Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 5 pps

Most questions are worth 1 point, but the last question in eaen passage is worth more than 1 point You willl\ave 60 minutes to read all 01 the passages and answer the questions.. ~ Mamma

MODEL TEST 1: PRETEST

READING SECTION

The Reading section tests your ability to understand reading passages like those In coltege textbooks, The passages Bre about 700 words In length

This Is the short formalior the Reading section On the short format, you will respond to three passages, After eadl passage, you will answer 12- 14 questions about it

Most questions are worth 1 point, but the last question in eaen passage is worth more than

1 point

You willl\ave 60 minutes to read all 01 the passages and answer the questions You may lake nptes while you read, but notes are not graded You may use your ootes to answer the ques-tions Some passages may include a WOfd or phrase thai is underlined In blue Click on the WOfd or phrase to see a glossal)' definition or explanation

Choose the beslanswer lor muhiple-.cholce queslJons Follow the directions on the page or on the screen lor computeJ-asslsled questions Click on Next to go to the 08;(1 question , C l ic k on 8Kk to rewm to the previou s question You may return to previouS questions lor all 01 the passages in the same reading part, but after you go to the next part, you will not be able to return to passages In a previous pa rt Be sure that you have answered all 01 the questions fOf the passages in each part before you click on Next attha end of the passage to move to the next part

You can click on Review to see a chart of the questions you have answered and the questions you have not answered in each part From this screen, you can return to the question you want

to answer In the part that Is open

A clock on the screen will show you how much time you have to completa the Reading section

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22 MODEL TEST 1 PRETEST

PART I

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-+ The epic poem Beowulf, written In Old English, is the earliest e)(isting

Ger-manic epic and one of lour surviving Anglo-Saxon manuscripts Although

Beowuff was written by an anonymous Englishman in Old English, the tale

takes place in that part of Scandinavia from _Germanic tribes emigrated to

England Beowulf comes from Geattand, the southeastern part of what Is now

Sweden Hrothgar, king of the Danes, lives near what is now Lelre, on Zealand,

Denmark's largest island Tha Beowulf epic contains three map" tales about

Beowulf and several minor tales that reHect a rictI Germanic oral tradition of

myths, legends, and folklore

-+ The BeoltVff warriofs have a foot in both the Bronze and Iron Ages Thair

mead-halls reflect the wealthy living of the Bronze Age Northmen, and their

wooden shields, wood-shafted spears, and bronze-hilted swords are those of

the Bronze Age warrior However, they carry Iron-tipped spears, and their best

swords have iron or iron-eclged blades Beowulf also orders an iron shield lor

his fight with a dragon Iron replaced bronze because it produced a blade with

a cutting edge that was stronger and sharper The Northmen leamed how to

lorge iron in about 500 B.C Although they had been superior to the European

Celts in bronze work, it was the Celts who taught them how to make and design

iron worK Iron was accessible everywhere In Scandinavia, usually In the form

01 "bog-iron"lound in the layers of peat in peat bogs

The Beowuff epic also reveals int&fasting aspects of the lives 01 the

Anglo-Saxons woo lived In England at the time of the anonymous Beowuff poet The

Germanic tribes, including the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, invaded

England from about A.O 450 to 600_

-+ Although the BeoltVlfmanuscript was written in about A.D 1000, it was not

discovered until the seventeenth century [!l Scholars do not know whether

BeoltVffls the sole surviving epic from a flourishing Anglo-Saxon lit&fary period

that produced other great epics or whether It w a s _ even In Its own time

!CJ Many scholars think that the epic was probably written sometime between

the late seventh century and the early ninth century It they are COITec!, the

ong-Inal manuscript was probably lost during the nlnttHlentury Viking Invasions of

Anglia, in which the Danes desltoyed tna Anglo-Saxon monasteries and their

great libraries However, other scholars think that the poet's favorable attitude

toward the Danes rrnJst place the epic's composition after the Viking Invasions

and at the stan of the eleventh century, when this BeoItVIf manuscript was

wrinen

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READING SECTION 23

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Appnl and Value

BBowuff interests contemporary readers for many reasons First, it is an

marvelous characters and each fight is unique, action-packed, and e:w:citing

elctraordinary strength, skill, courage, and loyally Uke Hercules, he devotes his

life to making the work! a safer place He chooses to risk death in order to help

other people, and he faces his inevitable death with heroism and dignity Third,

Beowulf The behaviOr of Beowulf's warriors In the dragon fight reveals their

cowardice Beowutl's attitudes toward heroism reflecl his maturity and e:w:peri

-ence, while King Hrothgar's attitudes toward life Show the e:w:periences of an

aged nobleman

other cultures, the hero must create a meaningful life in a world that is olten

to ~despal r; instead, he takes pride In himself and In his accomplishments,

and 1M; values human relationships

<D The original story was written In a German dialect

<t> The author did nol sign his name to the poem

<D It is one of several epics from the first century

Paragraph! is marked with an arrow 1-+1

2 The word wtllI::b In the passage refers 10

<D Scandinavia

<t> manUSCfipls

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2" MODEL TEST 1 PRETEST

3 Why does the author mention "bog-iron" in paragraph 2?

CD To demonstrate tile availability 01 iron in Scandinavia

<D To prove that iron was better than bronZe lor weapons

( 0 To argue that the Celts provided the materials to make Iron

CD To suggest that 500 B C was the date that the Iron Age began

Paragraph 2 is marlled with: an arrow [ -+ ]

4 Which oj the sentences below besl expresses the information in the highlighted statement

in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out imJXlflant information

CD Society in Anglo-Saxon England was both advanced and cultured

<D The society of the Anglo-Saxons was not primitive or cultured

( 0 The Anglo-Saxons had a society tIlat was primitive, not cultured

CD England during the Anglo-Saxon society was advanced , not cultured

5 The word unique in the passage is closest In meaning to

<l> o

<D fare

( 0 perfect

CD weak

6 According to paragraph 4, why do many scholars believe that the original manuscript for

CD Because it is not like other manuscripts

<D Because many libraries were burned

( 0 Because the Danes were allies 01 the Anglo-Saxons

CD Because no copies were found In monasteries

Paragraph 41s marlled with an arrow [ j

7 In paragraph 4, the author suggests that Beowuffwas discovered in the

CD first cantu!)'

<D ninth cantu!)'

(0 eleventh cantu!)'

CD seventeenth cantu!),

Paragraph 4 1s marlled with an arrow [-+]

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REAOING SECTION 2$

8 Why does the author 01 this passage use the word "apparently" in paragraph 5 1

(D He Is not certain that the autnar of BeowuH was a Christian

(J) He Is mentiOning facts that are obviOus to the readers

<D He is giving an example from a historical reference

<D He is Introducing evidence about the autnar of BeowuH

Paragraph 5 is marKed with an arrow [-+]

9 The author compared tile Beowulf character to Hercules because

(D they are both examples of the ideal hero

(J) their adventures with a dragon are very similar

<D the speeches that they make are inspiring

~ they lived at about the same time

1 The word exhibits in the passage is clQsest in meaning to

(D creates

<];I demonslrates

<D assumes

<D terminates

11 The word ~ in the passage is closest in meaning to

(D manage

(J) evaluate

<D refuse

<D confront

12 Look at the four squares [ _ ] that show where the following senlence could be inserted in the passage

Moreover, they disagree as to whether this Beowu"is a copy of an earlier manuscript Where could the sentence baSI be ack:ied?

Click on a square [ _ 110 insert the senlence in the passage

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:ze MOOELTESTI:PRETEST

13 Directions : An in troduct ion for a short summary of the passage appears below Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not i ncluded in the passage or are minor points from the passage

Th is quest/on Is worth 2 points

Beowulf Is the oldest Angl~Saxon epic poem that has survived to the present day

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•

•

Answer Choi ces

!AI T he N orthmen were adep t In c r afting

tools and weapons made of bronze, but

the Celts were superior in designing and

working In iron

[BJ In thll Viking inv asio ns of England , thtt

Danish armies des t royed mo n asteries ,

some of wh ich contained extensive

libraries

friends at the end 01 t heir l i ves , after

hav i ng spent decades opposing each

other on the battlefield

~ The poem chronicles life I n Anglo-Saxon

society during the Bronze and Iron Ages when Germanic tribes were invading England

I£J Although Beowulf was writtan by an anonymous poet , probably a Chris t ian, about 1000 11.0., it was not found until the seventOO11th century

lEI BBowuff is still in teresting because it has engaging characters, an adven t urous plol , and an appreciation for human behavior and relationships

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READING SECTION 27 PART II

1IaII1., 2 ·711er.,,,.,.,,

~ Mammals and birds generally maintain body temperature within a narrow

range (36-38°C lor most mammals and 39-42"C lor mosl birds) that Is usually

ooosiderab/y warmer than the environment Because heat always llows Irom a

wa!ll1 object to cooler surroundings, birds and mammals must counteract lhe

constant heat loss This maintenance of warm body temperalure depends on

several key adaptations 1he most basic mechanism is the high metabolic rate

01 endothermy itself Endothe!ll1s can produce large amounts of metabolic heat

that replace the flow 01 heat to the environment, heat

duction·to match rates 01 heat loss

~~~~~~~~~!:~~~~~~~~~::~~~~;f ~ i i and produce ;

heat InStead 01 6If This nona lverlng thermogeneala (NST) takes place

throughout the body, but some mammals also have a tissue called brown fat in

the neck and between the shoulders that is specialized for rapid heal

produc-tion Through shivering and NST, mammals and birds in cold environments can

Increase their metabolic heat production by as much as 5to 10 times above the

tiiliimiJ levels that occur in warm conditions

-+ Another major thermoregulatOf)' adaptation that evolved in mammals and

birds is insulation (hair, feathers, and fat layers), which reduces the flow of heat

and Iow8fs the energy cost 01 keeping wa!ll1 Most land mammals and birds

react to oold by raising their fur or feathers, thereby trapping a thicker layer of

ak !AI Humans rely more on a layer o f fat just beneath the skin RiO insulation;

goose bumps are a vestige of hair-raising letl over from our furry ancestors

1m Vasodilation and vasoconstriction also ~ heat eJ:change and may

contribute to regional temperature diff8f&f1C8s within the animal ICl For 8J:am·

pie, heat loss from a human is reduced when a!ll1S and legs cool to several

degrees below the temperature 01 the body COfe, where most vital organs are

located !Dl

-+ Hair loses most of its insulating power when wet Marine mammals such as

whales and seals have a very thick layer of insulation fat called blubber, just

under the skin Marine mammals swim in water colder than their body core tem

-perature, and many species spend at least part 01 the year In nearly freezing

polar seas The loss 01 heat to water occurs 50 to 1 00 times more rapidly than

heat loss to air, and tl"le skin temperature of a marine mammal is close to water

temperature Even so, the blubber insulation is so effective thai marine mam·

mals maintain body core tempefatures of about 36-38· C with metabolic rates

about the same asJliiiiof land mammals of similar si~e The flippers or tail of

a whale or seal lack insulating blubber but countercurrent heat exchangers

greatly reduce heat loss in these extremities, as they do in the legs of many

birds

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