BÀI GIẢNG MÔN CÚ PHÁP

Page 1 of 57 UNIT 1 TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS QUAN HỆ GIỮA CÁC THÀNH TỐ TRỰC TIẾP TRONG CÂU I.. Hypotactic Relationship: Mối quan hệ trong câu.. I.C Relatio

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UNIT 1 TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS (BETWEEN IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS)

QUAN HỆ GIỮA CÁC THÀNH TỐ TRỰC TIẾP TRONG CÂU

I Hypotactic Relationship: Mối quan hệ trong câu

1 Exocentric: Mối quan hệ tương đương, hỗ tương

→ to indicate the tenses

to-infinitive conjunction “and”

2 Endocentric: Mối quan hệ phụ thuộc

→ to indicate the types of modifiers (to modify N, V, Adj, Adv)

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Ex 1: The girl sings very well

Ex2: The more, the better

Ex 3: The fence between the houses

Ex 4: The children’s swing in the park

Test: There are 5 IC relationships in the diagram T/ F T Test: There are 5 IC relationships in the diagram which are exocentric T/ F F Test: There are 5 IC relationships in the diagram which are endocentric T/ F T

Ex 5: The boy runs very quickly

Test: There are 3 IC relationships with 2 endocentric and 1 exocentric T/ F F

II Paratactic relationship: Mối quan hệ ngoài câu

1 Well, it is all right 2 Oh, I like it

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3 John, do it !

4 Wow, he has passed the exam

5 I think that that that that that man used is wrong

sentence 5: Tôi cho rằng cái chữ that ấy ma ø anh chàng đấy sử dụng thì chữ that

ấy sai rồi

III I.C Relationships in different types of simple sentences:

(Mối quan hệ trực tiếp giữa các thành tố trong câu đơn)

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I can do it I can not do it

You should go home

Running the show is no fun

The boy was badly bitten by a dog

Stop doing that ! Don’t be angry with me ! Quickly!

4 Exclamative: a) How + adj/adv + Clause !

b) What + a + NP

How beautiful she is ! What a beautiful girl she is !

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UNIT 2 WORD CLASSES

I Definition: Word classes = parts of speech

II Classification:

1 Major (= open): nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

2 Minor (= closed): Pronouns, numerals, determiners, prepositions,

conjunctions

1.1: Nouns :

1.1.1: Proper noun: (Mr Smith, Vietnam, Kodak…) 1.1.2: Common noun: (Man, city, building, dog, cat, …) 1.1.3: Concrete noun: (Box, hat, desk, book, pen, computer,…) 1.1.4: Abstract noun: (Beauty, love, courage, friendship, childhood…) 1.1.5: Collective noun: (Crowd, team, class, family, committee,

organization, council, …) 1.2: Verbs:

1.2.1: Be/linking verbs:

Ex: The boy is a student

The sky becomes cloudy

1.2.2: Transitive verbs: requiring an object as part of predicate

Ex: The children ate the fried chicken on the table

The girl learns English

1.2.3: Intransitive verbs: No object is required

Ex: They go in the morning

The students come late

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a Proper nouns: Refer to people’s names, places, countries, cities…

b Common nouns: Consist of Concrete nouns & Abstract nouns

D.O: direct object

I.O : indirect object

Jack gave Jane a rose

N Head Good,

bad, nice

Big, small…

Old, new…

Square, oval…

Blue, black

Vietnamese Chinese…

Metal, wood…

Dining, living…

carpet

OSASCOMP

IV Adverbs

a Adverb of time: now, tomorrow, yesterday, …

b Adverb of place: here, there, over there, upstairs…

c Adverb of manner: nicely, carefully… → How?

d Adverb of degree: very, extremely, terribly, quite…

e Adverb of frequency: How often?

e.1: usually, always, often, rather, frequently, sometimes, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, never, normally

e.2: every day, every weekend, every morning, every year, several times, every three hours, …

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Relative pronouns: who, whom, which, that

Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those

Indefinite pronouns: no-one, nobody, nothing, everyone, everybody,

everything, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something

Test : A Whose knife is it ?

B It’s nobody (1)

It’s nobody’s Þ (2)

I talk to myself

Jack himself wrote the letter

The cat licked itself

I like the film itself

I like the lyrics themselves

The person who loves me most is my mother

II Numerals: Nhóm số từ

1 Ordinal numbers : The first, the second, …

2 Cardinal numbers: Lesson 5, lesson 6, …

Test : the lesson 2 / the second lesson → whether both are correct ?

Either is ok ? → wr

III Determiners: Từ hạn định → to modify = to function as a modifier

1 Identifiers – từ xác định

1.1: Article:

Indefinite article: a, an

Definite article: the 1.2: Possessive adjective: my, your, her, his, its, our, their

1.3: Demonstrative adjective: this, that, these, those

2 Quantifiers – từ định lượng: much, many, a few, few, a little, little, several, some, any, a lot of, most, most of, half, a great deal of, …

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NOTE:

Ex: Demonstrative pronoun → This sounds great

Demonstrative adjective → This novel sounds great

Ex 1: The seminar on the pollution

Ex 2: I am talking about eating fast food

Ex 3: My mother is good at cooking I am keen on eating KFC

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V Conjunctions:

1 Co-ordinating conjunctions: Liên từ đẳng lập – and, but, or, so … - giới thiệu thành phần đẳng lập → to produce compound Sentences

2 Subordinating conjunctions: Liên từ phụ thuộc – giới thiệu thành phần phụ,

→ to produce complex Sentences 2.1: Noun clause

1 You should choose this book

2 I and my friends play football every weekend

3 Put your hand on your head

4 I have studied English for seven years

3 Adjective phrase (Adj.P)

4 Adverb phrase (Adv.P)

5 Preposition phrase (Prep.P)

6 Infinitive phrase (Inf P)

7 Gerund phrase (Ger.P)

8 Present participle phrase (Present PP)

9 Past participle phrase (Past PP)

10 Appositive phrase (Appo) → to refer to Subj and Obj

1 Noun phrases

1 Definition:

Pre-Modification + Noun (Head) + Post-Modification

Optional Obligatory Optional

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Ex: our two first beautiful girls with blue eyes

Pre- modifiers (Noun-head) Post-modifiers

2 Pre-Modification:

The new project manager

- Identifiers (article, demonstrative adj, possessive adj )

- Numerals (cardinal, ordinal)

His risky decision to invest in the business sounds impossible

Poss-adj Adj N-head Inf-phrase

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(NP)

Her ambition to become a chairman sounds strange

Pre-Mod N.head Inf-p/ Post-Mod

Practice:

Her dream to study abroad is great His plan to finish the project is workable

Our wish to win the game is impossible

Note: Finite verbs & non-finite verbs

- Finite verbs: → conjugated verbs to agree with the subject in terms of person and

Pre-Mod N-head Post-Mod

3.4: Past participle phrase: (Past PP)

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Note: there are 3 kinds of noun phrases

1 Noun phrase with Pre-Mod

2 Noun phrase with Post-Mod

3 Noun phrase with both Pre-Mod and Post-Mod

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UNIT 6 VERB PHRASES

I Definition:

Aux.V Lex.V

Aux + V Ex: She is crying loudly

Head

Lexical verb

II Kinds of Verb phrases

1 Finite verb phrases → tenses

She has been working in the office for five years

2 Non-finite verb phrases

2.1 Gerund phrases Going to school is fun

2.2 Infinitive phrases To love someone is to forgive his/her mistakes

2.3 Participle phrases I like the girl talking to you /

The boy punished by his mother cried bitterly

3 Variations of verb phrases

3.1 Verb and Verb

Ex:

Come and see the doctor She sat and sang

He ran down

V.P

3.3 Verb + Object

Ex: They admire the sunshine

I like the interesting book

V.P

3.4 Verb + Prep.p

Ex: I look for a better job

We rely on our parents

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II Kinds of Adjective phrases

1) Adj P with Pre-Mod

2) Adj P with Post-Mod

3) Adj P with both Pre-Mod and Post-Mod

so, too, extremely very hot

Pre-Mod Adj-Head

Adj.p Ex1: The wallet is too much expensive

Pre-Mod Adj-Head

Ex2: The room is good enough

Adj-Head Adv of degree

Ex3: The coffee is too strong to drink

Adv Adj-Head Infinitive Pre-Mod Post- Mod

III Modification of Adjective phrases

1 Pre-Mod: Adverb of degree = Intensifiers

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2 Post-Mod: Complement

Infinitive That-clause (N-Clause) Prep phrases

Ex1: too strong to drink

Adj-Head Inf

Post-mod

Adj.P

Ex2: I am happy that you could join us

Adj-Head that - clause

IV Functions of Adjective Phrase

1 Attributive (bổ ngữ) – before noun

2 Predicative (vị ngữ) – after “to be” and “linking verbs”

→ Post-Mod (Inf P, Adv.Cl ) :

He ran too quickly to catch up with

He ran so quickly that we couldn’t catch up with him

- He treated the matter extremely seriously

- I don’t think he can run that far

- He completed the test exceptionally well

- More importantly, a smile may cost nothing

- Quite honestly, it is not easy to win the contract

- Much surprisingly, he didn’t arrive

5 Prep phrase → functions: adv (of place, of time, of manner)

Post -Modifiers (in a NP)

He walked in the garden in the evening

adv of place adv of time

He carried it with care

adv of manner

I like the girl with blue eyes

Adv (of purpose)

- It is difficult to apply for a good job

- The chair broken in two halves will be fixed tomorrow

- Broken into two halves , the chair can’t be used

Test: If Jack is omitted, my best friend will replace its function

If Jane is omitted, a fifteen-year-old girl will replace its function

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UNIT 9:

PATTERNS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES

2 S V + Sc Sc  Adj, N, NP, Pro, Inf, Inf.P, Ger, Ger.P

3 S V + O O  N, NP, Pro, Inf, Inf.P, Ger, Ger.P

4 S V + I.O + D.O D.O  N, NP, pro

5 S V + O + Oc Oc  Adj, N, NP, Pro, Inf, Inf.P, Participle.P

Prep.p NP/adv of time

The boy goes to school every morning

I.O NP/ D.O

Adj /Oc

S

NP NP/O

I call my cat kitty ( N as Oc)

I want my wife to cook ( Inf ) I had my laptop fixed

Past.P as Oc (Inf as Oc )

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S

NP VP

NP

NP/O Present P.P/O

NP NP

I saw an old man crossing the road ( Present p.p as Oc)

Present P.P: => verb of perception->Spot, notice, observe, watch, look, find, see, hear

Past P.P :=> Causative forms

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UNIT 10 COMPOUND SENTENCES

1 st independent Cl + coordinate conj + 2 nd independent Cl

AND BUT

M.Cl + sub conj + Subordinate Cl

A Noun clauses: ( subject, object, Sc, Oc)

1 Subject: ( that-Cl, whether/If, WH-Cl )

That you’re won a scholarship is great

Conj pro Aux Lex Lex.v Adj ( compl = complementizer )

What you are doing sounds great

B Adjective clauses: ( to modify the previous noun)

I Adjective clause = Relative clause -> begin with relative pronouns

1 Who, whom, which, whose -> Can replace “ that”

II Notes:

Ex1: I’ll go where you go -> adverb of place

Ex2: I’ll goto the place where you go -> Adj-clause

Ex3: I want to known where you go -> Noun-clause

V O

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Defining Adj-clause: who, whom, which, that.

Non-defining Adj-clause: who, whom, which -> a comma must be used

 Note1: that never use in the non-definite Adj-Clause

Ex1: John, who (that) is very strict is a devoted doctor

Ex2: Joe’s book, which (that) is very exciting to read, is about biology

 Note 2: “that” must be used in the following cases

a Main clause: superlative ( so sánh nhất )

Ex1: Jane is the most beautiful girl that (who) we’re ever met

Ex2: Jimmy is the most potential candidate that (who) may pass the job interview

Ex: The old man and the drums that caused a lot of noise made me crazy

c It ….is + that -> for emphasis

It is John that wrote the e-mail

d Main clause: the first…, only(adj), all, every-> that

Ex1: jack was the first candidate that entered the testing room

Ex2: Jenny is the only (adj) person that can do it for you

Ex3: He needs all the reference books that are necessary for his project

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 Note 3: “which” → to refer to the whole clause ( = previous idea )

Ex1: The mouse ran around the room all night, which made her frightened

a comma must be used

Ex2: Our parents promised to take us to the zoo next time, which sounded great

 Note 4: Adj-clause → noun clause

Ex: I know the place where she is working

Adj-clause

→ I know where she is working → Noun clause

b The reason why ……

Ex: I don’t know the reason why they said goodbye

Adj-clause

→ I don’t know why they said goodbye → noun clause

c The thing that ……

Ex: The thing that makes me surprised is his intelligence

Adj- clause

→ What makes me surprised is his intelligence → noun clause

d The time when ……

Ex: I can not forget the time when (in which) when I’ve met her

→ I can not forget when I’ve met her → noun clause

Those that … Those whom …

Ex1: He who rides on a tiger can never dismount (go down)

Ex2: He that would command must serve

Ex3: Those that live longest see most

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C Adverb clauses :

1 Adverb clause of manner: Trạng từ chỉ thể cách ( How ? )

 It can be introduced by conjunctions: as, as if, as though

Ex: You can do it carefully.

 You can do it as I’ve told you → Adv-cl of manner

 You can do it as you’ve been told

He behaves as if he were my boss.-> Adv-cl of manner

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5 Adverb clause of purpose -> What for ?

So that, in order that, lest (= so that ….not)

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7 Adverb clause of comparision:

As + Adj/Adv + as … , the same … as ( Your watch is the same as mine ) More … than

The more … , the more…

Complex sentence

Ex: The more books you read, the more knowledge you have

8 Adverb clause of result (= Effect )

So + adj/Adv + That Such + a + N + That

She is such a nice girl that everyone likes her

I don’t like such a boy