GIÁO TRÌNH GRAMMAR 3 (NGỮ PHÁP 3)

Nội dung như sau:  CHAPTER ONE: RELATIVE CLAUSES ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 6 tiết Types : - Defining relative clauses 4t - Non-defining relative clauses + As an indirect object rare + As c

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO CỘNG HOÀ XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM

ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT Độ c Lậ p - Tự Do - Hạ nh Phúc

*********

CHƯƠNG TRÌNH TRÌNH ĐỘ ĐẠI HỌC

NGÀNH ĐÀO TẠO: CỬ NHÂN TIẾNG ANH

ĐỀ CƯƠNG CHI TIẾT MÔN HỌC

1 Tên học phần: GRAMMAR 3 (NGỮ PHÁP 3)

2 Mã số học phần: NN1126

3 Tên học phần bằng tiếng Anh: GRAMMAR 3

4 Số tín chỉ: 3 (45 tiết)

5 Trình độ: Cho sinh viên năm thứ 2

6 Phân bố thời gian:

* Lên lớp: 45 tiết ( 15 tuần)

7 Điều kiện tiên quyết :

Sinh viên đã học và thi đạt môn ngữ pháp tiếng Anh 2 ( GRAMMAR 2)

8 Mục tiêu của học phần:

Cung cấp cho sinh viên các kiến thức cơ bản để sử dụng các cấu trúc phức hợp , các loại mệnh đề

phụ như mệnh đề quan hệ, mệnh đề danh từ, mệnh đề trạng ngữ, mệnh đề non-finite và finite, cách phân tích các loại câu đã học, xác định rõ các loại bổ ngữ của các loại động từ trong tiếng Anh Từ

đó sinh viên có thể sử dung chúng trong môn viết và các kỹ năng khác

9 Mô tả vắn tắt nội dung học phần:

Môn NGỮ PHÁP 3 là môn học bắt buộc tiên quyết đối với sinh viên chuyên ngành tiếng Anh được thực hiện trong 15 tuần ở học kỳ 1 của năm học thứ hai sau khi sinh viên đã hoàn thành chương trình ngữ pháp 2 Nội dung môn học này gồm 5 chương có thời lượng 45 tiết theo hệ tín chỉ

10 Nhiệm vụ của sinh viên:

* Sách và giáo trình chính (Course materials):

1- B.D Graver (1986, 3rd Edition), Advanced English Practice, Oxford University Press 2- R.Quirk& S Greenbaun, (1973), A University Grammar of English,

Longman Group UK Limited)

3- John Eastwood, (2007), Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford University Press

*Sách tham khảo(References) :

- Eastwood,(1994), Oxford Guide to English Grammar ,Oxford University Press

- C.E.Eckersley & J.M.Eckersley,(1960), A comprehensive English Grammar for foreign students, Longmans and Green Co Ltd)

- Bland, S.K (1996), Intermediate Grammar, Oxford University Press

- Martin Hewings, (1999), Advanced English Grammar in Use,

- Final exam: 70%

(- Dự lớp và tham gia xây dựng bài: 15%

- Bài tập + kiểm tra: 15%

- Bài thi hết học phần: 70%)

14 Nội dung chi tiết môn học:

This is a compulsory course for English majors It is offered in the first semester of the 2nd year of their program It is a 45 period course, generally spread over 15 weeks

The teachers have to teach 5 chapters in the suggested readings given

Nội dung như sau:

 CHAPTER ONE:

RELATIVE CLAUSES (ADJECTIVE CLAUSES) 6 tiết Types :

- Defining relative clauses (4t)

- Non-defining relative clauses

+ As an indirect object (rare)

+ As complement of the subject

- Kinds and Uses: (6t)

+Adverbial clauses of time

+Adverbial clauses of place

+Adverbial clauses of manner

+Adverbial clauses of reason

+Adverbial clauses of result

+Adverbial clauses of purpose

+Adverbial clauses of concession

+Adverbial clauses of comparison

+Adverbial clauses of condition

* CHAPTER FOUR: THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES (9tiết)

- Practice on the analysis of some sentences and paragraphs (3t)

* CHAPTER FIVE:

THE VERB AND ITS COMPLEMENTATION (12 tiết)

- Mono transitive complementation (3t)

- Complex transitive complementation (3t)

- Di-transitive complementation (3t)

13- Các thông tin về hình thức học và liên lạc với giáo viên:

- Hình thức học: sinh viên tham dự học ở lớp và thảo luận làm bài tập vừa ở lớp vừa ở nhà

- Địa chỉ Email của giáo viên: tại Khoa Ngoại ngữ- Đại học Đà lạt

TABLES OF CONTENTS

Pages 37- 68

CHAPTER I

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES I- Definitions of sentence, main clause, and dependent clause

1- A sentence which contains just one main clause is called a simple sentence

A simple sentence normally has one finite verb It has a subject and a predicate

E.g I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend

2- A sentence which contains one independent clause (main clause) and one or more

dependent clauses is called a complex sentence (Dependent clauses are also called

3- A compound sentence has two or more main clauses, and it is jointed by:

* A coordinating conjunction: (and, or, nor, for, but, so, yet…)

- We fished all day, but we didn‟t catch a thing

- He washed the car, and he polished it

* A semi-colon:

- We fished all day; we didn‟t catch a thing

* A connecting adverb (accordingly, furthermore, besides, consequently, for example,

hence, however, in addition, in contrast, indeed, in stead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, otherwise, therefore, thus…)

- We fished all day; however, we didn‟t catch a thing

4- A compound-complex sentence contains two or more main clauses and one or more

subordinate clauses

- When the sky darkened, the wind blew, and the leaves fell (Underlined sub-clause)

- Frank worked hard, and he became an artist when he was 15

-He couldn‟t find the pen, so he used the pencil which is on the table

II/ Definition of adjective clauses: Relative clauses are adjective clauses (dependent

clauses) that generally begin with relative pronouns who, whom, that, which and whose or relative adverbs where, when, why Like adjectives, relative clauses modify nouns Unlike

adjectives, they are dependent clauses that immediately follow the nouns they modify

E.g Nouns in main clause Relative clause Rest of the main clause

- The man who called is an old friend

The men who called are old friends

- The woman whom I met lives near me

The women whom I met live near me

- The letter that I received is very important

The letters that I received are very important

- The book which we discussed was a best-seller

The books which we discussed were best-sellers

- The writer whose book we read will speak at the college tonight The writers whose book we read will speak at the college tonight

A- Adjective clauses perform the same function in sentences that adjectives do: they

modify nouns

The teacher has a car (Car is a noun.)

It‟s a new car (New is an adjective which modifies car.)

The car that she is driving is not hers

(That she is driving is an adjective clause which modifies car It‟s a clause because it has

a subject (she) and a predicate (is driving); it‟s an adjective clause because it modifies a

noun.)

Note that adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify; adjective clauses always

follow the nouns they modify

B- A sentence which contains one adjective clause and one independent clause is the

result of combining two clauses which contain a repeated noun You can combine two

independent clauses to make one sentence containing an adjective clause by following these steps:

1 You must have two clauses which contain a repeated noun (or pronoun, or noun and

pronoun which refer to the same thing) Here are two examples:

The book is on the table + I like the book

The man is here + The man wants the book

2 Delete the repeated noun and replace it with a relative pronoun in the clause you want

to make dependent

The book is on the table + I like which

The man is here + who wants the book

3 Move the relative pronoun to the beginning of its clause (if it is not already there) The

clause is now an adjective clause

The book is on the table + which I like

The man is here + who wants the book

4 Put the adjective clause immediately after the noun phrase it modifies:

The book which I like is on the table

The man who wants the book is here

C The subordinators in adjective clauses are called relative pronouns

1 These are the most important relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which

These relative pronouns can be omitted when they are objects of verbs When they are

objects of prepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the preposition

WHO replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people It cannot replace nouns and

pronouns that refer to animals or things It can be the subject of a verb In informal writing (but not in academic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb

WHOM replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people It cannot replace nouns and

pronouns that refer to animals or things It can be the object of a verb or preposition It

cannot be the subject of a verb

WHICH replaces noun(s) and pronoun(s) that refers to animals or things It cannot replace

nouns and pronouns that refer to people It can be the subject of a verb It can also be the

object of a verb or preposition

THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things It can be the subject of a verb It can also be the object of a verb or preposition (but that cannot follow a

preposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns that can follow a

preposition)

2 The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where

WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns It can refer to people, animals

or things It can be part of a subject or part of an object of a verb or preposition, but it

cannot be a complete subject or object Whose cannot be omitted Here are examples with

whose:

The man is happy + I found the man‟s wallet = The man whose wallet I found is happy The girl is excited + Her mother won the lottery = The girl whose mother won the lottery

is excited

WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day, ) It cannot be a subject It can

be omitted Here is an example with when:

I will never forget the day + I graduated on that day = I will never forget the day when I

graduated

The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:

I will never forget the day on which I graduated

I will never forget the day that I graduated

I will never forget the day I graduated

WHERE replaces a place (in + country, in + city, at + school, ) It cannot be a subject It

can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added Here is an example with

where:

The building is new + He works in the building =

The building where he works is new

The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:

The building in which he works is new

The building which he works in is new

The building that he works in is new

The building he works in is new

D TYPES OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: Adjective clauses can be restrictive or

nonrestrictive

1- A restrictive adjective clause contains information that is necessary to identify the noun

it modifies If a restrictive adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of

the main clause changes A restrictive adjective clause is not separated from the main

clause by a comma or commas and it must follow the noun that it modifies Most adjective

clauses are restrictive; all of the examples of adjective clauses above are restrictive Here is

more examples:

People who can‟t swim should not jump into the ocean

The letter that I received is very important

I showed you the letter that I received

- Restrictive relative clauses are also called identifying or defining relative clauses

because they distinguish a particular person or thing from other similar people or thing They provide an explanation that answers the question Which one(s)?

A: One of my neighbors is always borrowing things from me Another neighbor always

calls me at dinnertime

B: Which one is that?

A: The man who lives next door is always borrowing things The woman who lives

across the street always calls me at dinnertime

- Restrictive relative clause can combine two sentences that refer to the same noun phrase:

E.g This movie is about a man He traveled around the world

This movie is about a man who traveled around the world

- Restrictive relative clauses often contain the information that the speaker and the listener

already shared This shared information helps the listener to easily identify the noun the speaker is introducing into the conversation:

E.g The book that Victor bought is on the table

- Restrictive relative clauses often identify and classify nouns in definition:

E.g A spider is a small, eight-legged creature that spins a web

2- A nonrestrictive adjective clause gives additional information about the noun it

modifies but is not necessary to identify that noun If a nonrestrictive adjective clause is

removed from a sentence, the meaning of the main clause does not change

- A nonrestrictive adjective clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or

commas

- The relative pronoun that cannot be used in nonrestrictive adjective clauses

- The relative pronoun cannot be omitted from a nonrestrictive clause Here are examples:

Billy, who couldn‟t swim, should not have jumped into the ocean

My mother, who lives next door, is a widow

Her ring, which fell on the floor, got scratches

3- Using subject relative pronouns: who, that, which

Noun subject verb (…) rest of the main clause

The woman who lives next door died suddenly

The women that live upstairs are noisy

The letter that fell on the floor is mine

The letters which came today are late

- When the relative pronoun who, that, which comes before the verbs in the relative clause,

the relative pronoun acts as the subject of the relative clause

- The verb that follows who, that, which agrees with the noun in the main clause

- That is used more often for things and animals than which

- Subject relative pronouns cannot be omitted

4- Using object relative pronouns: who(m), that, which

E.g The man was Mr Jones I saw him

E.g The movie wasn‟t very good We saw it last night

Noun object subject verb (…) rest of the main clause

-> The man who(m) I saw was Mr Jones

-> The man that I saw was Mr Jones

-> The man Ø I saw was Mr Jones

-> The movie which we saw last night wasn‟t very good

-> The movie that we saw last night wasn‟t very good

-> The movie Ø we saw last night wasn‟t very good

- When the relative pronoun who, that, which is followed by a noun or pronoun, the

relative pronoun acts as the object of the relative clause

An object relative pronoun takes the place of object of relative clause The object is not

repeated after the verb We can not say: *The movie that we saw it last night wasn‟t very

good

- In object relative clause that is used more often than who, whom, which

- Object relative pronouns can be omitted

- Whom is generally used in formal English

* Pronoun(s) used as the object(s) of a preposition

a/ She is the woman I told you about her

=> She is the woman about whom I told you

=> She is the woman who (m) I told you about

=> She is the woman that I told you about

=> She is the woman Ø I told you about

b/ The music was good We listened to it last night

=> The music to which we listened last night was good

=> The music which we listened to last night was good

=> The music that we listened to last night was good

=> The music Ø we listened to last night was good

- Whom, who, that, which can be the object pronoun of a relative clause that ends in a

preposition These object relative pronouns can be omitted

- In informal English, the preposition is at the end of object relative clause

- In more formal English, the preposition can begin a relative clause The preposition is

followed by either whom (not who) for people or which (not that) for things

5- Using where: The building is very old He lives there (in that building)

=> The building where he lives is very old

=> The building in which he lives is very old

=> The building which he lives in is very old

=> The building that he lives in is very old

=> The building Ø he lives in is very old

- Where is used in a relative clause to modify a place (city, country, room, house,

etc)

- If where is used, a preposition is not included in the relative clause If where is not

used, a preposition must be included in the relative clause

6- Using when: I‟ll never forget the day I met him then (on that day)

=> I‟ll never forget the day when I met him

=> I‟ll never forget the day on which I met him

=> I‟ll never forget the day that I met him

=> I‟ll never forget the day Ø I met him

- When is used in a relative clause to modify a noun of time (year, day, time, etc)

- A preposition is used preceding which Otherwise, the preposition is omitted

E Adjective clauses can often be reduced to phrases The relative pronoun must be the subject of the verb in the adjective clause Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases in

two different ways depending on the verb in the adjective clause

1 Relative pronoun + be = 0

People who are living in glass houses should not throw stones (clause)

People living in glass houses should not throw stones (phrase)

Mary applied for a job that was advertised in the paper (clause)

Mary applied for a job advertised in the paper (phrase)

2 Relative pronoun + other verb (not be) = other verb + ing

People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.(clause)

People living in glass houses should not throw stones (phrase)

Students who sit in the front row usually participate more (clause)

Students sitting in the front row usually participate more (phrase)

*EXAMPLES of adjective clauses reduced to adjective phrases

Spam comes from companies which want to sell you something

Spam comes from companies wanting to sell you something

Companies that send you spam want your money=> Companies sending you spam want

your money

People who receive spam are often annoyed=> People receiving spam are often annoyed

People that buy products and services online give out their e-mail addresses

=>People buying products and services online give out their e-mail addresses

A spammer who lives in Florida became very rich and retired young

=>A spammer living in Florida became very rich and retired young

You shouldn't believe an offer which promises you that you will lose 50 pounds in a week

=>You shouldn't believe an offer promising you that you will lose 50 pounds in a week February is the only month that has fewer than 30 days

=>February is the only month having fewer than 30 days

My parents' anniversary is a date that has a lot of meaning for them

=>My parents' anniversary is a date having a lot of meaning for them

The abacus, which is a wooden rack with beads, was probably the first computer

=>The abacus, a wooden rack with beads, was probably the first computer

The abacus, which was created about 2,000 years ago, helped people solve arithmetic

problems

The abacus, created about 2,000 years ago, helped people solve arithmetic problems

The first modern computer, which was called ENIAC, took up a lot of space (1,800 square

feet)

The first modern computer, called ENIAC, took up a lot of space (1,800 square feet)

Personal computers, which were introduced in the 1970s, are much smaller and faster than

Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard to work with Paul Allen, his old high school friend

In 1990, Bill Gates introduced Windows, which was Microsoft's version of the popular

Macintosh operating system

In 1990, Bill Gates introduced Windows, Microsoft's version of the popular Macintosh

operating system

People who get spam every day can get very annoyed

People getting spam every day can get very annoyed

Marc Andreessen created Netscape, which is a popular Web browser

Marc Andreessen created Netscape, a popular Web browser

The Instant Message, which was a creation of America Online, is available to many e-mail

users

The Instant Message, a creation of America Online, is available to many e-mail users

EBay, which was started in Pierre Omidyar's house, is now a large corporation

EBay, started in Pierre Omidyar's house, is now a large corporation

The World Wide Web, which was created by Tim Bemers-Lee, is used by millions of people

around the world

The World Wide Web, created by Tim Bemers-Lee, is used by millions of people around the

world

The book “Weaving the Web”, which was written by Bemers-Lee in 1999, answers a lot of

questions about the creation of the Web

The book “Weaving the Web”, written by Bemers-Lee in 1999, answers a lot of questions

about the creation of the Web

E-mail, which was first created in 1972, did not become popular until the 1990s

E-mail, first created in 1972, did not become popular until the 1990s

Bill Gates, who is the richest man in the U.S., often gets spam asking him if he wants to

become rich

Bill Gates, the richest man in the U.S., often gets spam asking him if he wants to become

rich

Students who know a lot of English grammar can take a composition course

Students knowing a lot of English grammar can take a composition course

The student who sits near the door always leaves early

The student sitting near the door always leaves early

The people who live upstairs make a lot of noise in the morning

The people living upstairs make a lot of noise in the morning

Alaska, which is the largest state, has a very small population

Alaska, the largest state, has a very small population

Ms Thomson, who was my English teacher last semester, will retire next year

Ms Thomson, my English teacher last semester, will retire next year

I studied engineering at the University of Michigan, which is located in Ann Arbor

I studied engineering at the University of Michigan, located in Ann Arbor

The computer, which is one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, can be

found in many American homes

The computer, one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, can be found

in many American homes

I have two sisters My sister who lives in New Jersey has three children

I have two sisters My sister living in New Jersey has three children

PRACTICE:

1- Complete the conversation Put in who, which or that There is always more than one

possible answer

Emma: Shall we have something to eat?

Matthew: Yes, but not here I don't like cafes (… ) that don't have chairs I'm not one of

those people (….) who can eat standing up

Emma: There's another restaurant over there

Matthew: It looks expensive, one of those places (1)……… charge very high

prices The only customers (2)……… … can afford to eat there are business executives (3)………… …… get their expenses paid Anyway, I can't see a menu I'm not going into a restaurant (4)……… doesn't display a menu

Emma: We just passed a cafe (5)……… does snacks

Matthew: Oh, I didn't like the look of that

Emma: You're one of those people (6) .are never satisfied, aren't you?

2- Combine the information to make news items Make the sentence in brackets into a

relative clause with who or which Start each sentence with the, e.g The man

A man has gone to prison (He shot two policemen.) =>The man who shot two policemen has gone to prison 1- A bomb caused a lot of damage (It went off this morning.) ………

2- A scientist has won the Nobel Prize (He discovered a new planet.) ………

3- A footballer has been banned from playing again (He took drugs.) ………

4- A little girl has been found safe and well (She had been missing since Tuesday.) ………

5- A company has laid off thousands of workers (It owns Greenway Supermarkets.) ………

6- An old lady now wants to swim the English Channel (She did a parachute jump.) ………

3- *Leaving out the relative pronoun: Complete the script for these TV advertisements Use a relative clause without a pronoun E.g Fresho soap Beautiful people use it => It's the soap beautiful people use 1- An Everyman car You can afford it ………

2- 'Hijack' People want to see this film ………

3- Greenway Supermarket You can trust it ………

4- 'Cool' magazine Young people read it ………

5- Jupiter chocolates You'll love them ………

* Leaving out the relative pronoun Look carefully at these sentences Are they correct without a relative pronoun? If they are not correct, rewrite to make them correct You may need to put in relative pronouns ( who, which or that) The meeting who Mark had to attend went on for three hours => The meeting (that) Mark had to attend went on for three hours 1 Somewhere I've got a photo of the mountain we climbed ………

2 The man repaired my car is a real expert

4- A preposition at the beginning:

It's election time All the politicians are arguing

Rewrite the first sentence using a preposition at the beginning of a relative clause -I cannot agree with that statement I hope I've made that clear => That is a

statement with which 1 cannot agree

1- Our party believes in that idea I say this from the bottom of my heart

……… 2- I am strongly opposed to that policy And I am not afraid to say so

……… 3- No one cares about these people They are the forgotten people

……… 4- Your party should be ashamed of those mistakes And everyone knows that

……… 5- The government is now dealing with that problem How many times do I have to tell you?

5- Who, whom, whose, which, where and why

Complete this advertisement Put in who, whom, whose, which, where or why

The town of Keswick, (… ) which lies at the heart of the Lake District, is the perfect place for a holiday, and the Derwent Hotel, (1)……… overlooks the town, is the perfect place to stay Robin and Wendy Jackson, (2)……… bought this small hotel three years ago, have already won an excellent reputation Robin, (3)………… cooking is one

of the reasons (4)………… the Derwent is so popular, was once Young Chef of the Year The comfort of the guests, (5)……… the owners treat almost as members of the family, always comes first Peter Ustinov, (6)……… once stayed at the hotel, described it as 'marvellous' And the Lake District, (7)………… has so much wonderful scenery and (8)……… the poet Wordsworth lived, will not disappoint you

6- Decide which word or phrase is correct

What I really need is a long holiday

a) that b) what c) which d) who

1 At last I've found the information that I was looking …

a) for b) for it c) for that d) it

2 Everyone……… the building w as searched by the police

a) enter b) entered c) entering d) enters

3 The plane……… has just taken off is an hour late

a) it b) what c) which d) who

4 I had just one reply Abco was the……… company to reply to my letter

a) last b) most c) only d) second

5 My friend Nigel, ……… works in the City, earns much more than I do

a) that b) which c) who d) whose

6 Martin is someone with I usually agree

a) him b) that c) who d) whom

7 I'd like to see the photo………

a) took b) you took it c) that you took d) that you took it

8 Atlanta is the city……… the Olympic Games were held in 1996

a) that b) when c) where d) which

9 It rained all the time, was a great pity

a) that b) what c) which d) who

10 We passed shops ……… windows were decorated for Christmas

a) the b) their c) which d) whose

7- Each of these sentences has a mistake in it Write the correct sentence

I've found the magazine who was missing

=> I've found the magazine that was missing

1- This isn't the train on that I normally travel

2- The letter that I opened it wasn't for-me

3- The reason because I didn't know was that no one-had told me

4- That we should do is ring the police

5- I-didn't know the name of the man helped me

6- Rupert knows the family who's house is for sale

7- Einstein who failed his university entrance exam discovered relativity

8- The person we talked to were very friendly

9- It's the President makes the important decisions

10- I can't find my diary, what is real nuisance

11- Outside the door was a pair of boots covering in mud,

12- Lake Superior, that lies on the US Canadian border, is the largest lake in North

he found the man's arm guilty and sent it to prison 'He can go with his arm or not, as he chooses,' the judge added, (8)……… made everyone laugh But (9)……… the judge didn‟t know was that the man had an artificial arm He took the arm off, gave it to the judge - (10)………….could hardly believe his eyes – and walked out of the court

9- Combine the two sentences into one

That man was Anna's brother He just walked past => The man who just walked past was

Anna's brother

1 The plane was twenty-five years old It crashed

The plane ……… twenty-five years old

2 One day Tessa was ill in bed Martin rang

The day ill in bed

3 Our offices are in Queen Street They are new

Our ……….in Queen Street

4 Some documents have been found They were stolen from a car

The documents found

5 That map is out of date You were looking at it

The map ………out of date

6 The King's Theatre is in the centre of town It dates from 1896

The King's ……….in the centre of town

7 A woman was terribly upset Her dog was run over

The woman terribly upset

8 Janet solved the puzzle She did it before everyone else

Janet was the puzzle

9 A man was standing outside the building He was selling newspapers

A man ……… out side the building

10 The talk was very interesting Judy gave it

The talk ……… very interesting

10-Find the adjective clause in the following sentences and tell which word it modifies

1- I play a kind of music that nobody likes

2- The man whom you saw was not the famous actor

3- I remember the day when I took my first airplane ride

4- I have a neighbor whose parents live in Australia

5- The hint that I learned about cleaning the walk saved me much work

6- The singer that you see on stage is my sister

7- The owner is a woman by whom many things have been accomplished

8- The teacher who gives the girls piano lessons lives next door

9- The man whose leg was broken was taken to the hospital

10- This is the place where the Donner Party perished

11- The ride that we rode at the amusement park was very scary

12- Here is the place where the plane wrecked

13- The diamond in that ring that Mark bought was gigantic

14- The dress that the Queen is wearing weighs fifty pounds

15- The student whose hand was raised shouted out the answer

16- Will you thaw the pizza that is in the freezer?

17- I am looking for the person who owns this car

18- I remember well the time when I broke my leg

19- I want to ride a horse which is very tame

20- We must find a person whose honesty is above reproach

CHAPTER II:

NOUN CLAUSES I- Definition:

Noun clauses are dependent clauses that can occur in the same place as a noun or noun

phrase in a sentence Three different types of noun clauses are: wh -clauses, if/ whether clauses, and that clauses

II- Functions of noun clauses:

A noun clause is the one which does the work of a noun It may be:

1- The subject of a verb

- What you are doing seems very difficult

- That he refuses the offer is unlikely

- “Why are you so late?” was his next remark

- What Billy did shocked his friends

2- The direct object of a verb

- I know that you must be tired after a long journey

- William dreamed that he was flying to the moon

- He asked me where I lived

- Billy‟s friends didn‟t know that he couldn‟t swim

3- The indirect object of a verb (rare)

- He gave whoever came to the door a winning smile

- We offered whoever told the truth clemency

4- As an object clause, a noun clause may be:

+ A statement, direct or indirect

- He said, “The car will be ready tomorrow.”

- He told me (that) the debt had been paid

+ A question, direct or indirect

- He said, “Where do you live?”

- He asked me where I lived

- Can you tell me what the time is?

5- The object of a preposition

- He only laughed at what we said

- That student always pays attention to whatever the teacher is saying

- Mary is not responsible for what Billy did

- They will be thankful for whatever you can give them

6- The complement of a verb (subject complement)

-Billy‟s mistake was that he refused to take lessons

- The fact is that he doesn‟t really try

-It seems that he has never been paid the money

-That is not what I want

7- In opposition to a noun

- He hotly denied the rumor that (or which) was then being circulated (The “that” clause

in this sentence defines which rumor he denied and “that” could equally well be introduced

by alternative relative pronoun, “which” -> adjective clause

- He hotly denied the rumor that he had been visited by the police in connection with the

recent crime (The “that” clause in this sentence tell us what the rumor was and it cannot be

replaced by “which”) -> in apposition to a noun

-The new that we heard yesterday is not true ( telling which news -> adjective clause)

-The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true (telling what the news was

=> in apposition to a noun)

- The fact that the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone

- The idea that you can do this work without thinking is quite wrong

8- A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:

Used with a number of predicative adjective like: certain, glad, sorry, afraid, confident,

sorry, possible, etc

- I am certain that I posted that letter

- She is very glad that you are able to come

- Everybody is sad that Billy drowned

- I am sorry that your brother is ill

9- As complement of the object (rare)

-You can call me whatever names you like

III- Characteristics

1- We can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause The

choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:

* To change a statement to a noun clause use that:

I know + Billy made a mistake = I know that Billy made a mistake

More examples:

- I think that he is a good actor

- We know that the world is round

* To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether:

George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook?

= George wonders if Fred knows how to cook

More examples:

- I don‟t know whether/ if she will come

- I wonder whether/ if she will come or not

- Whether she comes or not is not important to me

- I don‟t care whether or not/ if or not your car breaks down

* To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word:

I don‟t know + Where is George? = I don‟t know where George is

More examples:

- I don‟t know where she lives

- I couldn‟t hear what she said

- Please tell me what happened

* Questions words followed by infinitives:

(An infinitive wh-clause can be formed with all w-words except why, the meaning

expressed by the infinitive is either should or can/ could)

- I don‟t know what to do (what I should do)

- Pam can‟t decide whether to go or (to) stay home (whether she should go or stay

home)

- Please tell me how to get to the bus station (how I can get to the bus station)

2- The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers Here is a list of

the noun clause markers:

That, if, whether

Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why

Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever

3- Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted Only that can be omitted,

but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence:

Correct: Billy‟s friends didn‟t know that he couldn‟t swim

Correct: Billy‟s friends didn‟t know he couldn‟t swim

Correct: Billy‟s mistake was that he refused to take lessons

Correct: Billy‟s mistake was he refused to take lessons

Correct: That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone

Not correct: * Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone

4- Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a

question:

Not correct * Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)

Correct: Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)

Not correct * Everybody wondered where did Billy go (Question word order: did Billy

go)

Correct: Everybody wondered where Billy went (Statement word order: Billy went)

5- Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:

*When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun

clause is:

- Future if its action/state is later

He thinks that the exam next week will be hard

He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard

- Present if its action/state is at the same time

He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now

- Past if its action/state is earlier

He thinks that George took the exam yesterday

* When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun

clause is:

- Was/were going to or would + verb (base form) if its action/state is later

He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard

He thought that the exam the following week would be hard

- Past if its action/state is at the same time

He thought that Mary was taking the exam then

- Past perfect if its action/state is earlier

He thought that George had taken the exam the day before

* If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has

written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past

The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday

* If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the

simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past

We learned that English is not easy

The boys knew that the sun rises in the east

6- Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:

-Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:

That George learned how to swim is a miracle

Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain

What Mary said confused her parents

However you learn to spell is OK with me

-Noun clauses as objects of verbs:

We didn‟t know that Billy would jump

We didn‟t know Billy would jump

Can you tell me if Fred is here?

I don‟t know where he is

George eats whatever is on his plate

-Noun clauses as subject complements:

The truth is that Billy was not very smart

The truth is Billy was not very smart

The question is whether other boys will try the same thing

The winner will be whoever runs fastest

-Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:

Billy didn‟t listen to what Mary said

He wants to learn about whatever is interesting

-Noun clauses as adjective complements:

He is happy that he is learning English well

We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult

-Noun clauses as apposition:

My original question, why he did it at all, has not been answered

Usually noun clauses begin with that, what, where, when, who, whom, which, whose, how,

why, whether, etc

Examples: + He said that he would not come

+ We were all curious to know what he had done

+ Nobody knows when the registration will begin

+We all wanted to find out who the winner was

+ Whom they were in contact with on the day of the robbery is of great interest to the police

+ Jane is not sure which university she should apply for

+ The judges had a hard time deciding whose painting was the best

+How the baby fell from the window is a mystery

+ They asked the boy why he had hit his classmate

+Whether you like it or not is not the issue

PRACTICE:

I- Join the sentences, using noun clauses, and giving alternative constructions where

indicated, e.g

He was taking a risk He fully realized this => He fully realized that he was taking a risk

1- The sun sometimes shines in England He seems surprised to discover this

2- There is to be tougher action against drinking and driving Most people welcome the fact 3- He hadn‟t telephoned his girlfriend His girlfriend later understood why

4- Your bank manager won‟t lend you money without security Don‟t run away with the idea that he will

5- The law students were destined for a brilliant career at the bar This was clear to

everyone (it was…/ that …)

6- He didn‟t even apologize This made me really angry (the fact…/ what….)

7- The boy should be sent to a boarding school This was the parent‟s view (it …/ the

parent‟s view …)

8- Children nowadays get too much pocket money This is my opinion (it …/ my

opinion…)

9- He says one thing in private He does another thing in public The two things are

inconsistent with each other (What…)

10- He manages to reconcile the two things I just don‟t know how he does it (I …/ how…)

II- Rewrite the sentences, substituting a finite noun clause for the non-finite clause in italics

His now knowing the secret creates a rather difficult situation -> The fact that he now

knows the secret creates a rather difficult situation

1- The teacher insisted on the students‟ arriving punctually for their lessons

2- Being ignorant of the law is not accepted as an accuse for breaking the law

3- I am surprised at your thinking London a dull place to live in

4- A conceited man often cannot understand the reasons for people dislike him

5- Your having accepted this job means your having to travel much further to work

6- I refused to believe his having told me the truth

7- The child‟s criminal tendencies were put down to the fact of his coming from a broken

home

8- He insisted on my checking against to see that the train left at 5.30, despite my having

already assured him that it did

9- Before buying this painting, you should make sure of its being genuine

10- On entering the hotel, we immediately realized the reason for its being so popular with

tourists

III- Find the noun clauses in the following sentences and tell how they are used

(Subject, subject complement, direct object, apposition, indirect object, or object of the preposition, etc.)

1- One should profit from what he sees and learns

2- Her idea that I hire you was a very good one

3- We wonder what your plans for the trip are

4- My hope is that we may visit in Boston

5- Why you did not hire me is hard to comprehend

6- I do not know where he is going to stay

7- How rich I am should concern no one except me

8- That I should get a haircut is Mother‟s idea

9- I wonder where my shoes are

10- The money goes to whoever wins the race

1 Jeff‟s plea that he might buy a car was denied

11- Give whoever calls first the prize

12- Do you know why those people are protesting?

13- His excuse is that he was ill this morning

14- Send on this secret mission whoever is the best qualified

15- That he is an honest man cannot be denied

16- Give whoever can prove ownership the money

17- I have no opinion about who caused the problem

18- He knows that he should be long-suffering

19- A short vacation is what the family is planning

20- We will send the money to whoever asks for it

21- Do you know how dynamite is made?

22- My hope that we visit Mount Rushmore is now a family idea

23- His difficulty is that he cannot read

24- Whoever said that is totally incorrect

25- How the prisoner escaped is a mystery

26- My feeling is that the robbery was an inside job

27- Everyone is wondering how he could just disappear

28- The news that he had escaped frightened the whole town

29- The police have offered whoever finds the stolen diamonds a reward

30- The family has had no word about where he might be

31- That we were ready to go was a miracle

32- Give whoever wants to go a ride to the game

33- That you are losing ground was evident from the polls

34- Whoever injured the handicapped woman must be feeling guilty

 An adverb clause does the work of an adverb (modifies a verb, an adjective, or an

adverb and express an idea that it less important than the idea in the main clauses)

 A sentence which contains one adverb clause and one independent clause is the

result of combining two clauses which have one of the relationships such as time, cause and effect, contrast, and condition You can combine two independent clauses to make

one sentence which contains an adverb clause by following these steps:

1 You must have two clauses which have one of the relationships in such as time, cause and

effect, contrast, and condition:

Billy couldn‟t swim He jumped off the pier (contrast)

2 Add a subordinating conjunction to the beginning of the clause you want to make

dependent:

Although Billy couldn‟t swim, he jumped off the pier

3 Place the two clauses next to each other Usually, the order of the clauses is not

important

- When the adverb clause precedes the independent clause, the two clauses are usually

separated by a comma:

Although Billy couldn‟t swim, he jumped off the pier

- When the independent clause precedes the adverb clause, there is usually no comma: Billy jumped off the pier although he couldn‟t swim

II/ Types of adverbial clauses: 9

 Here are the chief types of adverb clauses:

1- Adverbial clauses of manner, which indicate how an action is done, and can be

introduced by the conjunctions: as, as if, as though, in the way (that)

Harry did the work as it ought to be done

When I get the money, I shall spend it as I like

I shall do the exercise as I have been taught

He ran as if his life depended on it

You look as if you had seen a ghost

2- Adverbial clauses of place, which indicate where an action was done, and can be

introduced by the conjunctions: where, wherever, anywhere and everywhere

Stay where you are!

I will go wherever you go

The house stood where the London road meets the Brighton road

3- Adverbial clauses of time, which indicate when an action was done, and can be

introduced by the conjunctions: when, after, as, as long as, since, until, before, by the time,

etc

She learnt English before she came to England

He kept on with his work until he has finished it

4- Adverbial clauses of reason, these clauses broadly answer the question –why, and can

be introduced by the conjunction: as, since, seeing that, because, now that

He sold the car because it was too small

Since/as/seeing that/now that you won‟t help me, I must do the job myself

As my secretary is away at present, I have a great many extra letters to answer

It was because the car because it was so small that he sold it

5- Adverbial clauses of purpose, these clauses answer the question what for? And for what

purpose?, and can be introduced by the conjunction: so that, in order that, in case, lest, and for fear (that)

-Some people eat so that they may live

-He worked hard in order that he might win the prize

-He took his shoes off so that I couldn‟t hear him

When the subject of the subordinate clause of purpose is the same person or thing as the subject of the main clause, purpose is often expressed not by a clause but by the infinitive

with to, in order to, so as to:

-They are climbing higher so that they may get a better view

->They are climbing higher to get a better view

6- Adverbial clauses of concession, these clauses introduced an element of contrast into a

sentence, and can be introduced by the conjunction: although, even though, though,

considering (that), even if, whereas, however, no matter how, etc

-Though he tried hard, he was not successful

-Whether he works or not, I don‟t think he will pass his examination

-Whatever you may say, I still think he did the right thing

-It doesn‟t matter what you say, I shall do to the dance

7- Adverbial clauses of comparison, these clauses often answer the question how?

Followed by or implying in relation to, or compared with These clauses are introduced by

as (preceded by so, such, as), than

-This work is not so/as easy as you think

-That question is easier than I thought

-The more you work, the more you earn

-The sooner you finish your work, the sooner you will go home

8- Adverbial clauses of condition, which indicate on what condition a thing happens

These clauses are introduced by the conjunctions: if, unless (if not), as long as, or that (after

supposing, provided, on condition)

-I shall go if he asks me

-I shan‟t go unless he asks me

-I shall go as long as/ provided that/ on condition that/ he asks me

9- Adverbial clauses of result, these clauses describe –consequences They can be

introduced by so that, such + noun that

-I received my wages yesterday, so that I can now pay what I own you

-They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them

-He ran so fast that I could not catch him

Here are some examples of sentences which contain one adverb clause (underlined) and one independent clause The two sentences in each pair have the same meaning:

-After he took lessons, George could swim well =

-George could swim well after he took lessons

-Because he couldn‟t swim, Billy drowned

-Billy drowned because he couldn‟t swim

-Although he isn‟t interested in food, Fred works as a cook

-Fred works as a cook although he isn‟t interested in food

-If you want to write well, you must practice

-You must practice if you want to write well

Practice:

I/ Complete the sentence with finite or non-finite adverbial clauses of the type

indicated State whether your clauses are finite or non-finite

1- He speaks English much better (comparison) …

2- They decided to climb the mountain (time) …

3- We left the car (place) …

4- The United Nation Organization was formed (purpose)…

5- The book was so boring (reason) …

6- We went swimming (concession) …

7- I should be delighted (condition)…

8- …………I didn‟t have time to come (reason)

9- He arranged to come early (purpose)…

10- As …(reason), that won be necessary

11- As …(time), I met someone that I hadn‟t seen for years

12- He did the job as (comparison) …

II/ Complete the sentences with the given instructions

1- (adverbl clause of result) The book was so boring ……… 2- (adverb clause of comparison) The quicker we get there, ……… 3- (adverb clause of purpose) We decided to take our raincoats with us) ………

4- (noun clause) He seems surprised to discover ……… 5- (adjective clause) Is this the book ……… 6- (adverb clause of reason) ………., he asked the teacher to explain again 7- (adverb clause of condition) ………, I will get there by lunch time 8- (Noun clause) ……… hasn‟t been discovered yet

9- (adjective clause) He is a sort of person ………

10- (adverb clause of manner) He is eating ………

III/ Finish each of the sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one before

1- It is my opinion that you should take more exercise

IV/ Find the adverb clauses in the following sentences and tell what they modify

1- You clean the bathroom while I clean the carpet

2- Ann was confident that she would play the best

3- Bring in the toys before they get destroyed

4- I stood on the box so that I could see the top of the shelf

5- Your face becomes red when you are angry

6- When you came from the garage, did you see the mower there?

7- Because the field was muddy, the game had to be cancelled

8- Although you should return to class, just wait here for me

9- As I sat motionless, the two squirrels came closer and closer

10- Since I can spare only a few minutes, please be brief with your presentation

11- Although I became tired, I enjoyed the hike

12- You cannot become an expert driver until you drive for several years

13- Buy that coat now because it might be sold tomorrow

14- I cannot reach the top window unless I have a ladder

15- After you have eaten lunch, we will leave for New York

16- Mary reads music better than Becky

17- The dog whined sadly as I walked into the house

18- If you have time, finish doing the dishes for me

19- Many operations are unsuccessful because the patient is not careful afterwards

20- Whenever I go out the door, the dog barks to go also

V/ Find the adjective, adverb or noun clauses in these sentences If it is an adjective or adverb clause, tell which word it modifies, and if it is a noun clause, tell if it is used as the subject, subject complement, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition, etc as the following examples:

1- Donna is my mother-in-law who died several years ago

2- Atlantic City is where the Boardwalk is located

3- The man had another back operation because he ruptured another disk

4- A nurse can find a job wherever she goes

5- Now I understand why you didn't want to attend

6- You can make a shirt from whatever material I don‟t use

7- What the audience wanted was another selection

8- Whenever Barbara does well, she is really excited

9- The boy was working faster than I could

10- I gave whoever wanted one a pamphlet

11- Then I learned the truth, that I had been cheated

12- The trick that he played on me was not funny

13- He hopes that he can learn to ski

14- It is obvious that you want no help

15- The truth is that freedom is not free

16- That the tiger was gentle and tame was not certain

17- Do not use that comb which has no teeth

18- If the treaty is signed, the President will leave at once

19- Patty explained how embalming is done

20- Jack asked why the game had been canceled

21- This year was the warmest year that we have had

22- We waited for hours until we received word of his rescue

23- The hiker whom I saw on Mount Timpanogos was eighty years old

24- Mike thinks that he will win the lottery

25- Who lost this wallet is a mystery to me

26- If the manager is unable to help, try the assistant manager

27- The mayor is the person to whom you should write the letter

28- The man whose neck was broken has recovered completely

29- The scientist said that the ozone levels were dangerous

30- The city council objected when the mayor changed his mind

31- It is unfortunate that Mr Jones will not return

32- Why you don‟t do your work is ridiculous to me

33- This cemetery is where your Grandfather is buried

34- The report that the island is under water is very misleading

35- We offered whoever told the truth clemency

***************

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES

To analyse a sentence is to break it up into its component parts and to show the mutual

relations of those parts If we know the number of finite,non-finite and verbless clauses, we‟ll know the number of clauses in a complex sentence or a passage

There are three kinds of sentences:

+ Simple sentences: -The baby cried loudly

-I wrote a letter to my cousin

+ Compound sentences: The baby cried and shouted his mother‟s name

I wrote a letter to my cousin, but he didn‟t reply it

+ Complex sentences: Although the baby cried loudly, nobody heard him

I wrote a letter to my cousin so that I could tell him about my conclusion

I-

 A simple sentence is one that has only one finite verb Every sentence can be divided

in two main parts: the subject and the predicate

- SUBJECT: the part of the sentence which names what we speak about The

chief part of the subject may be a noun or a noun equivalent

- PREDICATE: the part of the sentence which makes a statement about the

subject The chief part of the predicate is a finite verb including its complementation or not

Ex: These roses smell sweet

Walking can help improve your health

 Seven sentence patterns of the simple sentence:

2 S – V – C We / were / tired

3 S – V – A We / were dancing / at Queen discotheque

4 S – V – O Who / knows / the answer ?

5 S – V – O – C The director / made / us / disappointed

6 S – V – O – A Please put / this box / under the cupboard

7 S – V – O – O My sister / showed / me / her boyfriend‟s photo

II-

A compound sentence is made up of two (or more) co-ordinate clauses joining by

conjunction(s) These clauses are of equal importance

Ex: Bring your book here and open it at page 4; but don‟t begin reading

In compound sentences the subject or the auxiliary verb, or both, may be omitted in the second sentence if they are the same as those in the first sentence

Ex: You must come tomorrow and (you must) bring your book with you

- Number of clauses: 2 * you must come tomorrow

(Both are main clauses) * (you must) bring your book with you

- Connecting word: and

III-

- A complex sentence normally has one independent clause (principle clause) and

one or more dependent clauses (subordinate clauses)

E.g.: Although she was tired, she walked up to the third floor because she wanted the

1 2 3

exercise

2: independent clause

- To analyse a complex sentence is:

1) To find out the number of clauses

2) To identify the principal clause and all the subordinate clause(s), then indicate their functions in the sentence

3) To make remarks on the connecting words in order to determine the nature of

clauses

E.g:

1- The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, when I spoke to him, said that

he was hungry because he had had nothing to eat for two days

clause

g words

The boy said Principle Makes a statement

who was crying Adjective Qualifies „boy‟ who

as if his heart would break Adverb Modifies „was crying‟ as if

when I spoke to him Adverb Modifies „said‟ when

that he was hungry Noun Object of „said‟ that

because he had nothing days Adverb Modifies „was hungry‟ because

finiteTo- infinitive

Postmodifies „nothing‟

Branch diagram: Principle clause +

Noun clause Adverb clause Adjective clause

2- She knew, as she conversed in superstitious whispers with Mrs Rose, who has taught her all she knew that she had made the mistake of her life in coming to this nightmare

of a country with her unborn child

1 She knew Principle Makes a statement

2 as she conversed …Rose Adv cl of time Modifies „knew‟ as

3 who …her all Adj clause Qualifies „Mrs

Rose‟

who

4 she knew Adj clause Qualifies „all‟

5 that she had made …

child

Noun clause Object of „knew‟ that

Or: all she knew Noun clause Object of „taught‟

Exercises: A- Analyse the following sentences:

1 An observant person who sees the carcass of a small animal lying on the ground will probably find, if he returns to the spot the next day, that the object has disappeared

2 Anxious to finish all the typing that had accumulated, the secretary told the manager, when he was going to leave the office, that she decided to work overtime until she completed the work without having lunch and he, a very kind man, agreed and asked

if she had anything to eat

3 She couldn‟t remember how many times she had sat at her window and said to herself that although busy Bob would come to meet her

4 When she used the leather trap, she displayed a strength that even the biggest, most loutish boy dreaded for not only did she fail his hands until they swelled to red, aching paws, but she tongue-lashed him with a virtuosity that threw her classes into

an ecstasy of silent delight

5 Richard, though he had not previously answered any questions when the teacher asked him, now said that he knew the answer to this one because it was in the lesson that he had just read

6 When the teacher asked what part of speech a word was, John said, “I can tell you the answer, if you will give me a sentence in which the word is used.”

………

………

7 James controlled himself, for he did not want to betray his surprise, and his whole future depended on success at this interview

9 I explained to everyone when being asked for help that I was not a healer and that I did not know if my roots might help but that if they wished me to try to heal Bob I would do so

………

………

10 The general idea is that a home is at the right temperature if, while indoors, you can wear clothes which are the exact opposite of those appropriate for the season

………

B- TEXT ANALYSIS

1- Watching children

Watching children, particularly when they

don‟t know you are doing so, is a

particular pleasure Those quick changes

of mood, for instance Small boys who

dribble an imaginary football down the

street and then get more interested in

trying to balance on the edge of the kerb

And then stand quite still to think for a

few seconds before jumping up and down

with their feet together for no special

reason, except that they feel like jumping

up and down Maybe the fact that I no

longer feel in the least like jumping up

and down adds to the interest

I once watched a child of about

two-and-a-half trying to stamp on little

waves breaking across a wide Cornish

beach She stretched her hands out in

pleasure with every little stamp and her

bathing pants fell lower and lower, till she

jumped them off altogether but didn‟t

notice it, so intent was she on the

important on those waves She sang to herself a sort of monotone running commentary on what she was doing and the sound of it, mingled with soft sea noises, made a most pleasing music

Some time ago my housekeeper had to go away for a while, and her place was taken by an Austrian friend with a five-year-old daughter Liesl couldn‟t be left at home, so she came to work too She was very fair, nicely rounded, with fierce blue eyes and more curiosity than any human being I have ever met In her it was

an energy that if harnessed could have run

an entire electrical plant There was nothing idle about it, she wanted to know, and nothing short of picking her up bodily and removing her from the room could stop her knowing

Small Fry by Joyce Grenfell (Br.E)