gian xác định trong quá khứ
Yesterday from 8 to 10 a.m I was playing tennis
All last week they were staying with us
- Một hành động bắt đầu trớc và đang diễn ra trong quá khứ thì một việc khác xảy ra
As I was walking down the street I saw Lan
The phone rang while I was having breakfast
- Một hành động diễn ra đồng thời với một hành động khác trong quá khứ
It was raining while I was playing soccer yesterday
He was reading while she was setting the table
5 Thì Tơng lai đơn (The Future simple tense).
* The form: Will/Shall + Verb
* Usage:
- Để diễn tả một hành động sẽ xảy ra mà không có sắp đặt hay trù liệu trớc
Tomorrow will be Monday
Some day I shall/ I will be rich
Who do you think will pass the examination?
Ngoài ra chúng ta dùng câu hỏi: Shall I/We ? khi muốn đề nghị hoặc thỉnh cầumột điều gì một cách lịch sự
Shall I carry your bag?
Shall I wash your dishes for you?
Còn với Will you ? dùng để yêu cầu, nhờ vả ai đó giúp bạn việc gì:
Will you get me a newspaper when you’re out?
Will you have some tea?
* Averbs used: tomorrow, in the future
6 Thì tơng lai dự định (be going to):
- The form: Be going to + Verb
Trang 4- Usage: Dùng để diễn tả một dự định trong tơng lai.
VD :
I am going to stay at home tomorrow
We are going to go for a walk
She is going to do her homework this evening
* Averbs used: tomorrow, next + (week/month/year/Monday, )
7 Thì Hiện tại hoàn thành (The present perfect tense).
* The form: have/has + Past participle
* Usage:
- Chỉ hành động đã hoàn tất trong quá khứ nhng không xác định thời gian
I have visited the city museum
He has published last book recently
I have just come back from Dalat
- Chỉ hành động xảy ra trong QK nhng cha chấm dứt, cha hoàn tất
I have studied English for three years
He has lived with his aunt since 1995
* Averbs used: never before, recently, just, ever, already, yet, since, for,
8 Thì Quá khứ hoàn thành (The past perfect tense).
* The form: had + past participle
Yesterday, when I arrived at the station, the train had left
Helen had learned English before she cam to England
I realized that we had met before
Phần II: Bài tập (Exercises).
* Give the correct form of the verb in blankets.
Trang 51 The sun always (rise) in the east Look, it (rise) !
2 I don’t think I (go) out tonight I’m too tires
3 Where you (spend) your summerholiday last year, Hoa?
4 In my country, it (not rain) much in winter
5 Let’s wait for Minh (arrive) and we (have) dinner
6 The moon (move) around the earth
7 Mai (be) very happy when she (receive) a letter fromher sister this morning
8 My father (read) now He always (read) a book after dinner
9 A friend of my brother’s (call) him last night, but he (not be) athome So I (take) a message for him
10 Are you busy this evening? - Yes, I (meet) Tuan at the library atseven We (study) together
11 Mai (telephone) you when she comes back
12 What you (do) last weekend? - I (go) to the theater with
my family
13 John and I (be) a pen pals for nearly three years
14 Mary (stay) with us at the moment She (be) mysister’s friend
15 He (wear) the same old coat since he (move) here
16 Mr and Mrs Ba (take) some beautiful photos They(take) them a few days ago
17 Lan (write) to her pen pal for three years, and they first(meet) each other last week
18 Her brother (talk) to his pen pal on the phone at the moment They(not contack) to each other for a long time
19 I (not see) your brother recently - No, he (not be) out of his room since he (buy) a new computer
20 When I (come) to see Mr.Robinson last night, he (read) anewspaper and his two children (listen) to an English song
21 I (write) to my friend two months ago, but I (notreceive) his reply since then
22 I can’t go out now because it (rain) and I (not have) araincoat
23 She (say) she’d phone me this morning, but it is now 12.30 andshe (not phone) yet
24 He had a bad fall while he (repair) his roof
25 Listen to those people! What language they (speak) ?
26 Who (carry) our bag when we climb the mountains?
27 It (not rain) in our country in winter
28 When I got to the station, my pen pal (wait) for me
29 When we (be) small, our family (live) in the countryside
30 Miss Trang is in hospital - Yes, I know I (visit) her tomorrow
31 I (read) an interesting book at the moment I (lend) it to youwhen I finish it
32 Look at those black clouds It (rain)
Trang 633 I (not invite) her to the party because I (forget) herphone number.
34 Look our new teacher (come) She (have) long, black hair
35 There (be) many volunteers in SEAGAMES 22nd in Viet Nam in 2003
36 How long you (know) Mrs.Chi? - I (know her for five years
37 Our dog ever (bite) anyone?- Yes, he (bite) a policeman last week
38 We (not see) her since we (be) on holiday in Ha Long Bay
39 Phuong (not finish) her homework yet
40 Would you like some coffee? I just (make) some
41 She (feed) the cat yet? - Yes, she (feed) it half an hour ago
42 The weather (become) colder and colder in December
43 He (cut) my hair too short - Don’t worry, it (grow) again veryquickly
44 I (not go) out this evening I (stay) at home
45 The film (begin) at 7.30 or 8.00?
46 You (be) away? - Yes, I (go) to the country last Sunday
47 They just (phone) to say that they (not come) back till Friday night
48 My uncle (not visit) us since he (move) to the new town
49 It (get) hotter and hotter in June
50 The movie (start) at 8.15 this evening
51 We already (finish) the first semester exams
52 Mr.Binh (learn) Chinese at school, but he (forget) most of it
53 We (have) a party next Sunday Would you like (come) ?
54 While my sister and I (watch) a movie on TV last night, our uncle in theUSA (phone)
55 Ha Long Bay in Viet Nam (be) a World Heritage Site
56 I myself (witness) an accident on the Main Road yesterday A boy(knock) down by a car Then he (take) to the nearest hospital
57 My uncle just (open) a new internet house on Trang Thi street
58 Her grandfather (die) 20 years ago She (never meet) him
59 Linh’brother (lose) his job last month and since then he (be) out of work
60 You (see) Mrs.Chi recently? - Yes, I (see) her at the schoolgate three days ago
61 Nam (not buy) a new computer since he (sell) the old one lastmonth
62 I (not have) a good night sleep for a long time I now feel verytired
63 Past simple or Past continous:
Last summer I (stay)1 in London with my friend Sue and Dennis.One day Sue and Dennis (do)2 something and I was alone in thehouse I (decide)3 to have a bath I(go)4 to the bathroom and (turnon)5 the taps Then while the bath (fillup)6 , I (go)7 to the bedroom.Unfortunately, while I (lie)8 on the bed, I
Trang 7(fall)9 asleep I had a very strange dream I(sail)10 a boat along a river, when suddenly I(come)11 to a waterfall The water(make)12 a terrible noise While I(struggle)13 to stop the boat, I (wakeup)14 I (hear)15 a noise downstairs.Sue and Dennis (come)16 into the house Then I(realize)17 that I could still hear the waterfall It was thebath, of course I (jump)18 off the bed and(run)19 to the bathroom There(be)20 water everywhere.
Trang 82 Cách đổi câu chủ động (Active sentence) sang câu bị động (Passive sentence):
- Tân ngữ (Object) trong câu chủ động trở thành chủ ngữ (Subject) trong câu bị
động
- Động từ (verb) đợc thay đổi thành dạng thụ động (Past Participle) tơng ứng, động
từ “be” trong câu bị động phải cùng một thì với động từ chính trong câu chủ động
- Chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động sẽ bị bỏ đi nếu nh chủ ngữ đó không rõ, không quantrọng Trờng hợp giữ lại, nó sẽ biến thành tân ngữ (Object) và theo sau giới từ “by”trong câu bị động
3 Các thể bị động:
a) Câu bị động ở HT đơn (Passive voice of Present simple):
is/are/am + Past Participle
Ex: Active: Students clean the classroom everyday
Passive: Classroom is cleaned everyday
b) Câu bị động ở HTTD (Passive voice of Present progressive):
is/are/am + being + Past Participle
Ex: Active: I am speaking English now
Passive: English is being spokeb now by me
c) Câu bị động ở QK đơn (Passive voice of Past simple):
was/were + Past Participle
Ex: Active: My father wrote this book
Passive: This book was written by my father
d) Câu bị động ở thì QK tiếp diễn (Passive voice of Past progressive):
was/were + being + Past Participle
Ex: Active: She was watching a news at 7 o’clock last night
Passive: A news was being watched at 7 o’clock last night by her
e) Câu bị động ở thì tơng lai đơn (Passive voice of Future simple):
will/shall + be + Past Participle
Trang 9Ex: Active: They will buy a car tomorrow.
Passive: A car will be bought tomorrow
f) Câu bị động thì HTHT (Passive voice of Present Perfect):
have/has + been + Past Participle
Ex: Active: We have studied French for 5 years
Passive: French has been studied for 5 years
g) Thể bị động thì QKHT (Passive voice of Past Perfect):
had been + Past Participle
Ex: Active: He had had dinner when I came
Passive: Dinner had been had when I came
h) Thể bị động của một số động từ khuyết thiếu (Modals):
can may might ought to + be + Past Participle have to
used to
be going to
* Cách chuyển câu hỏi sang câu bị động (Passive questions):
1 Câu hỏi Yes/No (dùng trợ động từ ‘Do‘):
- Tân ngữ của câu hỏi chủ động làm chủ ngữ trong câu hỏi bị động
- Động từ chính chuyển sang dạng quá khứ phân từ
- Trợ động từ đổi sang động từ ‘be’ tơng ứng theo thì của động từ ở câu hỏi chủ
động
Ex: Active question: Did you write this book in Nha Trang in 1990?
Passive question: Was this book written in Nha Trang in 1990?
Trang 10Phần II: Bài tập câu bị động (Exercises).
I Change the following sentences from active into the passive.
1 People don’t use this road very often
This road isn t used very often.’
2 We will grow a lot of trees in the parks
A lot of trees will be grown in the park.
3 They are painting the living-room light blue
The living-room is being painted light blue.
4 People have develop many different paper products
Many different paper products have been developed.
5 He asked us many difficult questions
We were asked many difficult questions (by him).
6 They must widen the road soon
The road must be widened soon (by them).
7 She advised me to reuse milk bottles
I was advised to reuse milk bottles (by her).
8 My sister cleans these rooms every day
These rooms are cleaned everyday (by my sister).
9 Wastes from chemical factories have caused a lot of pollution
A lot of pollution has been caused by wastes from chemical factories.
10 When does he usually do his homework?
> When is his homework usally done?
1 They made the fire in the traditional way
The fire was made in the traditional way (by them).
12 You must collect four bottles of water
Four bottles of water must be collected (by you).
13 Irving Berlin wrote the famous song “White Christmas”
The famous song White Christmas was written by Irving Berlin.“ ”
14 How do people cook this kind of food?
How is the kind of food cooked ?
15 The children are redecorating the sitting-room
The sitting-room is being decorated by the children.
Trang 1116 Have you tied the kitchen?
Has the kitchen been tied?
17 People didn’t organize this festival some years ago
This festival wasn t organized some years ago ’
18 When I came, they were pulling down the old theater
When I came, the old theater was being pulled down.
19 You should open the wine about an hour before you use it
The wine should be opened an hour before it is used.
20 They have just given the children some gifts
The children have just been given the gifts.
or The gifts have just been given to the children.
21 The scientists are carrying out a important experiment
An important experiment is being carried out by the scientists
22 People make cheese from milk
Cheese is made from milk.
23 Did Wright brothers build the first plane in 1903?
Was the first plane built in 1903 by Wright brothers?
24 Witcomb L Judson invented the zipper in 1893
The zipper was invented in 1893 by Witcom L.Judson.
25 People have used the ballpoint pens for many years
The ballpoint pens have been used for many years
26 They will publish a book on space travel next month
A book on space travel will be published next month.
27 When I came, he was repairing the computer
When I came the computer was being repaired by him.
28 Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1592
Romeo and Juliet was written in 1592 by Shakespeare.
29 Viet is going to repaint these rooms tomorrow
These rooms are going to be repainted tomorrow by Viet.
30 Our factory doesn’t produce this kind of paper
This kind of paper isn t produced by/in our factory.’
31 My sister gave me a new pair of jeans on my fifteenth birthday
I was given a new pair of jeans on my fifteenth birthday by my sister.
or: A new pair of jeans was given to me on my fifteenth birthday by my sister.
32 The workers are building a supermarket on our street
A supermarket is being built on our street
33 The zoo keepers feed the animals twice a day
The animals are fed twice a day.
34 They have sold their car to pay their debt
Their car has been sold to pay their debt.
35 We are going to grow flowers in the front garden
Flowers are going to to be grown in the front garden.
36 You must’n use this machine after 5.30 pm
This machine musn t be used after 5.30 pm.’
Trang 1237 My grandmother is knitting a new sweater for me.
A new sweater is being knitted for me by my grandmther.
38 Did people make jeans two hundred years ago?
Were jeans made two hundred years ago?
39 We don’t use this kind of cloth to make shirts?
This kind of cloth isn t used to make shirts by us.’
40 Vietnamese women continue to wear the unique and fashionable Ao dai
The unique and fashionable ao dai continues to be worn by Vietnamese women.
II Change these sentences from passive into the active.
42 This tree was planted by my granfather
My grandfather planted this tree.
43 The rubbish hasn’t been collected
They haven t collected the rubbish/ Nobody has collected the rubbish.’
44 Is recycleed paper being used?
Are you using recycled paper?
45 Will a new shool be built very soon?
Will they build a new school very soon?
46 A lot of work is done everyday
We do a lot of work everyday.
47 Many trees are cut down to make paper
They cut down many trees to make paper.
48 English is considered the most international language
People consider English the most international language.
49 These doors should be shut before 5 p.m
You should shut these doors before 5 pm.
50 Many lakes and rivers have been destroyed by pollution from factories
Pollution from factories has destroyed many lakes and rivers.
51 I was given a beautiful glass on my birthday by Hung
Hung gave me a beautiful glass on my birthday.
III Change the following sentences into passive or active.
52 A note was written on the board by Mai
Mai wrote a note on the board.
53 They will recycle the waste paper in a local factory
The waste paper will be recycled in a local factory.
54 Mr Ba grows vegestables in his small garden
Vegetables are grown in Mr Ba s small garden ’
55 The bicycle has just been repaired by my brother
My brother has just repaired the bicycle.
56 The artists are painting a big picture in front of the Town Hall
A big picture is being painted in front of the Town Hall by the artists.
Trang 13Tea: /5/08 reported speech
1 Direct speech: Là lời nói đợc thuật lại đúng nguyên văn của ngời nói Câu trực
tiếp đợc viết giữa dấu trích hay dấu ngoặc kép (quotation marks) và ngăn cách bởimệnh đề tờng thuật (reporting clause) bởi dấu phẩy ( a comma)
Ex: Lan said, “I like reading science books”
My teacher said: “I’ll give you a test tomorrow”
2 Reported speech: Là lời nói đợc thuật lại với ý và từ của ngời thuật, nhng vẫn giữ
nguyên ý Câu tờng thuật (gián tiếp) không bị ngăn cách bởi dấu phẩy hay dấu ngoặckép và luôn kết thúc bằng dấu chấm câu (a full stop)
* Câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp gồm 2 phần:
- Mệnh đề tờng thuật (reporting clause)
- Lời nói trực tiếp (direct speech) hay lời nói gián tiếp (reporting speech)
Ex: Tom says: “I go to college next summer.”
Mệnh đề tờng thuật Lời nói trực tiếp
Tom says (that) he goes to college next summer
Mệnh đề tờng thuật Lời nói gián tiếp
B Cách đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp (Transfforming direct speechinto reporting speech)
* Khi đổi câu TT sang câu GT phải đổi ngôi (persons), đổi thì của động từ (tenses)
và từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn (time and place words) theo qui tắc sau đây:
Trang 14=> Hoa said (that) she lived in the suburbs
* Second persons (ngôi thứ hai): you, your, yours, yourself, yourslves: đợc đổitheo ngôi của tân ngữ trong mệnh đề tờng thuật
Ex: He said to me: “You can take my book.”
=> He told me (that) I could take his book
+ Lu ý: Nếu mệnh đề tờng thuật không có tân ngữ, thì đợc đổi thành ngôi thứ ba.Ex: The boss said: “You can have a day off.”
=> The boss said (that) he could have a day off
* Third persons (ngôi thứ ba): He, him, his, himself, she, her, hers, herself,they, them, their, theirs, themselves: đợc giữ nguyên
Ex: Mai says: “They come to help the students.”
=> Mai says (that) they come to help the students
2, Tenses and time and place words (thì, từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn):
* Look at the table:
Direct speech (Lời nói TT) Reported speech (Lời nói GT)
1 Tenses (Thì)
- Present simple tense - Past simple tense
- Present progressive tense - Past progressive tense
- Present perfect tense - Past perfect tense
- Past progressive tense - Past perfect progressive tense
- Present perfect progressive tense - Past perfect progressive tense
- Future simple tense - Conditional type 2
- Future perfect tense - Conditional type 3
- Future progressive tense - would/should/could + be + V-ing
- Past perfect tense - Past perfect tense
- Present conditional - Present conditional
- Past perfect conditional - Past perfect conditional
2 Time words (Từ chỉ thời gian):
- the day before yesterday two days before
- the day after tomorrow - in two days’ time
- last week / month / year - the previous week / month / year
next wweek / month / year - the following week / month / year
3 Place words (Từ chỉ nơi chốn):
Trang 15- can - could
* Lu ý: Một số trờng hợp không đổi thì (No tense change):
- Động từ ở mệnh đề tờng thuật ở thì HT đơn (Present simple), Tơng lai đơn (Futuresimple), HT hoàn thành (Present perfect)
- Lời nói trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý, một sự thật, một định luật khoa học dù động
từ của mệnh đề tờng thuật ở thì QK đơn (Past simple)
- Sự kiện vừa xảy ra hay vừa nói
- Những động từ nh: should / had better / ought to hay động từ của mệnh đề wish
- Khi đổi lời câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp (câu khẳng định và câu phủ định): đổi
động từ tờng thuật ‘said‘ bằng ‘told me‘
- Nếu this / these + noun -> đổi ‘this‘ thành ‘the‘
- Nếu this / these : là đại từ chỉ định (demonstrative pronouns) > đổi ‘this /
these‘ thành ‘it / they / them‘
Ex: + He says: “Tom won the scholarship last week.”
=> He says (that) Tom won the scholarship last week
+ He said: “Ice smelts in the sun.”
=> He said (that) ice smelts in the sun
+ Anna said: “The students have already done this homework.”
=> Ann told me (that) the students had already done the homework
3 Tờng thuật câu mệnh lệnh, câu yêu cầu và lời khuyên (Commands, Resquests and Advice in Reported speech):
- Đối với câu mệnh lệnh và câu yêu cầu ở dạng khẳng định hay phủ định, ta dùng
động từ (ask / tell) để tờng thuật:
Ask/tell + object + (NOT) to-infinitive
- Đối với lời khuyên ở dạng khẳng định hay phủ định, ta dùng động từ (advice) để ờng thuật:
t-ADVICE + OBJECT + (NOT) TO-INFNITIVE
- Riêng với động từ (should/had better/ought to), chúng ta thuật lại bằng cách lặp lạicấu trúc:
SHOULD/HAD BETTER/OUGHT TO +(NOT) + INFINITIVE
* Lu ý: Đối với câu mệnh lệnh và yêu cầu, khi thuật lại ta bỏ dấu chấm than(!), bỏ từ(please)
Ex: Mr.Brown saaid: “Get out of the class!”
=> Mr.Brown asked him to get out of the class
4 Reported questions (Câu hỏi tờng thuật):
- Dùng các động từ sau trong tờng thuật câu hỏi: ask / want to know (muốn biết) /inquire (hỏi) / wonder (tự hỏi) /
a) Yes/No-questions:
Trang 16* Với Modals: Sau mệnh đề tờng thuật:
- viết từ if hay whether
- hoán vị trợ động từ với chủ ngữ và đổi thì theo qui tắc
- đổi ngôi
- đổi từ chỉ thời gian hay nơi chốn theo qui tắc
Ex: Mary said to Nam: “ Can you speak English?”
=> Mary asked Nam if/whether he could speak English
Tom asked Mr.Jones: “Shall we have a test next week?”
=> Tom asked Mr.Jones if/wwhether they would have a test the next week
* Với ‘DO‘: Sau mệnh đề tờng thuật:
- viết từ if / whether
- bỏ trợ động từ “DO”
- đổi động từ chính của thì theo qui tắc
- đổi ngôi, đổi từ chỉ thời gian, từ chỉ nơi chốn theo qui tắc
Ex: “Do you go to school?” he asked
=> He asked me if/whether I went to school
Peter said to Mary: “Did you see the film last night?”
=> Peter asked Mary if/whether she had seen the film the night before
b) Wh-questions:
* Với trợ động từ (Modals, to be):
Ex: Minh said to Nam: “What are you doing?”
=> Minh asked Nam what he was doing
He asked: “Where can I buy a newspaper?”
=> He asked where he could buy a newspaper
* Với ‘DO‘:
Ex: “What do you read?” he asked
=> He asked me what I read
“When đi your brother leave for Hue?” asked Nga
=> Nga asked me when my brother had left for Hue
* Chú ý: Muốn đổi câu hỏi ‘wh’ sang câu gián tiếp, ta làm nh sau:
- viết từ hỏi (wh/how) ngay sau mệnh đề tờng thuật
- nếu có trợ động từ ( wil/can/may/be, ) ta hoán đổi vị trí cho chủ ngữ Nếu là
động từ “DO”, chúng ta bỏ động từ “Do” và đổi thì của động từ chính theo qui tắc
- đổi ngôi, đổi từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn theo qui tắc