Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡng và Môi trường đất phần 12 potx

--- Profile of soil A: Red Earth The A-horizon extends to a depth of 36 cm.. Horizon Depth cm Color Soil type textural class Structure Other features A 0 – 36 brownish red sandy loam

Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡngvà Môi trường đất NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007 Tr 110 – 119 Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên có thể được sử dụng cho mục đích học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục vụ các mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả Mục lục Unit 12 PROFILES OF SOILS 2

A READING 2

B WRITING 3

C Further practice 7

D Translation 8

I Translate into Vietnamese 8

II Translate into English 8

E VOCABULARY 9

Unit 12 PROFILES OF SOILS

Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt

Unit 12

PROFILES OF SOILS

• Warm-up Activities

- What do you examine when you want to compare two soils?

- What do soil profiles represent?

-

Profile of soil A: Red Earth

The A-horizon extends to a depth of 36 cm The soil consists of a brownish red sandy loam It has a porous and friable granular structure which is mixed with pebbles The B-horizon extends from 36 cm to 130 cm and is red in color It is a sandy loam, gravelly in structure with large quantities of pebbles The C-horizon, which extends down to 244 cm, has

a yellowish white color It is sandy, with a structure which is a cemented and compact mass, made up of decomposed felspars

(Taken from "English in Agriculture" by Alan Mountford)

Now study the following figure which summarizes the information presented in the description above

Horizon Depth (cm) Color Soil type

(textural class)

Structure Other features

A 0 – 36 brownish

red sandy loam porous and friable

granular

mixed with pebbles

B 36 - 130 Red sandy loam gravelly mixed with large

quantities of pebbles

C 130 - 244 yellowish

white

sandy cemented

and compact mass

decomposed felspars

Figure 2: Profile of Soil A: Red Earth

B WRITING

Exercise 1: Writing descriptions from figures

Read the following descriptions of soil profiles and made figure presenting the information as in the example above:

Profile of soil B: Laterite

The A-horizon extends down to 61 cm Its color is brownish deep red The textural class

of the soil is a clay loam It has a loose granular structure which is mixed with gravel The B-horizon which extends from 61 cm to 259 cm is a clay loam It is bright red with a gravelly laterite structure The C-horizon below 259 cm is red, mottled with yellow and whitish colors

It is rocky consisting of honey-combed laterite

Horizon Depth (cm) Color Soil types

(textural class) Structure Other features

Figure 3: Profile of soil B: Laterite

Profile of soil C: Mountain and hill soil

The A-horizon extends to a depth of 18 cm Light brownish gray in color; the soil type is

a sandy loam with a friable granular structure Another feature is that it is slightly sticky when wet The B-horizon extends from 18 cm to 66 cm It is yellowish brown in color and consists

of a moist clay loam having a blocky, very hard and compact structure It is also sticky when wet The C1-horizon goes down to 97 cm and is yellowish brown in color A moist clay loam, the soil has a blocky, extremely firm structure which is difficult to cut It is very sticky when wet, and some parent material is mixed with the soil Below 97 cm, the C2-horizon is yellowish brown, a clay loam which is soft and easy to cut when moist It has a laminated and compact clay shale structure

Horizon Depth (cm) Color Soil type (textual

class)

Structure Other feature

C1

C2

Figure 4: Profile of soil C: Mountain and hill soil

Exercise 2 Write descriptive paragraphs:

Study the following figure and then complete the paragraph below describing soil profile D

Horizon Depth (cm) Color Soil type

(textural class)

Structure Other features

A1 0 - 15 brownish

gray

coarse sandy clay loam

crumb contains pieces

of quartz A2 15 - 61 dark gray heavy clay loam hard crumb

B 61 - 137 brownish

or whitish gray

heavy clay loam hard crumb contains white

and dark carbonate

nodules

C below 137 ash gray heavy clay loam mixed with

disintegrating rock

Figure 5: Profile of soil D: Black soil

extends to a depth of in color, the soil type is

with a structure A feature is the presence of

extends from and is in color It consists of a having a The B-horizon goes down to and is in color The textural class of the soil is a The soil has a which contains

Below 137 cm the C is .,

a

Exercise 3: Write descriptive paragraphs of your own bases on the figures below Horizon Depth (cm) Color Soil type (textural class) Structure Other feature A 0 - 18 pink silty loam blocky, tending to be weakly granular dry and hard B 18 - 58 light brown silty clay loam weakly laminar, developing to blocky and nutty somewhat porous and dry C 58 - 127 pinkish to slight brown silty clay loam compact and hard somewhat gritty Figure 6: Profile of soil E: Desert soil

Exercise 3 Comparative sentences We can make comparative statements using the following patterns: Particles of fine sand are coarser than particles of clay = Particles of clay are not as coarse as particles of fine sand Transported soils are more common than sedentary soils in humid regions = Sedentary soils are less common than transported soils in humid regions Soil particles Diameter (mm) gravel 2.0 or more coarse sand 2.0 - 0.2 fine sand 0.2 - 0.02 silt 0.02 - 0.002 clay 0.002 or less Figure 7: Soil particles Compare the particle size of: 1 fine sand with silt (fine)

2 clay with fine sand (coarse)

3 fine sand with gravel (coarse)

A: light sandy soil B: heavy clay soil

% % gravel 1.2 1.3 sand 37.4 33.7 silt 38.6 26.9 clay 11.8 28.3 humus 4.5 7.8 other contents 6.5 2.0

Figure 8: Soil contents

Compare the contents of these soils in terms of:

(i) The percentage of

(ii) The content

(iii) A light sandy soil

1 their sand content

2 their silt content

3 their clay content

4 their humus content

Top soil Sub-soil

Particle sizes coarse fine Living organisms many few Elements for plant food rich poor

Figure 9: Characteristics of the top soil and the sub-soil

Using the information in figure 9 compare the characteristics of the top soil and the sub-soil in terms of:

1 color:

(i) The top soil

(ii) The sub-soil is

2 particle size:

(i) The particle sizes of the top soil

(ii) The particle sizes of the sub-soil

living organisms:

(i) There are in the top soil

(ii) There are in the sub-soil

3 elements for plant food:

(i) The top soil is

(ii) The sub-soil is

Making comparison by inference Complete the sentences with the comparative from of

an appropriate adjective, or more / less

1 Soils show great variations in their sizes and arrangements of their constituent particles

A sandy soil has larger particles than a clay soil A sandy loam has particles than a clay loam

2 Soils also vary greatly in color A brightly colored soil indicates a higher degree of oxidation So, a red soil has been oxidized than a black soil

3 As agriculture becomes more intensive, the soil may be modified by those who form it

A soil can be made less alkaline by adding sulphur Any soil can be made acid by adding lime

4 The sulphur content of certain soils in Oregon, U.S.A., is less than 0.15% On average in the U.S.A soil contains several times this amount We may say then that most soils contain sulphur than those of Oregon

5 All the spaces, or pores, in between the solid soil particles are filled with air and water The proportions of air and water which are contained in these pores are determined mainly by the size of the pores The bigger the size of the pores the more air and water the soil will contain Thus, sandy soils contain larger pore spaces, but the total amount of pore space is because the particles are On the other hand, clay soils contain smaller pore spaces but the total amount of pore space is because the particles are much As a result, clay soils are generally than sandy soils

The idea of sustainable development was first presented by the International Union for the

Conservation of Nature (IUCN 1980) in an international forum of the World Conservation Strategy In essence, the concept of sustainable development invokes present development of available resources without compromissing the ability of future generations to meet their needs Many people would argue that this is an abstract idea that is impossible to achieve How can this generation understand the needs of future generations, even before they have been born, let alone future needs before they have been formulated

The practical application of the concept of sustainable development should involve a greater environmental awareness, by both governments and individuals The IUCN argued that three priorities should be incorporated into all development programmes:

♦ the maintenance of ecological processes

♦ the sustainable use of resources

♦ the maintenance of generic diversity

(Taken from "UNEP World Wide Web Site 1996")

1 Các hoạt động của thực vật và động vật sống và sự phân hủy của các chất thải hữu cơ

và các chất cặn bã có ảnh hưởng đến sự phát triển của đất Sự khác nhau của các loại đất

mà ban đầu là do sự khác nhau của cây trồng là điều đáng chú ý đặc biệt trong việc thoát

hơi nước ở lá cây Minnesota, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, Taxas và phần lớn các bang

ở phía tây nước Mỹ là những nơi mà người ta có thể dễ dàng quan sát được sự khác biệt này

2 Khí hậu cũng có ảnh hưởng đến sự hình thành của đất một cách gián tiếp thông qua các tác động của nó đối với cây trồng Các loại khí hậu khô chỉ cung cấp đủ độ ẩm cho các loại cỏ ngắn và thưa hoặc cây bụi Chúng không đủ dày đặc để bảo vệ đất khỏi sự xói mòn do gió và xói mòn do nước gây ra

3 Các loại đất thay đổi theo số lượng các chất dinh dưỡng (khác nhau) mà chúng có thể cung cấp cho sự phát triển của cây trồng Hàm lượng các chất dinh dưỡng có sẵn phụ thuộc vào: ♦ nhu cầu và khả năng cạnh tranh chất dinh dưỡng của cây cối ♦ số lượng và các nguồn cung cấp chất dinh dưỡng hiện hữu ♦ các điều kiện môi trường như nhiệt độ, nước, tính thấm khí Để biết được nhu cầu về phân bón cho từng loại đất này chúng ta cần phải xem xét cả ba yếu tố trên

E VOCABULARY

1 arrangement (n) : sự sắp xếp

2 coarse (adj) : thô, không mịn

3 coarse sand (n) : cát thô

4 evaporation (n) : sự bốc hơi, sự bay bơi (về mặt vật lý)

5 evaportranspiration : sự thoát hơi nước (qua lỗ khí trên bề mặt lá)

6 extend (v) : mở rộng

7 fine sand (n) : cát mịn

8 felspar (n) : khoáng fenspat

9 friable (adj) : dễ nát vụn

10 future generation (n) : thế hệ tương lai

11 granular (adj) : như hột, có dạng hột

12 gravelly (adj) : như sỏi

13 honey-comb (n) : hình tổ ong

14 humus (n) : mùn

15 shrink (v) : co lại, rút ngắn lại

16 laminate (v) : cán mỏng

17 laterite (n) : đá ong, đá đỏ

18 modify (v) : làm thay đổi

19 moist (adj) : ẩm

20 mottle (v) : chấm, lốm đốm

21 pebble (n) : đá cuội, sỏi

22 sedentary soil (n) : đất tàn tích

23 shale (n) : phiến thạch

24 silt (n) : bùn

25 silty soil (n) : đất bùn

26 summarize (v) : tóm tắt

27 sustainable development (n) : sự phát triển bền vững

28 transported soil (n) : đất hình thành trên bồi tích

29 vary (v) : thay đổi

30 IUCN

(International Union for the Conservation

of Nature)

: Tổ chức Quốc tế về bảo tồn thiên nhiên