Report the content accurately You will be evaluated not only on how wen you use language to write a summary but also on how accurately you understand and report the content 01 the origi
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, Report the content accurately
You will be evaluated not only on how wen you use language to write a summary but also on how accurately you understand and report the content 01 the original,
Read and listen for meaning, When you have finished reading or listening, review the content Ask yoursetf some basic questions Include the questions that reporters use in their
writing-who, what, when, where, why, how? The content may not include answers to an 01 the ques-tions, but, with practice, you win be able to identify the questions that are important to the content you have read or heard
Did you unclerstand? Answer the content questions Then, copy !tie answers to the questions
in paragraph lorm to make a summary The answers and the example summaries are printed
in Chapter 7 on pages 525-526
1 /ludl",
According to the controversial sunspot theory, great storms on the surlace 01 the Sun hurt streams 01 solar particles into space and eventually into the atmosphere of our planet, causing shifts in the weather on the Earth and interlerence with radio and television communications
A typical sunspot consists 01 a dark central umbra, a WOI'd dertved from the Latin word lor shadow , which is surrounded by a lighter penumbra of light and dark threads extending out Irom the center like the spokes 01 a wheel Actually, the sunspots are oooIer !tIan the rest of the photosphere, which may account lor their apparently darker color Typically, the temperature in
a sunspot umbra is about 4000 K, whereas the temperature in a penumbra registers 5500 K, and the granules outside the spot are 6000 K
Sunspots range in size from tiny grains to complex structures with areas stretChing for
bil-lions of square miles About 5 percent of all sunspots are large enough so that they can be seen from Earth without instruments; consequently, observations of sunspots have been recorded for thousands 01 years They have been observed in arrangements of one to more than one hundred spots, but they tend to occtJr In pairs There is also a marked tendency lor the two spots of a pair to have opposite magnetic polarities Furthermore, !tie strength 01 the magnetic field associated with any given sunspot is closely related to the spot's Size
Sunspots have also been observed to occtJf in cycles, over a period 01 eleven years At the beginning of a cycle, the storms occur between 20 and 40 degrees north and south of the equator on the Sun As the cycle continues, some of the storms move closer to the equator As the cycle diminishes, the number of sunspots decreases to a minimum, and they cluster between 5 and 15 degrees noflh and south latitude
Although !tIere is no theory that completely explains the nature and lunction 01 sunspots, several models show scientists' a"empts to relate !tie phenomenon to magnetic lield lines aloog the Moos olloogitude lrom tile north and sou!tl poles 01 the Sun
IQI bas "61 matenala
Trang 21 What is the author's main purpose in tl'le passage?
CD To describe the nature of sunspots
(]) To propose a model for cycles in the solar year
<P To compare the umbra and the penumbra In sunspots
aD To argue for the existence 01 magnetic fields In sunspots
2 Why are solar particles hurled into space?
CD Undetermined causes on Earth
(]) Disturbances of wind on the Sun
<P Small rivers on the surface of the Sun
aD Changes in the Earth's atmosphere
3 How can we describe the effect of mailer from the Sun that enters the Earth's atmosphere?
CD 1\ causes volcanic eruptions on the surface of the Earth
<I> It aHeets changes In the weatl'ler patterns on Earth
<P It results in shadows across the Earth's surface
aD It produces higher temperatures on the Earth
4 How would you describe most sunspots?
CD A shadow encircled by bright and dark lines extending out like spoIIes in a wheel
<I> A bright wheel wilh a dark shadow that covers part of the spokes that extend out
<P A wheel with alternating spokes 01 dark shadows and brlghl spaces in between
Cl[) A spoIIe of a wheel with a bright trail partially COyered by a dark shadow
5 What does the author mean by the statement "Actually, the sunspots are cooler than the
rest of the photosphere, which may account lot their apparently darker oolor"?
CD Neither sunspots nor the photosphere is hot
<I> Sunspots in the photosphere do not haye any color
cD The color of sunspots could be affected by their temperature
Cl[) The size 01 a sunspot affects its temperature
6 In which configuratiOn do sunspots usually occur?
CD In one spol of yarying size
<I> In a configuration of two spots
cD In arrangements of one hundred Of more spots
Cl[) In groups of several thousand spots
7 How are sunspots explained?
CD Sunspots appear to be related to the pull of highly magnetic fields on the Earth
<I> Sunspots may be related to magnetic fields that follow longitudinal tines on the Sun
<P Sunspots are explained by large stOfms that occu r on the surlace 01 the Earth
Cl[) Sunspots haye no theory or model to explain their occurrence Of reappearance
91 bas yllet matcr<a~
Trang 38 The sunspot theofy is
CD not very Important
<D sub;ect to debate
2 La,.,
SUMMARIZING 121
Usten to part of a lecture in an anthropology class Then answer the questions and use the
answers to write a summary
( ) Activity 27 , CD 2, Track 19
EXCEPT
<D They provide information about migration
<D They document the evolution of the horse
<D They maintain a record of life prior to the Miocene
geologists
<D The geological records lor the appearance 01 horses and human beings are not very
<D Horses and human beings cannot be compared by geologists because they appeared too long ago
<D had migrated to Europe in the Miocene Period from North America
<D developed larger bodies than the hippafion from North America
<D were only about the size of a small dog when they invaded North America
lecture?
CD Following the same route, the hlpparion migrated to Europe In the Pliocene
<D Very little is conclusively known about the evolution of the horse in Europe
Trang 45, What happened to the anchilheres when the hipparion invaded Europe?
<J) They interbred with the hippariOn,
cD They migrated into ASia
at> They evolved into large horses
<J) They were very large and strong
CD They lived in the Bering Straits
at> They migrated south from Alaska
<J) They developed into a sturdy animal, like modem bfeeds of horses
<%'> They wore replaced by othor largor, stronger animalS
<D They evolved into modern ponies instead of modem horses
at> They disappeared because they were hunted into extinctioo
<J) Early hunting tribes from Europe herCSed them across the Bering Straits
at> They migrated to find better grasslands than they had in Europe and Asia
Retain the original emphasis
pas-sage about the three different types ollaaves may include all three types, but ~ may dedicate
hall of the passage 10 ooe type- palmate leaves In this case, your summary shoold retain the
PucrICAl ST1U.TEGiY
each point? When you do this, you are determining the emphasis lor each point in the original,
and you will know how much emphasis to give to these points in your summary
Did you understand? Try to identify Ihe emphasis for each part 01 the original and assign
summaries are printed in Chapter 7 on pages 526-527
igt b$skyllel matenale
Trang 5SUMMARIZING 131
1.1Iud""
The Federal Reserve System, commonly called the Fed, is an indepeodent agency 01 the United States govemment charged with overseeing the national banking system Since 1913 , the Federal Reserve System has served as the central bank lor the Urited States The Fed's primary function is to control monetary policy by influencing the cost and availability 01 money and credit through the purchase and saie 01 government securities II the Federal Reserve
pr0-vides too little money, interest rates tend to be high, borrowing is expeosive, business activity slows down, unemployment goes up, and the danger 01 a recession is augmented On the other hand, if there is too mlJCh money , interest rates decline, and borrowing can lead to excess demand, pushing up prices and lueling inflation In addition to oontrolling the money supply, the Fad has S&Vef8i other responsibilities In collaboration with the U.S Department of the Treasury the Fed puts new coins and paper currency into circulation by issuing them to
banks It also supervises the activities 01 member banks abroad and regulates certain aspects
01 international finance
The Federal Reserve System consists of twefve district reserve banks and their branch offices along with several committees and councils All national commercial banks are
required by law to be members 01 the Fed, and aN deposit-taking institutions like credit unions
in resefVe and that, by definition, therefore, are not available lor loans The most powerful body is the seven-membef board of governors In Washington, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate Although it Is tNe that the Federal Reserve does not depend on Congress lor budget allocations, and !herefofe is free from !he partisan politics that inlluence
most of the other governmental bodies, it is still responsible lor frequent reports to the
C0n-gress on the conduct of monetary policies
In many ways, the Federal Reserve is like a foorth branch of the United States government because it Is composed of national policy makers However, in practice , the Fed does not stray
lrom the linancial policies established by the executive branch 01 the government
• The I1Jnction and responsibilities 01 the Fed
• The composition 01 the Fed
2 1M,.,
Uslen to part 01 a lecture in a psychology Class Then assign a percentage to each 01 the foI · lowing points from the lecture and write a summary using the percentages to determine how mucfl to write on each point
Major POints
• The memory trace
• Working memory
Trang 6, Maintain an objective point 01 ,lew
An objective point of view is a neutral positiOn, A summary is not an analysis or a commentary
A summary does not invite an opinion
In your summary, you should not agree or disagree with the author's or Ihe speaker's ideas
Don1 make judgmenlS Don' acid information, When you report, you should not include your
opinions or comments The conclusion should be the author's or the speaker's conclusiOn, not yours
Did you understand? Try to find the opinions in the summary and delete them Use the original
reading to compare the conlent The answers are printed In Chapter 7 on pages 526-529
1 " " ' "
Charles Ives, who is now acclaimed as the first greal AmerICan composer ollne twentietn century, had to wail many years lor the public recognition he deserved 80m 10 music as the
son of a bandmaster, Ives played drums in his lather's community band and organ at the local church He entered Yale University al twenty \0 study musical oomposition with Horatio Pan<er, but alter graQuation he chose nolto pursue a career in musiC He suspected correctly Ihat the
public would not accept the music he wrote because Ives did not follow the musical fashion of
his times 'Nhile his contemporaries wrote lyrical songs Ives transfigured music and musical form He quoted, combined, insinuated, and distorted familiar hymns, marches, and battle songs, while e)(perimenting with the effects of polytonality or the Simultaneous use of keys with conflicting rhythms and time, Even when he could convince some musicians to show
some interest in his compositions after assessing them conductors and performers said that
they were essentlaJly unplayable
!vas turned his altention to business He became a successful insurance e)(ecutive, build-ing his company inlO the largest agency in the country in only two decades Although he
occa-sionally hired musicians to play one of his won<s privately lor him, he usuaJly heard his music
to the fact that is ideas, especially the use of dissonance and special effects, were just tOO
dif-ferent for the musical mainstream to accept Determined to share his music with the few
pe0-ple who might appreciate it, he published his won< privately and distributed il free
In 1939, when Ives was si)(ty-five, American pianist JOhn KirkpatriCk played Concord
Sana/a in Town Hall The reviews were laudatory, One reviewer proclaimed it "the 9reatest music composed by an American.- By 1947, Ives was famous His Second Symphony was presented to the public In a perlonnance by the New Yorl< Philharmonic fifty years alter it had been wrilten The same year, Ives received the Pulitzer Prize He was seventy-three
S r ",
Charles Ives started his musical career as a member of his father'S band and received a degree from Yale University in music, but he became a businessman instead because he was alraid that his music would not be well accepted, His music was very different from Ihe
Trang 7popu-SUMMARIZING 133
lar songS of h i s era because he used small phrases from well-known music with unusual rhythms and tones Fifty years after he wrote his Second Symphony , it was performed by the
New YorI! P h i lharmonic , and he as a arded the Pulitzer Prize
I th i nk that Charles 1V8$ as rong not to pursue his musical career from ~ beginning It
he had continued writing music i nstead 01 selling insurance , we ould have more pieces now
2 LKtM
Listen to part 01 a lectura in a geology dass Tl1en delete the opinions from the summary
In my op i nion , geysers are interesting They happen when underground at8f gets hot and pressure from above causes the water to get hotter and lighter.so it goes up to the surlace and e:w:pIodes out Tl1en the waler runs back into ItIe ground and starts aU over again GeyseB have to have heat a place to store ater an opening where the ater can shoot up , and
cradts i n the ground for the ater to go back down into a pool Geysers are i n New Zealand Iceland and the United States Old Faithful in Yellowstone is ItIe most famous geyser but the best place to see geysers Is I n New Zealand I sa the Pohutu Geyser the r e on my vacation
two years ago , and it as awesome
, Check the su ry
If you know how your summary wilt be evaluated you can use the same criteria to check it before you submit it
Pu.cncM STu.THY
Save some time at the end of your written summary to rHead i t and check it Keep a short
checklist In mind as you review your content and organ i zation
I'IAcTa "11" SII
Did you understand ? Try t o find the problems in the following summaries Use the orig i nal reading to compare the content and the short checklist to Identify which problems to correct
The ans ers are printed in Chap t er 7 on page 529
",." Clwckllst fit Sal , ,
'" Be brief
'" Use the same organization as the original
'" II'ICIude the major points
'" Report the content accurately
." Retain the orig i nal emphasls
'" Paraphrase using your own ords
'" Maintain an objective point of view