And sometimes, more than one type of bacteria may be found together in a specimen, I think you get the pic-ture." Why does the professor say this: •• think you get the picture." To "get
Trang 112tI ANSWERS AND A.UDIO SCRIPTS FOR A.CTIVmES, QUIZZES, AND MOOEl TESTS
This Is the spirilla They 100II a little like corkscrews, and they're responsible IOf e number 01
dis-eases In humans, SuI 1 don't want you to get the wrong idea It's true thai some species of baCleria do
cause diMa589, buI IOf the most pan bac1eria are benign
There's a lot 01 bacteria In this room In h"~,, on
very rapidly, we're using them to cletermlne how cenain characteristics are inherited
OkaY now,let me review these three typeS with you coeci ;1111111 • " '0"."'"
I
In any case, although wanl you to know the lt11ee major classifications, within these basic groups
there ere vinually hundreds 01 variations thai make them somewhat more dilflClJlt 10 identity and classity
that I showed you a minute ego
"""!J!!!!!LO!l!Jype 01 bacleril! !n!W be found
i bacteria by their shape, which we now know Isnl really a very good for distinguishing them easily, if we really want to identily what type 01 baCleria we're cleat·
Ing with, it's bener to study the biochemistry or genetic structure 01 the specimen They have one
chro-mosome 01 double·stranded DNA in a ring, which we can analyze lalrly easily
10 23
Audio 24
•• dIo 25
An_ • e
10 26
AudiO 27
."- e
Audio 28
-Audio
-, An_ D
What aspect 01 bacteria Is this lecture mainly about?
The three majOr types of bacteria Which 01 the following slides contain coeci bacteria?
The cocci bacteria are shown In this slide
Which two charaCleristics are oommon In baCleria?
They have one cell
They reproduce QUickly
Why are bacteria being used In the research stuc:ly al the university? Bacteria are similar to other ~ f e forms
How does the professor help the students to remember the typeS Of bac1eria?
He uses the first iettllf to represent the shape,
USlen again to part 01 the lecture and then answer the loIlowing question
"Because, you see, bacteria can ioIn in chains, clusters, pairs And sometimes, more than one type of bacteria may be found together in a specimen, I think you get the pic-ture."
Why does the professor say this:
•• think you get the picture."
To "get the picture' means "to understand." He thinks thaI the Information Is very clear,
fight mater
Trang 2EXPlANATORY OR EXAMPlE ANSWERS AND AUOIO SCR I PTS fOR MOO£1 TESTsn o£)EL TES T 6 777
Alldlo Lectu~
NlIITalor: Uslen to pari 01 a lecture irI a hlslofy class,
Professor, :
Th • ••• ~.'" glMl selliers the righllo open land but mandaled lhal homesteaders build
a structure lhal was al leasllen by twelve feet and Included alleasl one glass windoW, and lhey had 10
five on their hOmestead and improve the l and for five years before !he ir claim was recognized 01
course, when they first arrived, mosl homesteaders lived in their wagons Of pitched lents unlilthey filed
dalms and planted crops And even then, knowing thallully halt 01 the homesteaders wouldn't make it
through the five years required 10 complete their claims, homesteaders leoded to view the construction
ollheir homes as semi - permanent dwe l ~ngs more likely they'd build something beller laler or try 10 improve on what they'd built ntially if they made It through the first live years So , in addition to the
requirements irI the Homeslaad Ad, the settlers needed a home thai was easy to build, cheap, and
maybe even disposable
p(~ lew If bt log ~ .JIImOsLWlJPOSsible SO.Jhe 10<1 bOiiS8 W8& ,PradiCaJ soIutiooJor: homesteadetliPll)a1, treeless taJ)d! So how do ,,,,,,,,, • • """"'.,,' Wei, first you wait lor a rain that mO'" ,",,,, •• ,,
it took very little time 10 build, probably a day or two And the thiCk waUs actually kept the houseqJita coolin the sumfT18f and fairly warm In the winler If a bellar home could be built tater, the sod house would simply dissolve Into the soil But there were serious disadvantages as well Even wel-bultl IOOls leaked onto the dirt floors, forming mud puddles, and sometimes the rool even collapsed from the water weight Or , In dry spells, the dirt cruJNlled from the roo! inlo the home Not to mention the i nfesta-tions 01 insects and even snakes that iohabited the dirt waDs
they could fil together when they were stacked at !he comers and it also had the
structurellnlegrlty And there WIfe severallyPBS 01 notching techniques that were
the skill 01 the builder In any case, with noIchlng, no nails were required
had to be shipped Into towns and thoo transported out to the
In chinki1g, were WOfkedlnto rolls about a Ioollong and maybe lour inC:het wide and thoo they were inserted Inlo
the cracks between the logs These rolls were commonly fe/erred to as mud cats and were very
ellee-live In keeping out the cold and keeping in the heat 01 course, lhe tighter the logs the fewer chinks
were required, and that's Important because the chinks were the weakest part ot the cabin, and with the expansion and contraction that resuHed from freezing and thawing, well, chinking tended 10 deteriorate and needed constant maintenance and repair
Okay, there was usually a stone or brick fireplace along one wali And the rool was usually made 01
wood shingles So you can imagine, this was quite an improvement over the sod house The
ectvan-\ages wereihat the home could be kept dean Even though the floor was usually dirt Of gravel because nat boards were diffieuH 10 obtain, it was stin an elfective shelter 10 keep out lhe rain and dust
Trang 3730 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIES , OUIZZES , AND MODEL TESTS
/itm;luTBI$n c Qws, 3 " Ext:uI& , 4' :f"
Narralor 2: Number 3 Read a short passage and listen to a lalk on the same topic Then listen lor a
question about them After you hear the qlJestion, you have 30 seconds 10 prepare and 60 seconds 10
f8COfd your answer
Narralor 1 The pro'ossot's attendance policy Is published In the course syllabus Read tha policy In the
course syllabus printed on page 450 You have 45 seconds to completa It Please begin reading now
[Reilding lime: 45 seconds!
Narralor 1 Now listen 10 a student who Is talking with friends about the policy
StlJdeot:
you can' be absent more lhan one time without getting a lower grade, so, I'd rathet have the optiOn of
explaining my problem to the professor If I need to be absent, ancI then try to figure 0111 a way to make
up the work Look II I'm sick lor two weeI\s I don' think It's lair lor the professor to lower my grade as
long as I keep up with the class Or If you have a legitimale reason not 10 be lhere-Uke a famlty
emer-gency or something t don' think you should have to choose between your health or your 'amity and
your grade in the class
NarralOl" 1: The student expresses his opinion 0' the prolessor's policy lor excusOO absences Report
his opinion and explaln the reasons thai he gives for tlaving thai opinion
Narrator 2 Please prepare your answer after the beep
[PreparaHon lime: 30 seconds]
Narrator 2: Please begin speaking after the beep
[Recording time: 60 seconds!
Ilff"EIIIIArEIJ $n c QuaTlDl4 " 1Isa;,, "
Narrator 2: Number 4 Read a shOO passage and then listen to part of a IactlJfe on the same topic Then
listen lor a question about them After you hear the questloo, you have 30 seconds 10 prepare and 60
seconds to record your answer
Narrator 1 Now read the passage aboullnsect8 prlnlecl on page 451 You have 45 seeond8to complete
It Please begin reading now
[Reading lime: 45 seconds!
lpynghlcd rna r I
Trang 4732 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTIVITIES OUIZZES AND MODEL TESTS
Student
Friend:
Student:
Friend:
Student:
Friend:
NO don' have a lot 01 lime to, you know, go to meetings Neither do I, but I do play Inter-mural sports
What's that?
II's justa group that meets regularly to play basketball 01 course, there are lots of other teams, besides basketball, 1 mean You could join a football team, or soccer uh baseball, volleyball Just go over to the Recreation Center and sign up They'l put you
on a team You could use some lime away from the books
I'd like to do that, but
Well since you don' want to lake time away from your studies, why don' you join a study group, or get one going In one 01 your classes? That w/rf, you wouldn' feel like
you are was~ng time, and besides, the people you meet will be serious students, so
maybe they would be bette lriends for you anyway
NarratOl' 1: Describe the man's problem and the two sogoestioos that his friend makes about how to handle It Whal do you think the man should do, and why?
Narrator 2: Please prepare your answer after the beep
Boo,
[Preparation time: 20 seconds)
Narrator 2: Please begin speaking aner the beep
[Recording time: 60 seconds[
.,
Narrator 2; Number G Usten 10 ~r1 018 leo::Iure Then lislen lor a question 8bout il Arter you hoear thoe QuestiOn, you have 20 seconds 10 prepare, and 60 seconds to record your answer
Narrator 1: Now IIslen to pari 01 a lecture in a psychology class Tho professor is discussing the Skinner
"'
Professor:
There have been several references to the Skinner Box in your lelrlboolt because a lot of behaviOral
modification experiments stili use similar devices, aven today so lei's lusl take a few minutes and make sure that everyone understands eKactty what a Skinner BoK Is and how it WOtI<s The boK which was named for B F Skinner, the American psychologist who developed it it was used in SIIinner's origi-nal eKperiment In 1932, and its construction hasn' changed much from that time It·s just a small, empty boK really eKcept lor a bar with a cup underneath it So picture this: In Skinner's experiment a rat that had been deprived 01 food lor twenly·four nours was placed In the boK As the animal began 10 eKpIore its new environment, it accidentally hit the bar, and a food pellet dropped into the cup The rat ate the
paI-lei and continued eKpIoring for more food Arter hitting the bar three 01' tour times with similar results, the animal star1ad hitting the bar with intention instead 01 by acddent It had leamed it could gat food by
pressing the bar In other words, the food stimulus reinforced the bar pressing response So many
Trang 5EXPlANA T ORY OR EXAMPLE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOfl MOOEL TEST SIMOOEL TE ST 6 733
psychology experiments were modeled aftGf Skint1(lf's original reseateh Um, yarlous animals have been placed in modified Skinner Boxes and presenled with conditions that win result In a reward-food or some other desirable obJect Of experience In most of the behaYlof modillcation experiments In your
book, you'l see a citation fOt Skinner's classic study
NarratOf t: Using the main points and e~amples from the lecture, describe the Skinner Box, and then explain how the device 13 used In P$ychoIogy experiments
NarratOt 2 Please prepare your answer atter the beep
NarratOf 2 Please begifl speaking alter the beep
Beep
[Recording time: 60 seconds}
~ Writing
II,HlUJD faAr "PJr4UGJCCU Slur"
( ' ) Model T"t 6, Wrlting Section, CD 9, Tradl3
Narrator: Now listen to a lecture on the same topic as the passage that you have lust read
Professor:
Most textbooks thai haye been published within the past fifty years Include the Mltler-Urey experiment because II was such a grouodbreaklng discovefY at the time, and researchers honestly believed that
ment is, le t ' s say, skeptical And there are several serious objections thai we really need to deal with
con-tinuous etectrical energy, but even Ihough the atmosp/1Gfe of early Earth was subJected to frequent electrical stomtS, they were probably not continuous So some scientists argue that although amino acids and olhef organic compounds may have been formed in the earty history 01 Earth, they probably
experiment What iI the premise that the mixture of gases simulated that 01 early Earth were false?
Theo, 01 course , everything else In the experiment Is flawed
And here's another problem Because several meteorites haye fallen to Earth since the publieatlon
of the Milier-Urey experiment, there has been interest in analyzing them lor amino acid content and amino acids have been loond In them Well, that proves thaI amino acids are able \0 survive in severe
)pynght m r I
Trang 6734 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACnVrnES QUIZZES AND MODEL TESTS
condItions in space So what cIoes that mean? Some SCientists think that the earty Earth was sjmllar to
asteroids and comets that cootain amino acids so they may have been present from the moment that
the Earth was fooned Others point to the possibility that organic c:ompounds escaped from within
mete-orites in impact sites where they hit the &uriace 01 the newly formIng planet Earth
The truth IS that we just don~ know how the first cen was Iormed and we really eren~ sure how that
eel! reorganized into Larger living structures So, elthough the Miller-Urey experiment is interesting it
probably does not hold the promise of unlocking the mystery of life on our planet
~ Exampl AilS and Ch.ckllsts '.r $fIo""ng and Writing
( ) Modet Test 6 Example An , CD 9, TradI: 4
ExA-rru ArIwa FlM""" SnAuc Qw.s,,.,,, 1 "A S IIAMr'BI"
The role 01 a good son or daughter changes oYer the years Initially being an obedient child is probably
aU that a parent requires But when a child grows up and begil'lS 10 become independent, then a good
son or daughter Is a person who has good character-who does well In school or suooeeds In a career
and demonstretes the personal queJitles that the parents have tried to teach Urn • a good son or
daughter Is also a good parent when they have children 01 their own When parents see their grandchi
-dren being brought up Well uh they know thatlhey have provided a good example And and when
the parents become old and need care, a good son 01' daughter won' be too busy to spend lime with
them and provide them with help
CMckIIst 1
t/ The talk answers the topic QUestion
t/ The point of view or position Is clear
t/ The talk is direct and well-«ganized
t/ The sentences are logically coooocted
t/ DetailS and examples support the main Idea
t/ The speaker expresses complete thoughts
t/ The meaning Is easy to comprehend
t/ A wide range of vocabulary is used
t/ There are only minor errors In grammar
t/ The talk Is within a range of 125-150 words
WlftE AM:nrsl ,.6 &"", SnAuc Quo", 2 ".DI¥ ".iiD JJ
Although a jOb that Involves travel seems glamorous to people who spend day alter day i n an otfioe it
really isn' lor me Fofone thing treveling lor business usually means going to the same pIac;:es repeatedly
and staying in the same tired hotel rooms Besides that, the pace of a business trip doesn~ allow much
time to see anything besides the inSide of an office building and the road to the alrport And eating ,
restaurants Isn~ that healthy and travetlng eI the time Is exhausting No, I'd rather have a Job opportumy
that •• that would let me sleep in my own bed and , uh, eat my own cooking Urn • but ideally, the Job
would also Include a three 'eBk paid vacation so I could travel to a desIioation of my choice and reIalI
lpynghl maklr I
Trang 7EXPlANATORY OR EXAMPLE ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR MODEL TESTSJMODEL TEST 6 735
"" The talk answOfS the topic question
t/ The point 01 view or position Is dear
t/ The talk is direct and wefl-organized
t/ The sentences are logically connected
t/ Detalls and examples support the main idea
t/ The speaker expresses complete !houghts
t/ The meaning Is easy to comPfehend
"" A wide range of vocabulary Is used
t/ There are only minor tIfTOI'S In grammar
t/ The talk Is within a range 01125-150 words
ExA,pu AIIIIrIf,., /tl1lMATfII $nAntr Quu, 3 " Ext:usa A"';r "
Aocording to the prolessor's policy, studeflts can be absent lrom one class without explaining unless Ihere's a test scheduled and then the pr0l8SSOl" expectS students to go to her offlce 1 0 give her an
expla-nation tor being out of class and arrange tor making up the test Also, being absent more Ihan once
could mean Ihat your grade could be lowered by one letter lor each lime you miss class The student doesn1 agree wilh the excused absence policy because he thinks Ihat his grade shouldn' be affected
by absence if he makes up Ihe wont Um • from his point of view, a valid reason tor abs ance, u , like
an emergency, a family problem, or Illness, uh, that shouldn1 jeopardize his grade unless he falls to
keep up with the c:tass or h i! work's unsatisfactOl')'
"" The talk summarizes the situation and opinion
"" The point 01 view or position Is dear
y The talk Is direct and well-organiuod
"" The senteoces are logically connected
t/ Delalls and examples support the opinion
t/ The speaker expresses complete !houghts
t/ The meaning Is easy to comprehend
t/ A wide range of vocabulary is used
t/ Errors in grammar are minor
t/ The talk Is within a range of 125-150 words
EXAIIIU AlIna"., IrmIrAIRI InA" Qw:s, 4 " "",,, "
Insects are arthropods with a three-part body structure-a head, a thorax., and an abdomen The head
has a pair 01 eyes and a palr 01 antennae and three pairs 01 legs and two pairs of wings are usually attached to the thorax Now, although a spider Is also an arthropod, It Isn' consIderod an Insect uh, because, um, because it only has a two-part body Stn.N;;ture The head and the thorax are joined
together on a spider and attached to its abdomen by a thin stem And a spider doesn' hava antennae but It does have lour pairs of eyes Instead 01 six legs, it has eight, hairy legs that are used kind of like
an Insec1 uses Its antennae to explore Ihe environment A spider doesn' have wings It has a unique g1andular system that allows ~ to spin Its webs So , because 01 this very different body structure, a
spl-der Is not really an Insect