Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Part 11 potx

Melamines; Molded Filler & typeCellulose electrical Self extinguishingGlass fiber Self extinguishingAlpha cellulose and mineral Self extinguishing General purpose Self extinguishingGlass

To convert mils/yr to µm/yr multiply by 25

International, Materials Park, OH, p392, (1993)

©2001 CRC Press LLC

To convert mils/yr to µm/yr multiply by 25

International, Materials Park, OH, p392, (1993)

Table 336 F LAMMABILITY OF P OLYMERS

Cast Resin Sheets, Rods:

General purpose, type I 0.5—2.2General purpose, type II 0.5—1.8Moldings:

Source: data compiled by J.S Park from Charles T Lynch, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and

, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Alkyds; Molded Putty (encapsulating) Nonburning

Rope (general purpose) Self extinguishingGranular (high speed molding) Self extinguishingGlass reinforced (heavy duty parts) NonburningCellulose Acetate; Molded, Extruded ASTM Grade:

Cellusose Acetate Propionate; Molded, Extruded ASTM Grade:

Chlorinated Polymers Chlorinated polyether Self extinguishing

Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Nonburning

Polycarbonate (40% glass fiber reinforced) Self extinguishing

Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded Polytrifluoro chloroethylene (PTFCE) Noninflammable

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Noninflammable

(SHEET 3 OF 11)

Flammability, (ASTM D635)

(ipm)

Source: data compiled by J.S Park from Charles T Lynch, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and

, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Fluorocarbons; Molded,Extruded (Con’t) Ceramic reinforced (PTFE) Noninflammable

Fluorinated ethylene propylene(FEP) NoninflammablePolyvinylidene— fluoride (PVDF) Self extinguishingEpoxies; Cast, Molded, Reinforced Standard epoxies (diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A)

General purpose glass cloth laminate Slow burn to Self extinguishing High strength laminate Self extinguishing Filament wound composite Self extinguishing Epoxies—Molded, Extruded High performance resins (cycloaliphatic diepoxides)

Cast, rigid Self extinguishing

Flammability, (ASTM D635)

(ipm)

Melamines; Molded Filler & type

Cellulose electrical Self extinguishingGlass fiber Self extinguishingAlpha cellulose and mineral Self extinguishing

General purpose Self extinguishingGlass fiber (30%) reinforced Slow burn

Flexible copolymers Slow burn, 0.6

(SHEET 5 OF 11)

Flammability, (ASTM D635)

(ipm)

Source: data compiled by J.S Park from Charles T Lynch, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and

, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Nylons; Molded, Extruded (Con’t) 6/6 Nylon

General purpose molding Self extinguishingGlass fiber reinforced Slow burnGlass fiber Molybdenum disulfide filled Slow burnGeneral purpose extrusion Self extinguishing6/10 Nylon

General purpose Self extinguishingGlass fiber (30%) reinforced Slow burn

General: woodflour and flock Self extinguishingShock: paper, flock, or pulp Self extinguishingHigh shock: chopped fabric or cord Self extinguishingVery high shock: glass fiber Self extinguishing

Flammability, (ASTM D635)

(ipm)

Phenolics; Molded (Con’t) Arc resistant—mineral Self extinguishing

Rubber phenolic—woodflour or flock Self extinguishingRubber phenolic—chopped fabric Self extinguishingRubber phenolic—asbestos Self extinguishing

PVC–acrylic injection molded Nonburning

Polyimides

Unreinforced 2nd value IBM Class A

Source: data compiled by J.S Park from Charles T Lynch, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and

, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Polyacetals (Con’t) Copolymer:

Polyester; Thermoplastic Injection Moldings:

General purpose grade Slow burnGlass reinforced grades Slow burnGlass reinforced self extinguishing Self extinguishingGeneral purpose grade Slow burnGlass reinforced grade Slow burnPolyesters: Thermosets Cast polyyester

Rigid 0.87 to self extinguishingFlexible Slow burn to self extinguishing

Flammability, (ASTM D635)

(ipm)

Reinforced polyester moldings High strength (glass fibers) Self extinguishing

Heat and chemical resistant (asbestos) Self extinguishingSheet molding compounds, general purpose Self extinguishing

Glass fiber reinforced Self extinguishing

Glass fiber reinforced Self extinguishing

Flame retardant Self extinguishing

(SHEET 9 OF 11)

Flammability, (ASTM D635)

(ipm)

Source: data compiled by J.S Park from Charles T Lynch, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and

, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Polyphenylene sulfide: Standard Non—burning

40% glass reinforced Non—burningPolyethylenes; Molded, Extruded Type I—lower density (0.910—0.925)

Polystyrenes; Molded Polystyrenes

Nonrigid—electrical Self extinguishingRigid—normal impact Self extinguishingVinylidene chloride Self extinguishingSilicones; Molded, Laminated Fibrous (glass) reinforced silicones Nonburning

Granular (silica) reinforced silicones NonburningWoven glass fabric/ silicone laminate 0.12Ureas; Molded Alpha—cellulose filled (ASTM Type l) Self extinguishing

Cellulose filled (ASTM Type 2) Self extinguishingWoodflour filled Self extinguishing

(SHEET 11 OF 11)

Flammability, (ASTM D635)

(ipm)

Source: data compiled by J.S Park from Charles T Lynch, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1975 and

, Engineering Plastics, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1988

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Class Material (wt%) (UL94)

Glass fiber reinforced

thermosets Sheet molding compound (SMC) 15 to 30 5V

Bulk molding compound(BMC) 15 to 35 5VPreform/mat(compression molded) 25 to 50 V–0Cold press molding–polyester 20 to 30 V–0Spray–up–polyester 30 to 50 V–0Filament wound–epoxy 30 to 80 V–0Rod stock–polyester 40 to 80 V–0Molding compound–phenolic 5 to 25 V–0Glass–fiber–reinforced

Polycarbonate 20 to 40 V–0Polyethylene 10 to 40 V–0Polypropylene 20 to 40 V–0Polystyrene 20 to 35 V–0Polysulfone 20 to 40 V–0ABS(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) 20 to 40 V–0PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 15 to 35 V–0Polyphenylene oxide(modified) 20 to 40 V–0SAN (styrene acrylonitrile) 20 to 40 V–0Thermoplastic polyester 20 to 35 V–0

International, Materials Park, OH, p106, (1994)

Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001

List of Tables Atomic and IonicRadii

Selecting Atomic Radii of the Elements Selecting Ionic Radii of the Elements

Bond Lengths and Angles

Selecting Bond Lengths Between Elements Selecting Bond Angles Between Elements

Density

Selecting Density of the Elements

Shackelford & Alexander

Selecting Structural Properties

Number Symbol

Atomic Radius (nm)

Source: After a tabulation by R A Flinn and P K Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their

Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Structural Properties

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

Ionic Radius (nm)

Source: After a tabulation by R A Flinn and P K Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their

Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Structural Properties

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

Ionic Radius (nm)

Source: After a tabulation by R A Flinn and P K Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their

Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975

©2001 CRC Press LLC

* The ionic radii are based on the calculations of V M Goldschmidt, who assigned radii based

on known interatomic distances in various ionic crystals

Source: After a tabulation by R A Flinn and P K Trojan, Engineering Materials and Their

Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1975

Shackelford & Alexander

Selecting Structural Properties

To convert Å to nm, multiply by 10 -1

Source: from Kennard, O., in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., Weast, R C.,

Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988, F-167

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Shackelford & Alexander

Selecting Structural Properties

Source: data from James F Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers,

Second Edition, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, pp.686-688, (1988).

©2001 CRC Press LLC

List of Tables

1303

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

Selecting Melting Points of Ceramics

Heat of Fusion

Selecting Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds

Entropy

Selecting Entropy of the Elements

Diffusion Activation Energy

Selecting Diffusion Activation Energy

in Metallic Systems

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: from Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in Handbook of

Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F-204.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: from Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in Handbook of

Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F-204.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: from Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in Handbook of

Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F-204.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: from Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in Handbook of

Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F-204.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: from Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in Handbook of

Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F-204.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: from Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in Handbook of

Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F-204.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: from Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in Handbook of

Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F-204.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: from Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in Handbook of

Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F-204.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

* The strength of a chemical bond, ∆(R - X), often known as the bond dissociation energy, is

defined as the heat of the reaction: RX -> R + X It is given by: ∆(R - X) = ∆Hf˚(R) +

∆Hf˚(X) - ∆Hf˚(RX) Some authors list bond strengths for 0 K, but here the values for 298K

are given because more thermodynamic data are available for this temperature Bond

strengths, or bond dissociation energies, are not equal to, and may differ considerable from,

mean bond energies derived solely from thermochemical data on molecules and atoms

The values in this table have usually been measured spectroscopically or by mass

spectro-metric analysis of hot gases effusing from a Knudsen cell

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: from Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in Handbook of

Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974, F-204.

Shackelford & Alexander

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

Strength Kcal • mol –1

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: data from: Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974,

F–213

©2001 CRC Press LLC

O – ClO 59 ± 3(C6H5CH2)2CH–COOH 59.4

Shackelford & Alexander

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

Strength Kcal • mol –1

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: data from: Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974,

F–213

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Shackelford & Alexander

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

1327

* The values refer to a temperature of 298 K and have mostly been determined by kinetic

methods Some have been calculated from formation of the species involved according to

Strength Kcal • mol –1

To convert kcal to KJ, multiply by 4.184.

Source: data from: Kerr, J A., Parsonage, M J., and Trotman–Dickenson, A F., in

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 55th ed., Weast, R C., Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974,

F–213

©2001 CRC Press LLC

2 Re(c) + 7/2 07(g) = Re2O7(c) 298.16–569K –301,470

2 V(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = V2O3(c) 298.16–2,000K –299,910

2 B(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = B2O3(gl) 298.16–723K –298,670

2 Re(c) + 7/2 07(g) = Re2O7(l) 569–635.5K –295,810Th(c) + O2(g) = ThO2(c) 298.16–2,000K –294,350U(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = UO3 (hexagonal) 298.16–935K –294,090U(γ) + 3/2 O2(g) = UO3 (hexagonal) 1,045–1,400K –294,040U(β) + 3/2 O2(g) = UO3 (hexagonal) 935–1,045K –291,870

3 Fe(β) + 2 O2(g) = Fe3O4( β ) 1,033–1,179K –262,990Zr(α) + O2(g) = ZrO2( α ) 298.16–1,135K –262,980U(α) + O2(g) = UO2(c) 298.16–935K –262,880U(γ ) + O2(g) = UO2(c) 1,045–1,405K –262,830Zr(β ) + O2(g) = ZrO2( β ) 1.478–2,000K –262,290U(β ) + O2(g) = UO2(c) 935–1,045K –260,660Ce(l) + O2(g) = CeO2(c) 1,048–2,000K –247,930

Selecting Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties

CRC Handbook of Materials Science & Engineering

1330

2 Mn(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = Mn2O3(c) 298.16–1,000K –230,610Si(l) + O2(g) = SiO2(l) 1,883–2,000K –228,590Ti(α ) + O2(g) = TiO2 (rutile) 1,150–2,000K –228,380Ti(α ) + O2(g) = TiO2 (rutile) 298.16–1,150K –228,360

2 As(c) + 5/2 O2(g) = As2O5(c) 298.16–883K –217,080Si(c) + O2(g) = SiO2( α –quartz) 298.16–848K –210,070Si(c) + O2(g) = SiO2( β –quartz) 848–1,683K –209,920Si(c) + O2(g) = SiO2( β –cristobalite) 523–1,683K –209,820Si(c) + O2(g) = SiO2( β –tridymite) 390–1,683K –209,350Si(c) + O2(g) = SiO2( α –cristobalite) 298.16–523K –207,330Si(c) + 02(g ) = SiO2( α –tridymite) 298.16–390K –207,030W(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = WO3(l) 1,743–2,000K –203,140

2 Fe(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3( β ) 950–1,033K –202,960

2 Fe(γ ) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3( γ ) 1,179–1,674K –202,540W(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = WO3(c) 298.16–1,743K –201,180

2 Fe(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3(hematite) 298.16–950K –200,000

2 Fe(β) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3( β ) 1,033–1,050K –196,740

2 Fe(β) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3( γ ) 1,050–1,179K –193,200

2 Fe(α) + 3/2 O2(g) = Fe2O3( γ ) 1,674–1,800K –192,920Mo(c) + 3/2 O2(g) = MoO3(c) 298.16–1,068K –182,650Mg(g) + 1/2 O2(g) = MgO (periclase) 1,393–2,000K –180,700

Temperature Range of Validity ∆ H0

The ∆Ho values are given in gram calories per mole

Source: data from CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol II, Charles T Lynch, Ed., CRC

Press, Cleveland, (1974)

©2001 CRC Press LLC