Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 14 ppsx

8lI ACADEMIC SKILLS Original Statement: The hardest woodwind instrument to learn is the oboe.. Unacceptable Paraphrase: The most difficult woodwind instrument to learn is the oboe.. Now

TAKING NOTES as The problem is that most populations of ginseng in Canada are too small to survive unless they are completely protected from harvesting by humans,

Ginseng survive if human harvesting

Sometimes it is laster 10 repfesent an Idea with a symbol or a diagram !han it is 10 write notes

in words This is especially true 01 relationships

hA&ra kiM" 1D

Did you understand? Now practice drawing diagrams to represent relationships Rrst listen to eaen of the sentences from lectures on different topics Then stop the audio and draw your dia-gram Compare your drawings with the drawings in the answer key The first one is completed

to give you an example Your answer Is correct if it shows the same relationship as the dra w-ings in the answer key, even if the diagram is not exactly the same The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on pages 509-511

The nervous system is divided into two major parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Nervous system -Central Peripheral Usten to some sentences from college lectures ake notes by drawing diagrams

Activity 10, CD 2, Track 9

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PARAPHRASING 87

PARAPHRASING

Paraphrasing means using differeot words to express the same meaning When you

para-phrase, you express an idea that you have heard or read, but you say or write it in your own

words Because you are including all of the information when you paraphrase, the paraphrase

is usually about the same length as the original There are three problems that you will con

-front when you are paraphrasl09

them This means that you need to listen and read for meaning Instead 01 focusing on

individual words and grammatical structures

means that you have 10 know synonyms for words and phrases

3 Sometimes It Is not possible to think ot a paraphra This means that you must

learn how to give credit 10 sources when you use them in speaking or writing

This chapter will help you improve your paraphrasing sllills You will learn how to

• Cite expressionl Ind ideas

How will ttt.M trar.g1H help you on the TOEFL 7 By learning 10 paraphrase well, you

will achieve a higher score on all four sections of the TOEFl There are questions that require

you to recognize or produce paraphrases on the Reading, Ustening, Writing, and Speaking

sections Paraphrasing is a very important academic sltill fOf success in college or university

classes as well Using someone else's words is called plagiarizing Plagiarizing is a very

seri-ous offense and can result in your being expelled from school

CHODSE SYNONYMS FOR WORDS AND PHRASES

Stmql t

Substitute multiple synonyms

Use phrases

Make an explanation

, Substitute ",ultlple synonyms

When you use the strategy Of substituting synonyms, you must substitute more Ihan 01"18 word

Of phrase An excellent paraphrase will also be expressed by a different grammatical

struc-ture You will1e9m about using alternative structures later in this chapter

Paraphrases with synonyms must be restatements Substituting only one vocabulary word in a

sentence is no t a restatement It is so close to the original that It is not an acceptable

para-phrase Here is an example statement and an unacceptable paraphrase:

.JI bask tlet materlala

86 ACADEMIC SKIllS

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5

5

7

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ADVISOR'S OFFICE

This advice from Dr Charles Swindell is framed on the wall of my offICe near my

computer so that I can see it every day I am happy to share it with you

The longer I live, the more I realite the Impact 01 altil1.lde on life Altitude to me I;

more important than facts h is more important then the past, than education, than

think or say or do It is more important then appearance, giftedness, or skill The

remarkable thing Is, we have a choice every day regarding the altitude we embrace

lor that day We cannot change our past We cannot change the fact that people

may act in a certain way We cannot change the inevitable The only thing we can

do is play on the one string we have, and that Is our attitude I am convinced that

life is 1 0 percent what happens to me and 90 percent how I react to it And so It Is

with you We are in charge of our attitudes

Henry Ford said It another way:"" you think you can or you think you can', you are

probably fight."

•

8lI ACADEMIC SKILLS

Original Statement: The hardest woodwind instrument to learn is the oboe

Unacceptable Paraphrase: The most difficult woodwind instrument to learn is the oboe

Why is the lirst paraphrase unacceptable? Did you notice that ooly one word was dittersnt

from the original statement? Remember that substituting 01'19 synonym is not a restatement

and not an acceptable paraphrase

Now look at an acceptable paraphrase:

Original Statement: The hardest woodwind instrument to learn is the oboe

Acceptable Paraphrase: The most difficult woodwind instrument 10 master is the oboe

Why is the second paraphrase acceptable? Did you notice that more than one synonym was

dif-f&fent? The phrase mos t difficult was substituted for the word hardest and the word master was

substituted for the word leam But this paraphrase Is still very close 10 the original sentence

This is an improvement In paraphrasing:

Original Statement: The hardest woodwind instrument to learn Is the oboe

Excellent Paraphrase: The oboe is the most difficult woodwind instrument to master

Why is this paraphrase considered excellent? Uke the acceptable paraphrase, rTlOfe than one

synonym was different The phrase most diffICUlt was substituted lor the word hardest and the

word mssterwas substituted lor the word /e8m Did you also see how the structure of the sen

-tence changed? The subject of the original statement was the hardest woodwind I nstrument

and the complement was the oboe In the excellent paraphrase, the oboewas the subject and

the hardest woodwind instrument was the complement

Did you understand? Try to rewrite each senlence that you may see in a lexti:looll by subst

i!Ul-ing synonyms lor the underlined words and phrases As you have learned, an excellent

para-phrase will also change the structure of the sentence, but in this practice activity, leI's begin by

writing acceptable paraphrases Substitute multiple synonyms The first one is completed to

give you an example Your answer is correct if the wordS or phrases you use are synonyms lor

the underlined words or phrases and the meaning 01 the sentence is the same The synonyms

do not have to be the ones that are used In the answer key Example answers are printed In

Chapter 7 00 page 511

yttet matcr<a~

,

, "

Original: Thomas Edison was a YefY curious mild, pedorming his first experiment wtlen

he was oojy three years old

Paraphrase: Thomas Edison was a very i nquisiUye child , cooc:IuCling his first experimen t a1

the BQft of three

1 The coppemead, 8 snake thai slrikes withou1 warning, is OOQsiderad much more danger

o:us than the rattlesnake

2 Because J P Morgan was known as a reoutatllA and PrUden! businessman , he was able

10 per1jl.!ade others to remain In the maJ1I.el even after the crash had twlun

5 By the mid-njoeleentt! century, land was so expensjye in ~ cities that architects began

10 conserve space by building skysaapers

6 Research slLldjes of vertebrates SIlI:M: deye!orvnenl from a very simple heart in fish to a

cpmp!ex lour-chamber neart in humans

7 When two products are turvlemootaJly the same , advettising can iIlflueoc& the chojce lhal the public makes

8 As a whole, in birds, the male of the species is mo re txilljaolly coIoted

9 The IHK:.e of gold on the world marXel is sybject to several yariables including but not lim:

dAd 10 supply and demand

10 The ma of a submarine is not CflfOOt dating from the 14ll!l<; when Crabbel and da Vinci eke iIliliaJ sketches,

eo ACADEMIC SKILLS

, Use phrases

There is a tendency to try to find one word to paraphrase but phrases can be a useful alternative

PucncAI SlUm y

The English language contains many phrasal verbs thai express the same meaning as a on&-word verb In general, the phrasal vernis used lor Infotmal writing and speaking and the on&-word verb Is used for lT1()(e tormal language Some 01 the phrasal verbs lnat are common to academic language are listed here

-"

Cut clown on "d"",

Look for

"'"

, "

Put up with

Rule Oul

Run across

Run Into

Setup

Show "

Spell out

Stand lor

Slid: out

Take Into account

Take over

Take place

Think through

Throw away

Touch on

Try oot

Tum Into

Tum out

Tum up

Wind up

Wont out

Write up

tolerate

elimil'l8te

find acc:identally

meet by accident

,"-appear unexpectedly

slate in detail

""' protrude

conslde,

assume control

~,

"""" discard

mention briefty

test

,""""""

"""'- discover

finish

""'

,-PARAPHRASING "

Did you undetstand? First read each sentence Then try to say each sentence using a phrase instead 01 a one-word verb The first one is completed to give you an example Your answer is

correct if the phrases that you use ate synonyms lor the underlined words and the meaning 01

the sentence is the same The phrases do not have 10 be the ones that are used in the answer key Example answers are recorded on Track 10 01 the audio and also printed in Chapter 7 on

pages 511 512

PHRASAL VERBS

Written:

Spoken:

A balance 01 International payment relers to the net result 01 the business that

a nation traDyds with other nations in a given periOd

A balance of international payment relers to the net result of the business that

a nation canies 00 with other nations In a given period