But there are realty two types of status-ascribed status and acnieved status.. Okay, in ascribed status, the status is automatic, so you don't have a choice.. On the other hand, achieved
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78 ACAOEM~ SKILLS
( } Acti vity 7, C D 2, Track 6
Definition comparison = three types 01 language
SIAr'IoAArd usage
Permanent core
Colloquial language
Often evolves inlo standard
Slang expressions
Temporary phenomenon
Continuum
TAIIE NOTES QUICKLY
Sba tetln to lIII
Know what to ignOf8
d<;ofinilions words + pnrsses found In diction8ry used formal I nformal situations
"appropriate speech writing
included In dictionary marked as colloquial Idioms understood used in informal situations, not formal more common in speech
sometimes in dictionary m8f1l.ed as slang used by some speakers In Informal situations more oommon In speech
Most Formal- Least Formal Standard-Colloqulal- Slang
Use abbreviations and symbols
Draw relationships
, Know what to Ignore
Sometimes professors will pause to think before they continue Ihelr lectures Some professors will use verbal pauses, for example, uh and urn, as well as words like now, so, okay, weI/
Other pro/assars will use repetition or restatement as a way to gather their thoughts or to clar-ify a previous point In repelilion, the professor will use the same WOtds or phrases several times In restalement, the professor will say the same thing in a slightfy different way Since repetition and restatement do not add to the meaning, you can ignore them
The time thai the professor uses to think is advantageous to you because you can ignore these pauses, repetitions, and restatements and you can use the additional time to take notes
Ptw:nt:f Acrmrr 8
Did you understand? Try to identify the important information in the lecture Cross out every-thing in the transcript that you could ignore The first sentence from the lecrure is shown to give you an example The answers are plinled in Chapter 7 on pages 507 508
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society_ group
SocIology
Usten to the beginning 01 a lecture in a sociOlogy class as you read the transcript The profes· sor is discussing status and roles
o Activtty 8, CD 2, Track 7
Status refers to, un, a position in society or or in a group But there are realty two types of status-ascribed status and acnieved status Okay, in ascribed status, the status is automatic,
so you don't have a choice In other words, it's an involuntary status And some ellamples tnat come to mind are status because of race or sex Not mlJCl'l you can do about that On the other hand, achieved status requires some effort, and there's a choice InvotYed For instance, a mar· riage partner, or the type 01 education, or, for that matter, uh, the length 01 time In school Well,
Ihese are choices , uh , achievements , and so they fall under the category of achieved status
So, that brings us to the status set A status set is the combination of all statuses that an indio vidual has Me, lor example I'm a professor, but I'm also a husband and a father, and, and a,
uh, son, since my mother is still living
So, in each of these statuses I, I have certain behaviors that Me expected, uh, because of
the status Okay, all of the behaviors Me roles, I mean, a role is the behavior expected because
01 status Okay, back to status sel All of the statuses-husband, father, son, professor-combine to form the status set, and each 01 the statuses have certain expectations Let me use that professor status again So , as a professor, I have a teaching role, and I ha e to pre· pare classes That's expected I also advise students grade assignments, and evaluate my students Bot this role I\as ery different ellpectations Uh, as a researcher, I, I have to design studies, raise funds for grants, and uh, then perform the research, and, and, finally, I write arti·
cIes and reports So, I think you see what I mean
Bot, one more thing, and this is importanl, sometimes role conflict can occur Let me say that again, role conflict And that means that meeting the expectations for one role will cause problems for an individual who is trying to meet other expectations in a different role Okay,
lei'S say that one 01 my students is dating my daughter, I don't recommend this But anyway, I may ha e role strain that could even develop into role conflict because it will be difficult for me
to meet the expectations for my role as leacher and uh, wtIen the student comes to my house,
111l\ave to remember my status as father and my role that requires me to welcome a guest into
my home, and well, form an opinion about someone who wants to take my daughter out on a date The textbook actually
Use abbreviations INId IJIII_II
Use abbreviations for important words and phrases that are repeated There are two ways to
do this You can use capital \etters thai will remind you of the word or phrase For example, in
a lecture about Colonial America, you might use C M as an abbreviation for the phrase; in a lecture about the philosophy of John Dewey, you could use 0 as an abbreviation for the name
Or you can write the beginning of the word or phrase For Colonial America, you could write
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Col Am: for John Dewey, J Dew The abbreviation can be anything that will remind you 0 1 the
wOfd Of ph ft lStt when you are reading your notes
You should also use symbols and abbreviations for small words that are common in the
language The following list includes some 0 1 the most commonly used words In English The
abbreviations here are shortened forms for these frequently heard words
w/o without
= is, are, means, refers to, like, is called
'" different, not
, results in, caU5(lS , produc;;es, therltlOfIt
comes from, derives from
ex example
@ "
1 ,2,3 first, second, third
< less, smaller
> more, larger
btw betwee n
The abbreviations in Ihe list printed above are part of my system for taking notes and some of
my students use it, but I encourage you to create your own system because you will probably
come up with symbols and abbreviations that will have meaning to you, and you will under
stand them later when you are reading your notes There is space for additional words Be
sure to choose something thai makes sense to you
aod with
without
is, are, means, refers to, like, Is called different, not
number
times results in, causes, produces, therelOfe comes Irom, derives from
example
" first, second, third less, smaller more, larger between
besk tlet matcr<ale
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I"IAmt:E .,MIf 9
Did you undefstand? Now practice taking notes with your system First, listen to each 01 the
sentences and write your notes here When you are finished taking notes for all len sentences try to write the original sentences using only your notes Then compare your sentences with the sentences printed in the answer key An example is shown using my system Your answer
is CO/Tect if you can read it and If the meaning is the same as the original sentence The words
do not have to be exactly the same Example answers are printed In Chapter 7 on page 509
Uslen to some sentences from college lectures Take notes as quicldy as you can
Friction between moving air and the ocean surface generates undulatlons of water called
51>0<1,
Very short :
Friction blw air + ocean surface -+ waves Fric btw air + ~ surf -+ waves
Friction between air and the ocean surface causes waves
,
2
3
4
5
• •
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7
8
9
10
, Draw relationships
To take notes, you can use symbols and diagrams By using this sy tem, you can reduce the
number of words that you have to write Here are some examples of notes for each of the
corn-mon relationships
DEFlNmON
Definitions are part of every academic subfect because the vocabulary must be introduced in
order to understand and learn r"I8W concepts Definitions olten appear in italic or bold print in
teKtbooks Many teidbooks have a glossary of specialized vocabulary in the back of the book
Professors olten give r"I8W words special emphasis in their lectures by pausing alter the
word and befofe the definition or by stressing the word the first time it is introduced Look at
these examples of definitions and notice the diagrams that show the relationship between the
word and the dellnition
A menu is a list of computer itJl"ICtions that appears on the screen
Menu list lIunctions on screen
The Idconsists of instincts
Id;; instincts
CLASSlftCATION
Classifications are also found In every subject To classify means to organize Into groups with
similar characteristiCs LooIt at these examptes of classificatiOns and notice how the diagrams
show the relationship between the main category and the classilication of types or kinds
besk ttet matonale
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This chapter explores four highly specialized lorms 01 fungus, which include rooids, yeasts, lichens, and mycorrilizae
Fungus
<::::::::: :c Molds Yeasts Uchens Mycorrhizae
Two typeS 0/ motivation have beef1 iderltifted by cognitive psychologists Intrinsic motiva ·
Yon is based on internal factors, as fOf example curiosity or the challenge to succeed, whereas
extrinsic motNaYon involves external incentives such as rewards or even puniShments
Motivation
~
Intrinsic Extrinsic
Sometimes this diagram Is enough lor you to remember other details, but a word or a brief phrase can help you recall a definition for each type
Intrinsic Extrinsic
Internal External
SEQUENCE
Sequence is often lound in narrations 0/ historical events, in descriptions 01 research studies, and in directions for scientific experimerlts Of processes
The Roman Empire was built in three stages, which oonsisted 0/ the conquest 01 Italy, the
conflict with Carthage and expansion into the Western Mediterranean, and, finally, the domination 01 the Greek kingdoms and the Eastern Mediterranean
Roman Empire
• CoI'IQUeSt Italy
• Conflict Carthage expansion W Mad
• Domination Greek E Med
The history 0/ Cubism lalls into three phases-the CeUUV1e phase, which lasted only two
years Irom 1907 to 1909, lollowed by the Analytical phase from 1910 to 1912, which, by
the way, was the phase in which the most abstract purification 0/ the form was realized,
and finerty, the Synthetic phase, beginning in 1913
Cubism
• Cezanne phase 1907-9
• Analytical phase 1 10-12
abstract purification
• Synthetic phase 1913
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COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Comparison and contrast identifies how two or more objects Of ideas are the same Of diffarent
A side-by-side chart shows the relationships affiCiently
Cirrus clouds are the highest at altitudes between 17,000 and 50,000 feet, but they don't
produce rain, in contrast with cumulonimbus clouds, which also penetrate the upper
almosphere, but cause lightning storms, rain and tornados
Cirrus
17 50,000 ft
drain
Cumu/QIljrobus
upper atmos rain-iightning-tomados Although each person Is responsible fOf one instrument in most sections of the Ofchestra,
the members of the percussion section are required to pley several instruments in one
concert or even for one composition
Percussion Play several
Orchestra
-Other Sections Play one
Cause and effect or cause and result are found in research studies for all subjects, but the
nat-ural sciences contain many e:camples
Mercantilism is an economic concept that assumes that the total volume 01 trade is
unchangeable and, therefOfe, that trade causes conflict
Mercantilism", total volume trade unchangeable
Trade t Conflict
When the temperatures on Earth dropped below the melting point of the rocks on the sur
lace, the outer crust gradually solidified
Temp Earth <: melt pt rocks -> crust solid
PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
A problem and solution relationship is similar to a cause and effect relationship and can be
represented by a similar drawing
Because employees can begin to e:cpect incentives simply tOf doing their jobs, and this
can become a problem, It is better to reserve incentives for occasions that require
e:ccep-tiona1 effort
E:cpect incentivesr,ob t Reserve incentivesie:cceptional
yttet matcr<8~