Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành thổ nhưỡng và môi trường đất

Some resources, such as solar energy, fresh air, fresh surface water, fertile soil and wild edible plants, are directly available for use.. Most human resources, such as petroleum oil, i

Trang 1

NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007, 177 Tr. Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên có thể được sử dụng cho mục đích học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục vụ các mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả Mục lục Unit 1 Types of species in ecosystems 7

A Reading 7

I Omprehension questions 7

II True - False sentences 8

B Writing 9

I Sentence - ordering 9

II Gap - filling 9

C FURTHER PRACTICE 10

D TRANSLATION 12

I Translate into Vietnamese 12

II Translate into English 13

E Vocabulary 13

Unit 2 RESOURCES 15

A READING 15

B WRITING 18

D TRANSLATION 21

E VOCABULARY 23

Unit 3 WATER'S IMPORTANCE AND UNIQUE PROPERTIES 25

A READING 25

I Comprehension questions 25

II True-False sentences 26

III Increasing your vocabulary 27

Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành thổ nhưỡng và môi trường đất

Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt

Trang 2

B WRITING 28

I Sentence-correcting 28

II Sentence-building 28

D TRANSLATION 31

I Translate into Vietnamse 31

E VOCABULARY 32

Unit 4 POLLUTION 34

A READING 34

B Writing 38

I Sentence-building 38

II Sentence-transforming 39

C Further practice 40

D Translation 41

E Vocabulary 42

Unit 5 AIR POLLUTION 44

A READING 44

B WRITING 48

D TRANSLATION 52

E VOCABULARY 53

Unit 6 The Greenhouse effect 55

A READING 55

B WRITING 59

I Sentence-transforming 59

II Sentence - correcting 60

C FURTHER PRACTIVE 61

D TRANSLATE 62

E VOCABULARY 64

Unit 7 Human impact on the environment 66

Trang 3

A READING 66

I Comprehension Questions 67

B WRITING 69

C FURTHER PRACTIVE 72

D TRANSLATION 73

E VOCABULARY 75

Unit 8 The stratosphere: our global sunscreen 77

A READING 77

II True – false statements 78

B WRITING 79

C FURTHER PREACTIVE 80

D TRANSLATION 81

E VOCABULARY 82

Unit 9 SOIL 83

A READING 83

II True - False questions 85

B Writing 86

I Sentence - transforming 86

II Sentence-building 87

D Translation 89

E Vocabulary 90

Unit 10 Soil texture, porosity, acidity 92

A Reading 92

II True-false questions 94

B Writing 95

D Translation 98

Trang 4

E Vocabulary 99

Unit 11 The origin And composition of soil 101

A Reading 101

B Writing 104

I Sentence-rephrasing 104

D Translation 107

E VOCABULARY 109

Unit 12 PROFILES OF SOILS 110

A READING 110

B WRITING 111

D Translation 116

E VOCABULARY 118

Unit 13 SOIL EROSION 120

A Reading 120

B WRITING 123

I Sentence - building 123

II Sentence – transforming 124

D TRANSLATION 127

E VOCABULARY 129

Unit 14 Soil degradation 131

A Reading 131

II True-False statements 133

III Increase your vocabulary 134

B WRITING 135

I Sentence - building 135

II Sentence - transforming 135

D TRANSLATION 139

E Vocabulary 140

Trang 5

Unit 15 HUMAN IMPACT ON SOILS 142

A Reading 142

B WRITING 149

II Sentence - transforming 150

D TRANSLATION 152

E Vocabulary 153

Unit 16 SOIL FACTORS FOR PLANT GROWTH 155

A READING 155

I COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS 156

II TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 156

III INCREASING YOUR VOCABULARY 157

B WRITING 158

I SENTENCE-BUILDING 158

II SENTENCE - TRANSFORMING 158

D TRANSLATION 161

I TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE 161

II TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH 161

E VOCABULARY 162

B 163

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABRREVIATIONS 165

REFERENCES 177

Trang 6

Unit 1

Types of species in ecosystems

A Reading

* Warm-up Activities

- How important are species in ecosystems?

- How many kinds of species do you know?

One way to look at an ecosystem's species from a human standpoint is to divide them into four types:

- Native species, which normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem

- Immigrant, or alien species, which migrate into an ecosystem or which are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans Some of these species are beneficial to humans, while others can take over and eliminate many native species

- Indicator species, which serve as early warnings that a community or an ecosystem is being damaged For example, the present decline of migratory, insect-eating songbirds in North America indicates that their summer habitats there and their winter habitats in the tropical forests of Latin America and the Caribbean are rapidly disappearing

- Keystone species affect many other organisms in an ecosystem For example, in tropical forests, various species of bees, bats, and humming - birds play keystone roles in pollinating flowering plants, dispersing seed, or both Some keystone species, such as the alligator, the wolf, the leopard, the lion, the giant anteater, and the giant armadillo, are top predators that exert a stabilizing effect on their ecosystems by feeding on and regulating the populations of certain species The loss of a keystone species can lead to population crashes and extinctions of other species that depend on

it for certain services - a ripple or domino effect that spreads throughout an

ecosystem According to biologist E.O.Wilson, "The loss of a keystone species is like

a drill accidentally striking a power line It causes lights to go out all over"

(Taken from "Sustaining the Earth" by Tyler Miller, G)

I Omprehension questions

Answer the following questions

1 How are species in an ecosystem classified?

Trang 7

II True - False sentences

Decide whether the following statements are true "T", false "F" or there's no information given "N" according to the text Correct the false statements

1 Immigrant species are also called alien species

2 Indicator species can warn others of the danger of their ecosystems

3 Keystone species are least important in their ecosystems

4 Keystone species have the largest population in ecosystems

5 In general, all species are equally essential in ecosystems

6 Bees and bats can't disperse seed and neither can ants and humming birds

7 Many other organisms in an ecosystem are affected by keystone species

Increasing your vocabulary

Trang 8

Word-form: Use your dictionary to complete the table with the appropriate forms of the given words in the text The first is done as an example

Adjective Noun Verb Adverb

Put the following words in the right order to build complete sentences

1 Species / for / reasons / become / various / endangered

II Gap - filling

Choose one of the words or phrases below to fill in each gap in the following passage Each

word or phrase is used once only

Trang 9

for to reptile ecosystems endangere

d

The American alligator, North America's largest (1) , has no natural predator

except (2) Hunters once killed large numbers of these animals for their exotic (3) and for the supple belly (4) used to make items such as shoes, belts and pocketbooks People also considered (5) to be useless, dangerous vermin and hunted them for sport or out of hatred Between 1950 (6) 1960 hunters wiped out 90% of the alligators in Louisiana, and by the 1960s the alligator population in the Florida Everglades was also near extinction

People who say "So what?" are overlooking the alligator's keystone role in subtropical wetland (7) such as Florida's Everglades Alligators dig deep depressions, or

"gator holes", which collect fresh water (8) dry spells These holes are refuges for

aquatic life and supply fresh water and food (9) birds and other animals Large alligator nesting mounds also serve as nest sites for herons and egrets

In 1967, the U.S government (10) the American alligator on the endangered

species list Protected from hunters, the alligator population had made a strong (11) in many areas by 1975 The problem (12) that people are invading the alligator's natural (13) And while the gator's diet consists mainly (14) snails, sick fish, ducks, raccoons and turtles, a pet or a person who falls into or

swims in a canal, a pond, or some other areas (15) a gator lives is subject to attack

Read the passage through to find out what is about

The balance of nature

All the different plants and animals in a natural community are in a state of balance This

balance is achieved by the plants and animals interacting with each other and with their

non-living surroundings An example of a natural community is a woodland, and a woodland is usually dominated by a particular species of plant, such as the oak tree in an oak wood The

oak tree in this example is therefore called the dominant species but there are also many other

types of plants, from brambles, bushes and small trees to mosses, lichens and algae growing

on tree trunks and rocks

The plants of a community are the producers: they use carbon dioxide, oxygen, water and

nitrogen to build up their tissues using energy in the form of sunlight The plant tissues form

Trang 10

food for the plant-eating animals (herbivores) which are in turn eaten by the flesh-eating animals (carnivores) Thus, plants produce the basic food supply for all the animals of the community The animals themselves are the consumers, and are either herbivores or carnivores

Examples of herbivores in a woodland community are rabbits, deer, mice and snails, and insects such as aphids and caterpillars The herbivores are sometimes eaten by the carnivores Woodland carnivores are of all sizes, from insects such as beetles and lacewings to animals such as owls, shrews and foxes Some carnivores feed on herbivores and some feed on the smaller carnivores, while some feed on both: a tawny owl will eat beetles and shrews as well

as voles and mice These food relationships between the different members of the community are known as food chains or food webs All food chains start with plants The links of the chain are formed by the herbivores that eat the plants and the carnivores that feed on the herbivores There are more organisms at the base of a food chain than at the top; for example, there are many more green plants than carnivores in a community

Another important section of the community is made up of the decomposers They include the bacteria and fungi that live in the soil and feed on dead animals and plants By doing this they break down the tissues of the dead organisms and release mineral salts into the soil

(Taken from "Progress to First Certificate" by Leo Jones)

Exercise:

Match the words to their definitions below:

meat

living things

have the most important position

area covered with growing trees

plants and animals living in one place

one ring in a chain

type of plant or animal

material making up a living thing

organisms that feed on dead tissues

Match the words to their appropriate meanings below:

moss snail shrew

Trang 11

lichen aphid vole

a kind of tree

a kind of insect

a kind of simple plant

part of a tree

a kind of small animal

a kind of large plant

Decide whether the following statements are true "T" or false "F" Correct the false statements

All the animals in a wood depend on plants for their food supply

All the plants in a wood are eaten by animals

Some animals eat other animals

Plants depend on the sun to grow

Plants depend on the gases in the atmosphere to grow

Not every food chain starts with plants

The consumers are at the base of a food chain

Some animals eat plant-eating animals and also flesh- eating animals

I Translate into Vietnamese

All organisms, dead or alive, are potential sources of food for other organisms A caterpillar eats a leaf; a robin eats the caterpillar; a hawk eats the robin When plant, caterpillar, robin, and hawk all die, they in turn are consumed by decomposers The sequence

of who eats or decomposes whom in an ecosystem is called a food chain It determines how energy moves from one organism to another through the ecosystem Ecologists assign every organism in an ecosystem to a feeding level, or trophic level, depending on whether it is a producer or a consumer and on what it eats or decomposes Producers belong to the first trophic level, primary consumers to the second trophic level, secondary consumers to the third trophic level, and so on

Trang 12

II Translate into English

Tất cả các loài đều có vai trò trong hệ sinh thái của mình chính vì vậy chúng rất quan trọng Một vài nhà khoa học cho rằng tất cả các loài đều quan trọng như nhau, nhưng một số khác lại cho rằng chỉ có một số loài nhất định là loài chủ chốt và quan trọng hơn các loài khác, ít nhất là trong việc duy trì hệ sinh thái

Khi hai loài bất kỳ trong một hệ sinh thái có một vài hoạt động hoặc nhu cầu giống nhau chúng có thể tác động qua lại theo một mức độ nào đó

Bất cứ một nguyên tố hay hợp chất hoá học nào mà một sinh vật phải hấp thụ để sống, lớn lên hay để sinh sản gọi là dưỡng chất Một vài nguyên tố như cacbon, ôxy, hyđrô, nitơ và phốt pho cần với số lượng tương đối lớn Các nguyên tố khác như sắt, đồng, clo và iốt cần với số lượng nhỏ hơn Các nguyên tố về dinh dưỡng này và các hợp chất của chúng liên tục quay vòng

Địa bàn cư trú của các loài động thực vật hoang dã đang bị thu hẹp và chia cắt; nhiều loài động vật quý hiếm bị săn bắt; nhiều loài có nguy cơ bị tuyệt chủng; nhiều nguồn gen quý hiếm bị suy giảm

Trang 13

immigrant (n) : loài nhập cư keystone (n) : yếu tố chính, chủ chốt

overlook (v) : không để ý, cho qua pollinate (v) : thụ phấn (cho hoa) predator (n) : thú ăn mồi sống refuge (n) : nơi trú ngụ, nơi trú ẩn, nơi lánh nạn

surroundings (n) : môi trường xung quanh thrive (v) : phát triển, sinh trưởng

Trang 14

Unit 2

RESOURCES

*WARM-UP ACTIVITIES

- HOW MANY KINDS OF NATURAL RESOURCES ARE THERE?

- WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT TO OUR LIFE?

-

Types of resources:

A resource is anything we get from the living or nonliving environment to meet our needs and wants We usually define resources in terms of humans, but resources are needed by all forms of life for their survival and good health Some resources, such as solar energy, fresh air, fresh surface water, fertile soil and wild edible plants, are directly available for use Most human resources, such as petroleum (oil), iron, groundwater (water occurring underground), and modern crops, aren't directly available, and their supplies are limited They become resources only with some effort and technological ingenuity

Petroleum, for example, was a mysterious fluid we learned how to find it, extract it, and refine it into gasoline, heating oil, and other products at affordable prices On our short human time scale we classify resources as renewable, potentially renewable, and nonrenewable

Non-renewable resources: nonrenewable, or exhaustible, resources exist in fixed

quantities in the earth's crust They include energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas, uranium, geothermal, energy), metallic mineral resources (iron, copper, aluminum), and nonmetallic mineral resources (salt, gypsum, clay, sand, phosphates, water and soil) We know how to

find and extract more than 100 non-renewable minerals from the earth's crust We convert these raw materials into many everyday items we use and then discard, reuse, or recycle them

We never completely run out of any non-renewable mineral But a mineral becomes

economically depleted when finding, extracting, transporting, and processing the remaining

deposits cost more than the results are worth At that point we have five choices recycle or reuse existing supplies, waste less, use less, find a substitute, or do without and wait millions

of years for more to be produced

Some non-renewable material resources, such as copper and aluminum, can be recycled

or reused to extend supplies Recycling involves collecting and reprocessing a resource into

new products For example, aluminum cans can be collected, melted and made into new beverage cans or other aluminum products And glass bottles can be crushed and melted to

make new bottles or other glass items Reuse involves using a resource or over and over in

the same form Example, glass bottles can be collected, washed, and refilled many times Other non-renewable fuel resources - such as coal, oil, and natural gas- can't be recycled

or reused Once burned, the useful energy in their fossil fuels is gone, leaving behind only waste heat and polluting exhaust gases Most of the economic growth per person has been

Trang 15

fueled by nonrenewable oil, which is expected to be economically depleted within 40 to 80 years

Renewable resources: Solar energy is called a renewable resource because on a human

time scale it is essentially inexhaustible It is expected to last at least 4 billion years while the

sun completes its life cycle

A potentially renewable resource can be renewed fairly rapidly through natural

processes Examples of such resources include forest trees, grassland grasses, wild animals, fresh lake and stream water, groundwater, fresh air, and fertile soil One important potentially

renewable resource for us and other species is biological diversity, or biodiversity It consists

of all of Earth's living organisms, classified into groups of organisms called species, which

resemble one another in appearance, behavior, and chemical and genetic makeup

But potentially renewable resources can be depleted The highest rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply is called its sustainable yield If this natural replacement rate is exceeded, the available supply begins to shrink-a process known as environmental degradation

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1 What kinds of resources are available for use?

2 How are resources divided into?

3 What are the differences between renewable resources and nonrenewable resources?

4 What are nonrenewable resources composed of?

5 What can we do with nonrenewable minerals extracted from the Earth's crust?

6 What are nonrenewable fuel resources? Why can not they be recycled or reused?

7 Why do people regard solar energy as a renewable resource?

Trang 16

8 What do people think about solar energy?

9 Give two examples of recycling in the text or you have known?

10 What do you think about the natural resources in the future?

TRUE - FALSE SENTENCES Decide whether the following statements are true "T", false "F" or there’s no information given "N" according to the text Correct the false statements There are three kinds of resources They are non-renewable resources, renewable resources and potentially renewable resources Solar energy, fresh air, fresh surface water are infinite Waste heat and polluting exhaust gases are caused when burning coal, oil and natural gas Recycling and reusing existing supplies are two ways to reduce any non-renewable mineral in quantity It is possible to change renewable resources into non-renewable resources if we cultivate land without proper soil management Air, water and soil are usable when they are polluted Iron, copper and aluminum are all energy resources INCREASING YOUR VOCABULARY Which words or phrases in the text have the same meaning as: 1 meet our demands

2 consist of

3 come to an end

4 used again

5 get rid of

6 take out

Trang 17

7 change to liquid by the action of heat

8 can be renewed

9 can be made new again

10 to be supposed

B WRITING SENTENCE - TRANSFORMING FINISH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN SUCH A WAY THAT IT MEANS THE SAME AS THE SENTENCE PRINTED BEFORE IT 1 There are three types of resources: renewable, potentially renewable and nonrenewable resources Resources consist

2 Nonrenewable fuel resources cannot be recycled or reused People

3 We call solar energy a renewable resource We consider

4 They recycle copper and aluminium to extend supplies In order

5 One of causes of environmental degradation is the overuse of common-property resources owned by none and available to all One of causes which

6 Solar supplies all the energy used to grow plants, to evaporate water for rain and to maintain the temperature of the planet, all necessary for human life Solar supplies all the energy which

Trang 18

7 Solar energy includes the production of electricity and heat directly from solar radiation for many applications

Solar energy consists

2 They / from / rocks / oceans / tissues of animals / plants / that / live / Earth / us

3 These materials / be / use / directly / or / process / into / household products / clothes / machinery / building

4 Resources / exist / fixed quantity / earth's crust / be / call / non-renewable resources

5 Most of non-renewable resources / be / minerals / that / be / use / industry

6 Whereas / renewable resources / be/ not / fixed / quantity

7 With proper management / such resources / will / available / man's use / indefinitely

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

USING THE ITEMS FROM THE BOX BELOW TO COMPLETE THE FLOWCHART TO CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING AFTER READING THE WHOLE TEXT

NON-RENEWABLE

POTENTIALLY RENEWABLE

Trang 19

NON-METALLIC MINERALS (CLAY, SAND, PHOSPHATES) FRESH AIR

METALLIC MINERALS (IRON, COPPER, ALUMINUM) FERTILE SOIL

FIGURE 1: MAJOR TYPES OF MATERIAL RESOURCES THIS SCHEME ISN'T

FIXED: POTENTIALLY RENEWABLE RESOURCES CAN BECOME RENEWABLE RESOURCES IF USED FOR A PROLONGED TIME AT A FASTER RATE THAN THEY ARE RENEWED BY NATURAL PROCESSES

Exercise 1: Gap-filling

Choose one of the words or phrases bellow to fill in the gap in the following passage Each word or phrase is used once only

extent invention protect era (1) history, man has developed sources of energy to do his work (2) man had only the strength of his arms and the use of fire He later (3) how to use the energy of the wind to move his sailing vessels He used the energy

of water to turn his mills He (4) animals as new sources of energy They (5)

RESOURCES

TIDES, FLOWIN

G WATER

FOSSIL FUELS

(3) (4)

(5)

FRESH WATER

(7) (8)

(6)

Trang 20

plows and wagons A new stage in the development of the use of energy came with the invention of the steam engine Steam could be used to develop the energy used to run machines The discovery of electricity created an even important way of using energy So did the invention of the gasoline engine Man entered into a new (6) of the use of energy, with the application of nuclear energy

Man finds many ways to release energy to do work For example, he changes the energy

in a waterfall into electrical energy He can turn this electrical current into radio waves that can (7) his ideas for thousands of miles He can release the energy into gasoline

by burning it and using it to (8) automobiles He can use coal to turn water into steam and, in turn, use the steam to (9) electrical energy The nucleus of certain atoms can produce millions of times more (10) per pound of material than can be made available by chemical means

(Taken from "Longman Tests in Context" by Heaton, J.B)

Exercise 2: Gap-filling

Find the missing words to fill in the gaps in the sentences from the given words below:

shower storm frost breeze lightning cliffs shade temperature climate thunder valleys coast

1 During the night (1) will fall below freezing and there will be a (2)

2 During the (3) many trees were blown down

3 Although it was really boiling in the sun, there was a light (4) from the sea, which made it feel quite pleasant in the (5)

4 Although the storm passed us by, we could hear the (6) and see the (7) in the distance

5 It is not going to rain all day, it's just quite a (8) We'll soon be able to go out

6 The scenery in the north of the country is spectacular with (9) and high snow-capped peaks, but the (10) tends to be cool and wet

7 The west (11) of the country has high (12) as well as sandy beaches

(Taken from "Progress to first Certificate" by Leo Jones)

TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE

1 ALTHOUGH NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES EVENTUALLY RETURN TO THE EARTH AFTER WE HAVE USED THEM, THEY DO SO IN DIFFERENT FORMS AND ARE DISPERSED AND SO IT IS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO GATHER THEM TO USE AGAIN MERCURY IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNCOMMON METAL THAT IS

Trang 21

USED IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, AND IN AGRICULTURE TO KILL FUNGI AFTER USE, IT ENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS UNFORTUNATELY IT

IS NOW SO WIDELY SCATTERED THAT THERE IS NO WAY GETTING IT BACK ONCE USED THEN NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES FREQUENTLY CANNOT BE USED AGAIN WHEN WE RUN OUT OF THE EASILY AVAILABLE SUPPLIES THERE WILL BE NO MORE

2 RECYCLING IS A CHALLENGE BECAUSE IT REQUIRES A BASIC CHANGE

IN EVERYDAY LIFE FOR RECYCLING TO BE SUCCESSFUL, ORDINARY PEOPLE MUST BE AWARE OF WHAT THEY BUY THEY MUST ALSO SORT THEIR TRASH AND GARBAGE INTO CATEGORIES: ORGANIC GARBAGE, NEWSPAPERS, STEEL CANS, GLASS CONTAINERS (SOMETIMES SORTED BY COLOUR) AND PLASTIC THE WASTE DISPOSAL TRUCKS HAVE SEPARATE COMPARTMENTS FOR EACH CATEGORY THE TRUCKS DELIVER THE WASTE TO A RECYCLING CENTER WHERE THERE IS MORE STORING WASTE MATERIALS OF THE SAME KIND ARE

COMPACTED (CRUSHED INTO BLOCKS) A MANUFACTURER BUYS THE

SORTED, COMPACTED BLOCKS OF MATERIAL TO MAKE INTO SOMETHING NEW ONCE A CUSTOMER BUYS AND USES THE PRODUCT, THE SAME MATERIALS FOLLOW THE SAME CYCLE – BEING STORED, COLLECTED AND USED AGAIN IN THE END, THE REAL MEANING OF RECYCLING IS PROTECTING PLANET EARTH, KEEPING IT SAFE AND CLEAN FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS IT

IS ONE WAY FOR EVERYONE TO CONTRIBUTE TO A BETTER WORLD

(Taken from "Between the Liness" by Faust, Susan S Johnston & Clark S Atkinson)

TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH

1 Ngày nay, nhu cầu sử dụng năng lượng có thể tái tạo rất lớn Nhiên liệu hoá thạch cung cấp phần lớn nhu cầu năng lượng ở gia đình của chúng ta là nguồn tài nguyên hạn chế Cuối cùng chúng cũng sẽ cạn kiệt và là vật ô nhiễm đáng kể Chẳng hạn như việc đốt than đá và khí đốt thiên nhiên để sản sinh ra điện ở Australia đã gây ra khoảng một nửa lượng cacbon điôxit (CO2) thải ra hàng năm

2 Chúng ta có thể sử dụng mặt trời như một nguồn năng lượng Năng lượng mặt trời

có một số ưu điểm hơn các nguồn năng lượng khác Trước hết, nó là nguồn năng lượng vô tận và luôn sẵn có Thứ hai, năng lượng mặt trời là nguồn năng lượng sạch nhất và an toàn nhất trong số tất cả các nhuồn năng lượng Đặc biệt (không giống như nguồn năng lượng hạt nhân và năng lương hoá thạch) năng lượng mặt trời không gây ra sự ô nhiễm không khí hoặc ô nhiễm nước Ưu điểm thứ ba của năng lượng mặt trời là nó có thể được sử dụng để tạo khí hyđrô thay thế cho dầu, khí đốt

tự nhiên và xăng

Tuy nhiên cũng có một số nhược điểm khi chúng ta sử dụng nguồn năng lượng này Thứ nhất, năng lượng mặt trời khi đến trái đất thì bị phân tán rộng Hơn nữa năng lượng mặt trời không có sẵn vào ban đêm, lúc mà nhu cầu về điện của chúng ta là

Trang 22

cao nhất Ngoài ra nguồn năng lượng này thay đổi theo lượng mây và thay đổi theo mùa trong năm Do có sự thay đổi này, chúng ta phải đưa ra một biện pháp để tích trữ năng lượng mặt trời nhận được từ những ngày nắng cho việc sử dụng vào ban đêm, trong thời gian thời tiết âm u và vào mùa đông

Trang 23

mysterious (adj) : đầy bí ẩn

perpetual (adj) : vĩnh viễn, bất diệt phosphate (n) : phốt phát

potential (adj) : (thuộc) tiềm năng

raw (adj) : thô (chưa qua xử lý, chưa qua chế biến) recycle (v) : tái chế, tái sinh, phục hồi

Trang 24

- Mention some properties of water that you know

- Is fresh water distributed equally on Earth?

-

We live on the water planet A precious film of water- most of it salt water-covers about 71% of Earth' surface Earth's organisms are made up mostly of water For example, a tree is about 60% water by weight, and you and most animals are about 65% water

Fresh water is a vital resource for agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, and countless other human activities Water also plays a key role in sculpting Earth's surface, moderating climate, and diluting pollutants

Water has many unique- almost magical- properties Its high boiling point and low freezing point mean that water remains a liquid in most climates on Earth It can store a large amount of heat without a large change in temperature This helps protect living organisms from the shock of abrupt temperature changes, it moderates Earth's climate, and it makes water an excellent coolant Water's ability to absorb large amounts of heat as it changes into water vapor-and to release this heat as the vapor condenses back to liquid water-is a primary factor in distributing heat throughout the world Water can also dissolve a variety of compounds This enables it to carry dissolved nutrients throughout the tissues of living organisms, to flush waste products out of those tissues, to serve as an all-purpose cleanser, and to help remove and dilute the water -soluble wastes of civilization However, water's superiority as a solvent also means that it is easily polluted by water-soluble wastes

Most substances shrink when they freeze, but liquid water expands when it becomes ice Consequently, ice has a lower density (mass per unit of volume) than liquid water Thus, ice floats on water, and bodies of water freeze from the top down instead of from the bottom up Without this property, lakes and streams in cold climates would freeze solid, and most current forms of aquatic life would not exist

Water-the lifeblood of the ecosphere - is truly a wondrous substance that connects us to one another, to other forms of life, and to the entire planet Despite its importance, water is one of the most poorly managed resources on Earth We waste it and pollute it We also charge too little for making it available, thus encouraging even greater waste and pollution of this vital and potentially renewable resource

I Comprehension questions

Trang 25

Answer the following questions

How important is fresh water to our life?

How much is the salt water on Earth's surface?

What do the water's high boiling point and low freezing point mean?

What is the common thing among most substances when they freeze?

What is the first element in distributing heat all over the World?

Why does ice have a lower density than liquid water?

What have we done wrong with water resource on Earth?

Will our planet run out of water resource? Why or why not? What do you think about this

problem?

II True-False sentences

Decide whether the following statements are true "T" or false "F" or there’s no information given "N" according to the text Correct the false statements

1 39% of Earth's surface is fresh water

2 Generally, Earth's organisms are made up of water

3 People have polluted water resource seriously and done nothing to solve

this issue

4 Because of having less density than liquid water, ice can move on

water

5 All substances become smaller when freezing except for liquid water

6 Fresh water is less important than salt water

7 A variety of compounds can be dissolved by water

8 Absorbing large amounts of heat as it changes into water vapor and

releasing this heat as the vapor condenses back to liquid water are

Trang 26

3 can be dissolved in water

4 turn into ice by cold

5 firm and stable in shape (not liquid)

6 living or growing in water

fresh water surface water water pollution water shortages water supply groundwater water irrigation water-soluble water

a As population and industrialization increase, (1) in already (2) regions will intensify

b If the World's (3) were only 100 liters, our usable supply of (4) would be only 0.003 liter (one-half teaspoon)

c In California, the basic (5) is that 75% of the population lives South of Sacremanto but 75% of the (6) falls North of it

d Pollution of (7) is caused by leaching of (8) pesticides, nitrates from commercial inorganic fertilizers and salt from (9)

Trang 27

e Any physical or chemical change in (10) or groundwater that can harm living organisms or make (11) unfit for certain uses is called (12)

I Sentence-correcting

Read the following passage about the World's water supply There are 15 mistakes

in the passage Underline the mistakes and correct them The first is done as an example

Water are a renewable resource and is an abundant However, most of them is not in the

form suitable for use of man Even the very large amounts that are available is distributed unequally over the globe The real question we need to ask is weather there is or will be a shortage in usable water About 97.2% of all the World's water is at the salty oceans Of the remaining 2.8%, all but about 0.32% is tidied up in the ice-caps and glaciers, lies too deep under the Earth too recover, or are in the atmosphere or topsoil And of the fresh groundwater but surface water (lakes and rivers) remaining, over 99% is neither too expensive to get, is not readily available, or is polluted So the total amount of usable water is about 0.003% of the total supply in Earth-or about 9 drop per 50 liters Even so, we seemed to have an ample supply but four three factors: very unequally distribution, rapidly rising demand and increasing pollution of water supplies at urban centers

(Taken from "Panorama" by Williams, R)

Example 0 are Æ is

2 About 97% / be / find / oceans / and / be / too salty / drinking / irrigation / industry

3 The remaining 3% / be / fresh water

Trang 28

4 About 2.9997% / it / be / lock / icecaps / glaciers, / or / it / be / bury / so deep / it / cost / much / extract

5 Only about 0.003% / Earth's total volume / water / be / easily / available / us / as soil moisture, / exploitable groundwater / water vapor / lakes /streams

6 If / world's water supply / be / only 100 liters, / our usable supply / fresh water / would / only about 0.003 liter

Read the text below and do the exercises below

The natural world is under violent assault from man The seas and rivers are being poisoned by radioactive wastes, by chemical discharges and by the dumping of dangerous toxins and raw sewage The air we breathe is polluted by smoke and fumes from factories and motor vehicles; even the rain is poisoned

It's little wonder forests and lakes are being destroyed and everywhere wildlife is disappearing Yet the destruction continues

Governments and industries throughout the world are intensifying their efforts to extract the Earth's mineral riches and to plunder its living resources

The great rain forests and the frozen continents alike are seriously threatened And this despite the warnings of the scientific community and the deep concern of millions of ordinary people

Despite the fact, too, that we can create environmentally-clean industries, harness the power of the sun, wind and waves for our energy needs and manage the finite resources of the Earth in a way that will safeguard our future and protect all the rich variety of life-forms which share this planet with us

But there is still hope The forces of destruction are being challenged across the and at the spearhead of this challenge is Greenpeace

globe-Wherever the environment is in danger, Greenpeace has made a stand Its scientific presentations and peaceful direct actions at sea and on land have shocked governments and industries into awareness that Greenpeace will not allow the natural world to be destroyed Those actions, too, have won the admiration and support of millions

Thank God someone's making waves

(Taken from "Think First Certificate" by Jonauntion, R)

Trang 29

Exercise 1: Choose the best answers to those questions:

1 Which one of these statements is not made

a drinking water is polluted

b radioactive waste poisons the sea

c sewage isn't processed

d cars and factories poison the air

2 The writer forests and lakes are being destroyed

a is surprised that

b is unsure why

c wonders why

d understands why

3 Rain-forests are being destroyed because governments and industries

a are unaware of what they are doing wrong

b are rich and powerful

c choose to ignore criticism

d basically care about the environment

4 The Earth's resources

a should only for people

b can be made to last forever

c will last forever

d belong to just humans and animals

5 Governments and industries

a don't know what Greenpeace thinks

b are forced to understand the problem by Greenpeace

c can easily ignore Greenpeace

d misunderstand what Greenpeace thinks

Exercise 2: Find the words and expressions in the text that mean:

Trang 30

I Translate into Vietnamse

Water pollution reduce the amount of pure, fresh water that is available for such necessities

as drinking and cleaning, and for such activities as swimming and fishing The pollutants that affect water come mainly from industries, farms and sewerage systems Industries dump huge amounts of waste products into bodies of water each year These wastes include chemicals, wastes from animal and plant matter, and hundreds of other substances Wastes from farms include animal wastes, fertilizers and pesticides Most of these materials drain off farm fields and into nearby bodies of water Sewerage systems carry wastes from homes, offices, and industries into water Nearly all cities have waste treatment plants that remove some of the most harmful wastes from sewage But even most of the treated sewage contains material that harms water

Taken from "English - Vietnammese Translation Materia for Advanced Students of English" by Alan McGowan and Jack W.Hudson)

1 Nước ngọt mà chúng ta sử dụng bắt nguồn từ hai nguồn chính: nước trên bề mặt và nước ngầm Lượng nước mưa mà không ngấm xuống đất hoặc quay trở về khí quyển

do sự bốc hơi nước hoặc do thoát đi gọi là nước trên bề mặt Nó tạo thành suối, hồ, đầm lầy, hoặc hồ chứa Rất nhiều nước rơi xuống do mưa, không chảy ngay vào suối nhưng lại thấm vào trong lòng đất Tất cả nước mà thấm qua bề mặt được gọi là nước ngầm

Trang 31

2 Ô nhiễm nước là một trong những vấn đề đáng báo động trong việc quản lí tài nguyên nước hiện nay Mặc dù ở nhiều nước trên thế giới người ta đã cố gắng bảo vệ và nâng cao chất lượng nước, ô nhiễm nước vẫn tiếp tục trở nên phổ biến và gây nhiều thiệt hại cho các nước trên thế giới, đặc biệt là các nước đang phát triển

2 abundant (adj) : dư thừa, thừa thãi

3 all-purpose (n) : nhiều mục đích khác nhau

6 coolant (n) : chất làm lạnh, tác nhân làm lạnh

8 dissolve (v) : làm tan ra, hoà tan, phân huỷ

11 moderate (v) : làm ôn hoà, điều tiết (khí hậu)

12 pesticides (n) : thuốc trừ sâu

14 precipitation (n) : lượng mưa/tuyết đổ xuống một khu

vực

15 property (n) : đặc tính, đặc điểm, tính chất

16 radioactive waste (n) : chất thải phóng xạ

Trang 32

20 sewerage system (n) : hệ thống cống rãnh

24 solvent (adj) : có thể hoà tan được

25 surface water (n) : nước bề mặt

27 volume (n) : số lượng, khối lượng, dung tích

28 waste treatment plant (n) : chương trình xử lý chất thải

29 water shortage (n) : sự thiếu nước

Trang 33

What is pollution? Any addition to air, water, soil or food that threatens the health,

survival capability, or activities of humans or other living organisms is called pollution Most pollutants are solid, liquid, or gaseous by-products or wastes produced when a resource is extracted, processed, made into products, or used Pollution can also take the form of unwanted energy emissions such as excessive heat, noise, or radiation

A major problem is that people differ on whether something is a pollutant and on acceptable levels of pollution, especially if they have to choose between pollution control and

their jobs

Sources: Pollutants can enter the environment naturally (for example, from volcanic

eruptions) or through human activities (for example, from burning coal) Most natural pollution is dispersed over a large area and diluted or broken down to harmless levels by natural processes By contrast, most serious pollution from human activities occurs in or near urban and industrial areas, where pollutants are concentrated in small volumes of air, water, and soil Industrialized agriculture is also a major source of pollution

Some pollutants contaminate the areas where they are produced Other are carried

by wind or flowing water to other areas Pollution does not respect state or natural boundaries

SOME POLLUTANTS COME FROM SINGLE, IDENTIFIABLE SOURCES, SUCH

AS THE SMOKESTACK OF A POWER PLANT, THE DRAINPIPE OF A PACKING PLANT, THE CHIMNEY OF A HOUSE, OR THE EXHAUST PIPE OF AN AUTOMOBILE THESE ARE CALLED POINT SOURCES OTHER POLLUTANTS ENTER THE AIR, WATER, OR SOIL FROM DISPERSED, AND OFTEN HARD TO IDENTIFY NON-POINT SOURCES EXAMPLES ARE THE RUNOFF OF FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES (FROM FARMLANDS AND SUBURBAN LAWNS AND GARDENS) INTO STREAMS AND LAKES, AND PESTICIDES SPRAYED INTO THE AIR OR BLOWN BY THE WIND INTO THE ATMOSPHERE IT IS MUCH EASIER AND CHEAPER TO IDENTIFY AND CONTROL POLLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES THAN FROM WIDELY DISPERSED NON-POINT SOURCES

Trang 34

MEAT-Effects: Unwanted effects of pollutants are (1) disruption of life-support systems for us

and other species; (2) damage to wildlife; (3) damage to human health; (4) damage to property; and (5) nuisance effects such as noise and unpleasant smells, tastes and sights

Three factors determine how severe the effects of pollutants will be One is its chemical nature-how active and harmful it is to living organisms Another is its concentration-the amount per volume unit of air, water, soil, or body weight One way to lower concentration of

a pollutant is to dilute it in a large volume of air or water Until we started overwhelming the air and waterways with pollutants, dilution was the solution Now it is only a partial solution

A third factor is a pollutant's persistence-how long it stays in the air, water, soil, or body Degradable, or non-persistent, pollutants are broken down completely or reduced to acceptable levels by natural physical, chemical, and biological processes Those broken down

by living organisms (usually by specialized bacteria) are called biodegradable pollutants Human sewage in a river, for example, is biodegraded fairly quickly by bacteria if it is not added faster than it can be broken down

Unfortunately, many of the substances we introduce into the environment take decades

or longer to degrade Examples of these slowly degradable or persistent pollutants include the insecticide DDT; most plastics, aluminium cans, and clorofluorocacbons (CFCs)-these latter used as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners, as spray propellants (in some countries), and as foaming agents for making some plastics

Non-degradable pollutants cannot be broken down by natural processes Examples include the toxic elements lead and mercury The best ways to deal with non-degradable pollutants are to not release them into the environment, to recycle them, or to remove, them from contaminated air, water or soil (an expensive process)

We can know little about the possible harmful effects of 80% of the 70,000 synthetic chemicals now in commercial use Our knowledge about the effects of the 20% of these chemicals is limited, mostly because it is quite difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to get this knowledge

(Taken from "Sustaining the Earth " by Tyler Miller, G)

I Comprehension questions

Answer the following sentences

1 Give a definition of pollution?

2 What are forms of pollutants? When are the wastes produced?

3 How can pollutants go into the environment?

4 Where does the most serious pollution from human activities happen?

Trang 35

5 How do the pollutants pollute the environment?

6 What are point sources and non-point sources?

7 What are the factors determining how severe the effects of a pollutant will be?

8 What does those in "Those broken down by living organisms " refer to?

9 How long do the substances degrade?

10 What does "these" in "these latter used as coolants in refrigerators " refer to?

II True - False sentences

Decide whether the following statements are true "T" or false "F" Correct the false statements

1 Only activities of human beings pollute the environment

2 Pollutants exist in many forms but solid

3 Some pollutants come from a power plant and a meat-packing one and

some others from the chimney of a house and the exhaust pipe of an automobile as well

4 It's not easy to identify the pollutants going into the air, water or soil from

dispersed sources

5 Controlling pollution from non-point sources is easier and cheaper than

from point sources

6 The text mentions more than five unwanted effects of pollutants

7 A pollutant's persistence means the time a pollutant stays in the air, water,

soil or body

8 Degradable pollutants and non-degradable ones can be broken down by

Trang 36

natural processes

9 Recycling non-degradable pollutants is one of the best ways to deal with

them

10 Iron, copper and aluminum are all energy resources

III Increasing your vocabulary

Use your dictionary to complete the table with the appropriate forms of the given words

in the text The first is done as an example

2 addition

3 threaten

Trang 37

2 Pollution / also / damage / aquatic habitats / the plants / animals / live / within / them

3 We / tend / think / pollutants / being poisonous

4 Some pollutants / be / highly toxic

5 Whereas / many / be / only / a problem / when / they / accumulate / critical concentrations

6 Many organic pollutants / cause / oxygen depletion / lakes / rivers

7 When / this / happen / aquatic ecosystem / be / alter

Trang 38

2 Most natural pollution is dispersed or broken down by natural processes

Natural processes

3 Industrialized agriculture is a major cause of pollution

A major cause of pollution

4 Most serious pollution from human activities occurs in or near urban and industrial areas

Urban and industrial areas

5 Some pollutants are carried by wind or flowing water to other areas

Wind or flowing water

6 Some pollutants come from single, identifiable sources

Some pollutants are

7 It's quite difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to get knowledge of synthetic chemicals

Trang 39

To get

of pollutants As populations around the world (4) grown, waste products from industry and agriculture have poured into (5) skies Engines and furnaces burning oil, coal, and natural gas, the so-called fossil (6) , release a wide variety of pollutants Chemical compounds (7) as chlorofluorocarbon in refrigerators and aerosol sprays, not (8) pollute but also destroy the atmosphere’s ozone (9) Smoke from factories is usually reminder (10) the damage done to the planet’s atmosphere

Exercise 2: Phrasal verb

Substitute the underlined verbs with one of the phrasal verbs below

go ahead with turn down break down consist of

1 Pollution is destroying the environment

2 I am sorry to mention this, Sue, but I think that Peter is seeing

5 The council has refused the request to build another car park

6 Solar energy includes the production of electricity and heat

directly from solar radiation for many applications

7 The rhinoceros will become extinct if people continue to hunt it

8 Government officials are investigating reports that the lake is

being polluted by a chemical factory

Trang 40

shortly be finished

11 Factory bosses should think carefully about where they throw

away waste

12 When they arrived at the demonstration, it had already finished

(Taken from "Think First Certificate" by Jonauntion, R)

D Translation

I Translate into Vietnamese

There are many different sources of pollution and they vary from place to place and through the time Some are point sources-specific places such as factories and mines which release contaminated water Much pollution come from diffuse or non-point sources, of which agriculture is the most widespread Agriculture causes water pollution in a variety of ways, including the leaching of nitrate (from fertilizers), and the accumulation of pesticides and other contaminants Most water pollution problem arises from the continuous or intermittent contaminants into streams, lake, rivers, and groundwater From time to time there are major pollution incidents in particular places, which create problems because they are usually unexpected but can spread pollution across wide areas

(Taken from "Environmental Sciences" by Wilson, R)

1 Hiện nay khói trong khí quyển nhiều đến mức mà lượng ánh sáng mặt trời ở một số thành phố trên thế giới đã giảm xuống một cách đáng kể

2 Sự ô nhiễm không khí là một trong những nguyên nhân làm con người bị bệnh ở nhiều nước đã có luật hạn chế lượng khói mà các nhà máy thải ra Mặc dù chưa có đầy đủ thông tin về những tác hại của khói trong khí quyển, các bác sỹ đã chứng minh rằng sự ô nhiễm không khí gây bệnh ung thư phổi

3 Ngày nay việc thải lưu huỳnh điôxit từ các trạm điện vẫn đang tiếp tục tăng lên Đó là một trong những nguyên nhân gây ra mưa axit Các chất gây ô nhiễm khác là cacbon điôxit

Tiêu đề	Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành thổ nhưỡng và môi trường đất
Tác giả	Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt
Trường học	Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội
Chuyên ngành	Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành thổ nhưỡng và môi trường đất
Thể loại	Tài liệu hướng dẫn học tập
Năm xuất bản	2007
Thành phố	Hà Nội

Định dạng
Số trang	177
Dung lượng	814,64 KB