GIÁO TRÌNH TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH tài NGUYÊN và môi TRƯỜNG (dùng cho hệ đại học)

Reading Rural residential land Residential land of households, individuals in rural areas includes land for residential buildings, convenience facilities, gardens, ponds within the sam

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH

KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ -

GIÁO TRÌNH (Lưu hành nội bộ) TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH TÀI NGUYÊN VÀ MÔI TRƯỜNG

(Dùng cho hệ đại học)

Lecturer: Nguyen Thi Mai Hoa, Ph.D

2016 - 2017

INTRODUCTION

Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Tài nguyên và Môi trường củng cố

và tiếp tục bồi dưỡng năng lực tiếng Anh cho sinh viên qua kĩ năng đọc, viết, luyện dịch và cách sử dụng từ ngữ chuyên ngành Tài nguyên và Môi trường ở trình độ chuyên sâu Ngoài ra, học phần còn giúp sinh viên làm quen với các dạng bài thi đọc hiểu, viết và sử dụng ngôn ngữ, thời gian yêu cầu mỗi phần

để từ đó có chiến lược làm bài thi hiệu quả Nội dung các bài học tập trung giới thiệu về các khái niệm chung liên quan đến môi trường và hệ sinh thái, cơ cấu và nhiệm vụ của một khoa Tài nguyên và Môi trườngTài nguyên, Sự xói mòn đất, Đất canh tác, Hệ thống thông tin địa lý, Các nguyên tắc cơ bản về quy hoạch và sử dụng đất, Đánh giá ảnh hưởng của môi trường Các bài học đưa ra các bài kiểm tra giúp sinh viên thử sức và rèn luyện kĩ năng đọc hiểu, viết và sử dụng ngôn ngữ

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson 1 Faculty of natural resources and environment 2

LESSON 1

FACULTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT

I Reading

The Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment was established in

2004 from the development of Faculty of Land Management From 2004, the Faculty trains the bachelor and vocation levels in two specialties: Land management and environmental science The faculty also trains a master degree in the specialty of land management from 2008 The missions of the Faculty are training, research and technology transfer in fields of resource and environment management for socio-economic development and environment protection in the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam Now, the faculty has some training and research activities in cooperation with universities of Sackatchewan (Canada), Khonkaen (Thailand), Seoul (Korea)

There are two major training programs in the faculty Major in Land Management is to train bachelor degree of land management and major in Environmental Sciences is to train bachelor degree of environmental science with good quality of morality and qualifications for the northern mountainous and midland areas

The number of faculties and Staff is 45 of which there are three (5) associate professors, 45 lecturers and senior lecturers holding Ph.D and MSc degrees

The faculty consists of five academic Departments (Soil Sciences, Geodesy and Mapping, Land Information and Land Use Planning, Land Management, Environment Assessment and Management) with 5 correspondent laboratories equipped with such specialized, modern machines and devices as soil analyses, theodolite, high speed computer and scanners

trắc địa đất đai

kế hoạch thạc sỹ khoa học đất

giảng viờn chớnh mỏy kinh vĩ ngành chớnh ngành chuyờn sõu chuyờn mụn đất canh tỏc đất đai bằng cấp

III Answer the following questions

1- When was Faculty of Natural Resource and Environment established?

2- What is the mission of the Faculty?

3- How many type of training program in the Faculty? And what?

4- How many academic departments in the Faculty? And what?

5- How many major training in the faculty? And what?

IV Translation

- Translate the text into Vietnamese

- Translate these sentences into English

1- Khoa Tài Nguyên và môi tr-ờng thuộc tr-ờng Đại học Nông lâm Thái Nguyên

2- Nhiệm vụ chính của Khoa Tài nguyên và môi tr-ờng

là đạo tạo kỹ s- ngành quản lý đất đai và khoa học môi tr-ờng

3- Khoa đã đạt đ-ợc nhiều thành tích trong đào tạo, nghiên cứu khoa học, và chuyển giao khoa học kỹ thuật cho các tỉnh trung du miền núi phía Bắc

4- Khoa có 5 Bộ môn với khoảng gần 50 cán bộ giảng dạy, 1000 sinh viên hệ chính quy và 1000 sinh viên

hệ vừa học vừa làm

5- Khoa có 4 phòng thí nghiệm đầy đủ trang thiết bị phục vụ cho học tập và nghiên cứu của sinh viên

V Summarize the text

A resource is anything we got from the living or nonliving environment

to meet our needs and wants We usually define resources in terms of humans, but resources are needed by all forms of life for their survival and good health Some resources, such as solar energy, fresh air, fresh surface water, fertile soil and wild edible plants, are directly available for use Most human resources, such as petroleum (oil), iron, groundwater (water occurring underground), and modern crops, aren't directly available, and their supplies are limited They become resources only with some effort and technological ingenuity

Petroleum, for example, was a mysterious fluid we learned how to find it, extract it, and refine it into gasoline, heating oil, and other products at affordable prices On our short human time scale we classify resources as renewable, potentially renewable, and nonrenewable

Non-renewable resources: nonrenewable, or exhaustible resources exist

in fixed quantities in the earth's crust They include energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas, uranium, geothermal, energy), metallic mineral resources (iron, copper, aluminum), and nonmetallic mineral resources (salt, gypsum, clay, sand, phosphates, water and soil) We know how to find and extract more than

100 nonrenewable minerals from the earth's crust We convert these raw materials into many everyday items we use and then discard, reuse, or recycle them

We never completely run out of any non-renewable mineral But a mineral becomes economically depleted when finding, extracting, transporting, and processing the remaining deposits cost more than the results are worth At that point we have five choices recycle or reuse existing supplies, wasteless,

useless, find a substitute, or do without and wait millions of years for more to

be produced

Some non - renewable material resources, such as copper and aluminum, can be recycled or reused to extend supplies Recycling involves collecting and reprocessing a resource into new products For example, aluminum cans can be collected, melted and made into new beverage cans or other aluminum products And glass bottles can be crushed and melted to make new bottles or other glass items Reuse involves using a resource or over and over in the same form Example, glass bottles can be collected, washed, and refilled many times

Other non-renewable fuel resources - such as coal, oil, and natural gas can't be recycled or reused Once burned, the useful energy in their fossil fuels

is gone, leaving behind only waste heat and polluting exhaust gases Most of the economic growth per person has been fueled by nonrenewable oil, which

is expected to be economically depleted within 40 to 80 years

Most published supply estimates for a given nonrenewable resource refer

to reserves: known deposits from with a usable mineral can be extracted probably at current prices Reserves can be increased when new deposits are found or when price rise it profitable to extract identified deposits that were previously too expensive to exploit

Renewable resources: Solar energy is called a renewable resource

because on a human time scale it is essentially inexhaustible It is expected to last at least 4 billion years while the sun completes its life cycle

A potentially renewable resource can be renewed fairly rapidly through

natural processes Examples of such resources include forest trees, grassland grasses, wild animals, fresh lake and stream water, groundwater, fresh air, and fertile soil One important potentially renewable resource for us and other species is biological diversity, or biodiversity It consists of all of Earth's living organisms, classified into groups of organisms called species; with resemble one another in appearance, behavior, and chemical and genetic makeup

But potentially renewable resources can be depleted The highest rate at with a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing it available supply is called its sustainable yield If this natural replacement rate

is exceeded, the available supply begins to shrink - a process known as environmental degradation

kiÖt

hoÆc chÊt láng)

18 ingenuity (n) [,indʒi'nju:iti] khÐo lÐo

27 renew (v) [ri'nju:] lµm míi l¹i

III Answer the following question

1 What is a resource? What kinds of resources are available for use?

2 How are resources divided into?

3 What are differences between renewable resources and nonrenewable resources?

4 What are nonrenewable resources composed of?

5 What can we do with nonrenewable minerals extracted from the Earth's crust?

6 What are nonrenewable fuel resources? Why can not they be recycled or reused?

7 Why do people regard solar energy as a renewable resource?

8 What do people think about solar energy?

9 Give two examples of recycling in the text or you have known?

10 In your opinion can we change renewable resources into nonrenewable resources? If yes, what can we do?

IV Translation

- Translate the text into Vietnamese

- Translate into Vietnamese

Although non - renewable resources eventually return to the Earth after

we have used them, they do so in different forms and are dispersed and so it is often difficult to gather them to use again Mercury is an example of an uncommon metal that is used in industrial processes, and in agriculture to kill

fungi After use, it enters the atmosphere and oceans Unfortunately it is now

so widely scattered that there is no way getting it back Once used then nonrenewable resources frequently can not be used again When we run out of the easily available supplies there will be no more

LESSON 3

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY WARM-UP

1) What do you think the term environment refers to?

2) What environmental issues are you concerned about?

3) Have you ever heard of the word ecology?

READING

The term environment broadly indicates the surroundings of an individual organism or a community of organisms, ranging on up to the entire biosphere, the zone of Earth that is able to sustain life By surroundings is meant all the nonliving and living materials that play any role in an organism's existence, from soil and air to what the organism feeds on and the organisms that may feed on it Any other factors acting on the organism, such as heat and light and gravitation, make up its environment as well In the case of human beings, cultural factors may also be included in the term

The environmental science of ecology is the study of the relationship of plants and animals to their physical and biological environment The physical environment includes light and heat or solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere The biological environment includes organisms of the same kind as well as other plants and

animals Because of the diverse approaches required to study organisms in their environment, ecology draws upon such fields as climatology, hydrology, oceanography, physics, chemistry, geology, and soil analysis To study the relationships between organisms, ecology also involves such disparate sciences as animal behavior, taxonomy, physiology, and mathematics An increased public awareness of environmental problems has made ecology a common but often misused word It is confused with environmental programs and environmental science Although the field is a distinct scientific discipline, ecology does indeed contribute to the study and understanding of environmental problems The term ecology was introduced by the German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel in 1866; it is derived from the Greek oikos (“household”), sharing the same root word as economics Thus, the term implies the study of the economy of nature Modern ecology, in part, began with Charles Darwin In developing his theory of evolution, Darwin stressed the adaptation of organisms to their environment through natural selection Also making important contributions were plant geographers, such as Alexander von Humboldt, who were deeply interested in the “how” and

“why” of vegetational distribution around the world

3 READING COMPREHENSION

A QUESTIONS Answer the questions about the reading

1) What is environment?

2) Who is considered to be the founder of modern ecology?

3) When was the term ecology used for the first time?

4) What does ecology deal with?

5) Why does ecology depend on such sciences as climatology, oceanography, physics, chemistry, or geology?

B TRUE-FALSE Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false

1) _ The term environment also includes cultural factors

2) _ Ecology does not draw upon physiology or mathematics

3) _ Ecology does not contribute to the study and understanding of environmental problems

4) _ Ecology is the study of the interactions of organisms with their physical and biological environment

5) The term ecology was introduced in the mid 19th century

VOCABULARY Choose the best word or phrase in the box for each of the following sentences

discipline biosphere factors sustain contributions

environmental organisms selection involves evolution

1) Ecology focuses on the interactions taking place between ……… and their environments

2) The study of ecology also includes how the nonliving

……… in the environment influence one another

3) Darwin's theory of ……… was essentially ecological

4) When did ecology emerge as a distinct ………?

5) Alexander von Humboldt made significant ……… to ecology

6) Ecology also ……… such disparate sciences as animal behavior, taxonomy, physiology, and mathematics

7) The moon can ……… life because it does not provide enough

of what organisms need in order to live or exist

8) Darwin stressed the adaptation of organisms to their environment through natural ………

9) An ……… movement aims to improve or protect the natural environment 10) The ……… is the part of the earth’s surface and atmosphere in which plants and animals can live

WORD STUDY A UN-, IM-, IN-, DIS-, AND NON

The prefixes un-, im-, in-, dis-, and non- can be added to the beginning of some words These prefixes mean “not.”

Look at this example: un- + healthy = unhealthy

Smoking is not good for you It’s unhealthy

Here are other words with these negative prefixes

un- unimportant, unpopular

im- impossible

in- incomplete, inexpensive

dis- discontinue

non- nonfat

EXERCISE Choose the best word to complete each sentence

1) A person who is unfriendly is probably ………, too

A unpopular B unusual C uncomfortable D unimportant 2) The service at this restaurant is very slow It’s ……… to have a quick lunch here!

A impossible B important C immoral D immediate

3) The airline will ………… service to that city It is not a popular place to go

A discontinue B disagree C disable D discover

4) ……… yogurt is better for you than ice cream

A Nonstop B Nonfat C Nonstandard D Nonstick 5) Jaime’s homework is ……… because he felt sick last night

A inexpensive B incomplete C inflexible D inevitable

STRUCTURE STUDY

THE PASSIVE A sentence is often written in a passive form when the important idea is not WHO does something, but WHAT IS DONE

(a) They measured the extension in the steel bar

(b) The extension in the steel bar was measured If the doer of the action has some importance (though less than the object), or is needed to complete the sense of the sentence, it is given,

e.g ‘A knowledge of statistics is required by every type of scientists.’

Passives can be formed in the following ways:

a) A tense of be + past participle active: He cooked the food

passive: The food was cooked

b) Modal + be / have been + past participle active:

He may cook the food

passive: The food may be cooked

c) to be / to have been + past participle

active: He is to cook the food

passive: The food is to be cooked

d) being / having been + past participle

active: Cooking / Having cooked …

passive: Being / Having been cooked …

EXERCISE Rewrite the following sentences in the passive :

1) People apply mathematics in many different activities

2) People use computers for many different purposes

3) People use the decimal system even in countries with non-decimalized systems of weights and measurements

4) Water covers most of the Earth’s surface

5) Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived

6) Huge ocean waves swept houses into the sea

7) They have postponed the seminar

8) A mystery is something that we can explain

9) We are going to build a new zoo next year

10) The vegetables didn’t taste very good People had cooked them for too long

11) The situation is serious We must do something before it’s too late

12) When we got to the stadium, we found that they had cancelled the game 13) They are building a new ring road round the city

14) I don’t like people telling me what to do

15) We gave the police the information

16) We will give you plenty of time to decide

17) They must first clean sewage in treatment plants

18) Has anybody told you about ecology?

19) In modern zoos, people can see animals in more natural habitats

20) He said that he wanted somebody to wake him up at 6.30 next morning

LESSON 4

ENERGY AND NUTRIENTS WARM-UP

1) Why is the energy from the sun is essential for life?

2) Have you ever heard of photosynthesis?

3) How important is photosynthesis?

READING

Ecosystems function with energy flowing in one direction from the sun, and through nutrients, which are continuously recycled Light energy is used by plants, which, by the process of photosynthesis, convert it to chemical energy

in the form of carbohydrates and other carbon compounds This energy is then transferred through the ecosystem by a series of steps that involve eating and being eaten, or what is called a food web Each step in the transfer of energy involves several trophic, or feeding, levels: plants, herbivores (plant eaters), two or three levels of carnivores (meat eaters), and decomposers Only a fraction of the energy fixed by plants follows this pathway, known as the grazing food web Plant and animal matter not used in the grazing food chain, such as fallen leaves, twigs, roots, tree trunks, and the dead bodies of animals, support the decomposer food web Bacteria, fungi, and animals that feed on dead material become the energy source for higher trophic levels that tie into the grazing food web In this way nature makes maximum use of energy

originally fixed by plants The number of trophic levels is limited in both types of food webs, because at each transfer a great deal of energy is lost (such

as heat of respiration) and is no longer usable or transferable to the next trophic level Thus, each trophic level contains less energy than the trophic level supporting it For this reason, as an example, deer or caribou (herbivores) are more abundant than wolves (carnivores) Energy flow fuels the biogeochemical, or nutrient, cycles The cycling of nutrients begins with their release from organic matter by weathering and decomposition in a form that can be picked up b y plants Plants incorporate nutrients available in soil and water and store them in their tissues The nutrients are transferred from one trophic level to another through the food web Because most plants and animals go uneaten, nutrients contained in their tissues, after passing through the decomposer food web, are ultimately released by bacterial and fungal decomposition, a process that reduces complex organic compounds into simple inorganic compounds available for reuse by plants

READING COMPREHENSION

A QUESTIONS Answer the questions about the reading

1) How is light energy converted to chemical energy?

2) What does a food web consist of?

3) Why are herbivores more abundant than carnivores?

4) Why is the number of trophic levels limited?

5) How are complex organic compounds reduced into simple inorganic compounds available for reuse by plants?

B TRUE-FALSE Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false

1) _Each trophic level contains more energy than the trophic level supporting it

2) _ Plants incorporate nutrients available in soil and water and store them in their tissues 3) _ All of the energy fixed by plants is transferred through the ecosystem by the grazing food web

4) _ Carnivores are more abundant than herbivores

5) _ Bacterial and fungal decomposition is a process that reduces complex organic compounds into simple inorganic compounds available for reuse by

plants

WORD STUDY

A RE The prefix re- means “to do something again.”

Here is an example:

re- + read = reread (to read again)

If you don’t understand a story the first time you read it, then you should reread it

EXERCISE

Add the prefix re- to each word in the box Then choose the correct word

to complete each sentence arrange do order tell build married take write

1) José made many mistakes in his first composition Before he gives it to his teacher tomorrow, he is going to ……… it

2) Dave and Susan Johnson got divorced 10 years ago Last year Susan got

……… and moved to Canada with her new husband

3) I think I should ……… the furniture in my apartment The way I have the tables and chairs now makes the room look crowded

4) Children love to hear their grandparents tell stories! They often ask their grandparents to ……… their favorite stories many times

5) The new waiter at the restaurant forgot our order for dinner, so we had to

……… everything

6) If you don’t get a good score on the TOEFL exam this weekend, you

can………it next month

Erosion is an intrinsic natural process but in many places it is increased

by human land use Poor land use practices include deforestation, overgrazing, unmanaged construction activity and road or trail building Land that is used for the production of agricultural crops generally experiences a significant greater rate of erosion than that of land under natural vegetation This is particularly true if tillage is used, which reduces vegetation cover on the surface of the soil and disturbs both soil structure and plant roots that would otherwise hold the soil in place However, improved land use practices can limit soil erosion, using techniques such as terrace-building, conservation tillage practices, and tree planting

Approximately 40 % of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded According to the UN, an area of fertile soil the size of Ukraine is lost every year because of drought, deforestation and climate change In Africa, if current trends of soil degradation continue, the continent might be able to feed just 25 % of its population by 2025

The rate of soil erosion tenses on many factors, including the amount and intensity of precipitation, the texture of the soil, the gradient of the slope, ground cover from vegetation, rocks, land use, how much water there is, and possibility of erosion from speed of a stream The first factor, rain, is the agent for erosion, but the degree of erosion is governed by other factors

The first three factors can remain fairly constant over time In general, given the same kind of vegetative cover, you expect areas with high - intensity precipitation, sandy or silty soils and steep slopes to be the most erosive Soils with a greater proportion of clay that receive less intense precipitation and are

on gentle slopes tend to erode less

The factor that is most subject to change is the amount and type of ground cover In an undisturbed forest, the mineral soil is protected by a litter layer and an organic layer These two layers protect the soil by absorbing the impact of rain drops These layers and the underlaying soil in a forest is porous and highly permeable to rainfall Typically only the most severe rainfall and large hailstorm events will lead to overland flow in a forest Severe fires can lead to significantly increased erosion if followed by heavy rainfall

One of the main causes of erosive soil loss in the year 2006 is the result

of slash and burn treatment of tropical forest When the total ground surface is stripped of vegetation and then seared of all living organisms, the upper soils are vulnerable to both wind and water erosion In a number of regions of the earth, entire sectors of a country have been rendered unproductive For example, on the Madagascar high central plateau, comprising approximately ten percent of that country's land area, virtually the entire landscape is sterile

of vegetation, with gully erosive furrows typically in excess of 50 meters deep and one kilometer wide Shifting cultivation is a farming system which sometimes incorporates the slash and burn method in some regions of the world

II Vocabulary

2 displacement (n) [dis'pleismənt] sự rời chỗ

5 particle (n) ['pɑ:tikl] mảnh vụn

intrinsic (adj) [in'trinsik] bản chất/thực chất

11 conservation (n) [,kɔnsə:'vei∫n] bảo tồn, bảo toàn

13 fertile soil ['fə:tail sɔil] đất màu mỡ

16 continent (n) ['kɔntinənt] lục địa

17 precipitation (n) [pri,sipi'tei∫n] lượng mưa

21 silty soil ['silti sɔil] đất thịt

23 proportion (adj) [prə'pɔ:∫n] cân đối

26 permeable (adj) ['pə:miəbl] thấm qua được

30 entire sectors [in'taiə 'sektə] toàn bộ khu vực

32 velocity (n) [vi'lɔsəti] tốc độ

35 vulnerable (adj) ['vʌlnərəbl] bị tác động

36 virtually (adv) ['və:t∫uəli] hầu như

37 shifting cultivation ['∫iftiη ,kʌlti'vei∫n] du canh

Soil structure (n) ['strʌkt∫ə] kết cấu đất

conservation (n) [,kɔnsə:'vei∫n] bảo tồn, bảo toàn

the continent (n) ['kɔntinənt] lục địa

precipitation (n) [pri,sipi'tei∫n] lượng mưa

Soil texture (n) ['tekst∫ə] thành phần cơ giới đất

proportion (adj) [prə'pɔ:∫n] cân đối, thành phần, tỷ lệ

treatment (n) ['tri:tmənt] phương thức, công thức entire sectors [in'taiə sektə] toàn bộ khu vực

incorporate (v) [in'kɔ:pərit] kết hợp

III Answer the following question

1 What does the soil erosion mean?

2 Why the soil erosion is increased by agricultural land?

3 How is the soil erosion under forest? And why?

4 Which factors impact to soil erosion?

5 Why soil erosion is happened very common in sloping land?

6 Slash and burn process is leaded to soil erosion? And why?

LESSON 6

RESIDENTIAL LAND

I Reading

Rural residential land

Residential land of households, individuals in rural areas includes land for residential buildings, convenience facilities, gardens, ponds within the same land parcel in a rural residential area, in accordance with the rural residential planning already approve by authorized State bodies Based on the local land availability and the rural development planning approve by authorized State bodies, the People’s Committees of provinces, centrally- managed cities should determine the norms of land to be allocated to each household, individuals for residential buildings in rural areas in accordance with their local conditions and customs Allocation of residential land in rural areas as indicated in the land use planning and plans should have to be in line with the planning for construction of public utilities and public service works, ensuring convenience for production and daily life of the people, environmental sanitation and towards rural modernization The State should issue policies to enable rural inhabitants to have residential facilities by making full use of the land available in residential areas, restrict the expansion

of residential areas on agricultural land

Urban residential land

Urban residential land includes land for residential buildings, convenience facilities within the same land parcel in an urban residential area,

in accordance with the urban development planning already approved by authorized State bodies Urban residential land should be allocated in harmony with land for construction of public utilities and public service works, ensuring environmental sanitation and modern urban settings The State should issue land use planning that shelter urban residential buildings, and policies to enable accommodation for urban residents The People’s Committees of provinces, centrally-managed cities should allocate or lease urban residential land in the following cases: Allocation of residential land to economic organizations, overseas Vietnamese to implement investment projects on construction of residential buildings for sale or lease; lease of residential land with annual land rental payment to overseas Vietnamese,

foreign organizations and individuals to implement investment projects on construction of residential buildings for lease; lease of residential land with one - off payment of land rental for the whole lease term to overseas Vietnamese, foreign organizations, individuals to implement investment projects on construction of residential buildings for sale or lease in accordance with the stipulations of the Government Where it is impossible to allocate land under residential development projects, the People’s Committees of provinces and centrally- managed cities should, based on their urban development planning and the local land availability, determine the norms of residential land to allocate to each household, individual to build residential facilities on their own The change of land use purpose from residential land to land for business establishments must be in compliance with urban development planning and regulations on public order, safety and urban environmental protection

II Vocabulary

2 residential land [,rezi'den∫l lænd] đất ở

4 convenience facilities [kən'vi:njəns fə'siliti] công trình phụ

7 in accordance with [in ə'kɔ:dəns wiđ] phù hợp với, theo

8 be based on (v) [bi: beis ɔn] dựa vào/căn cứ vào

9 land availability [lænd ə,veilə'biliti] quỹ đất sẵn có

15 be in line with (v) [bi: in lain wiđ] đồng bộ

17 public utility ['pʌblik,ju:'tiliti] công trình công cộng

18 service work ['sə:vis wə:k] công trình phục vụ

20 environment (n) [in'vaiərənmənt] môi trường

21 modernization (n) [,mɔdə:nai'zei∫n] sự công nghiệp hoá

điều kiện

25 make full use of (v) [meik ful ju:s ɔv] tận dụng

29 development (n) [di'veləpmənt] sự phát triển

30 in harmony with [ in 'hɑ:məni wiđ] phù hợp với

36 rental payment ['rentl 'peimənt] tiền thuê

37 one off payment of land rental

[wʌn ɔ:f 'peimənt ɔv lænd 'rentl]

tiền thuê đất một lần

38 individual (adj) [,indi'vidjuəl] riêng, cá nhân

45 in compliance with [ in kəm'plaiəns wiđ] phù hợp với

III Answer the following question

1 What does urban residential land include?

2 What shall urban residential land be allocated in harmony with?

3 Does the Government Issue policies to enable accommodation for urban residents? Why?

4 Who can allocate or lease urban residential land?

5 Can people change land use purpose from residential land to land for business? And why?

6 What does residential land of household, individuals in rural areas include?

7 Who determine the norms of land to be allocated to each household, individual for residential buildings?

8 What does allocation of residential land in rural areas have to be line with?

9 What land does the Government restrict the expansion of residential areas on?

10 Where does the Government forbid the building of residential facilities?

LESSON 7

IMBALANCES WARM-UP

1) Have you ever heard of the phrase ‘imbalances in the ecosystem’?

2) What effects do you think acid rain has on ecosystems?

3) Do you know why agricultural lands must be fertilized?

READING

Within an ecosystem nutrients are cycled internally But there are leakages or outputs, and these must be balanced by inputs, or the ecosystem will fail to function Nutrient inputs to the system come from weathering of rocks, from windblown dust, and from precipitation, which can carry material great distances Varying quantities of nutrients are carried from terrestrial ecosystems by the movement of water and deposited in aquatic ecosystems and associated lowlands Erosion and the harvesting of timber and crops remove considerable quantities of nutrients that must be replaced The failure

to do so results in an impoverishment of the ecosystem This is why agricultural lands must be fertilized If inputs of any nutrient greatly exceed outputs, the nutrient cycle in the ecosystem becomes stressed or overloaded, resulting in pollution Pollution can be considered an input of nutrients exceeding the capability of the ecosystem to process them Nutrients eroded and leached from agricultural lands, along with sewage and industrial wastes accumulated from urban areas, all drain into streams, rivers, lakes, and estuaries These pollutants destroy plants and animals that cannot tolerate their presence or the changed environmental conditions caused by them; at the same time they favor a few organisms more tolerant to changed conditions Thus, precipitation filled with sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen from industrial areas converts to weak sulfuric and nitric acids, known as acid rain, and falls

on large areas of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems This upsets acid-base relations in some ecosystems, killing fish and aquatic invertebrates, and increasing soil acidity, which reduces forest growth in northern and other ecosystems that lack limestone to neutralize the acid

READING COMPREHENSION

A QUESTIONS Answer the questions about the reading

1) When will the ecosystem fail to function?

2) What carries nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems?

3) Why must agricultural land be fertilized?

4) What effects do the pollutants have on plants and animals?

5) Do nutrients remain in agricultural lands when pollution happens?

B TRUE-FALSE Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false

1) _ Nutrient inputs do not come from windblown dust but from weathering

of rocks and from precipitation

2) _ A significant number of nutrients are taken away by erosion and the harvesting of timber and crops

3) _ Pollution results from the overload of the nutrient cycle in the

4) _ ecosystem Acid rain is filled with sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen 5) _ Acid rain has adverse effects on ecosystems

VOCABULARY Choose the best word from the box for each of the following sentences and put it in the correct form

convert erosion accumulate terrestrial deposit

weather impoverish estuary tolerance precipitation

1) They feared the oceanic climate with increased ……… and strong winds

2) Dinosaurs are extinct, chiefly ……… reptile that live in the Mesozoic Era

3) They are making attempts to reduce the soil ………

4) Intensive cultivation has ……… the soil

5) Dust and dirt soon ……… if a house is not cleaned regularly

6) ……… is a wide area of water where a river flows into the sea 7) It is the enemy who can truly teach us to practice the virtues of compassion and ………

8) That is a process for ……… waste into usable fuel

9) Rocks ……… by wind and water

10) The Nile floods the fields and ……… mud on them

EXERCISE Add the suffix -less to each word Then choose the best word for each sentence

5) Helen said something that hurt my feelings I know she didn’t want to hurt

my feelings She just wasn’t thinking She made a …………