MODEL TEST 6IREAOING SECTION 4 07 READING SECTION The Reading section lesls your ability to understand reading passages like lhose in college textbookS.. You will have 100 minutes to re
Trang 1MODEL TEST 6IREAOING SECTION 4 07
READING SECTION
The Reading section lesls your ability to understand reading passages like lhose in college textbookS The passages are about 700 words in length
This Is the long format for lhe Reading section On the iong format, you will respond 10 five passages After each passage, you will answer 12-14 questioos about it Only three passages will be graded The other passages are part of an exerimental section for future tests Because you will nol know which passages will be graded, you must try to do your besl on all of them
MoSI questions are worth 1 point but the last queslion in each passage is worth more than
1 point
You will have 100 minutes to read all of Ihe passages and answer the questions You may take notes while you read but notes are not graded You may use your notes to answer the ques· tions Some passages may il'lClude a word or phrase that is underlined In blue Click on the word or phrase to see a glossary definition or explanation
Choose the best answer for multiple-choice questions Follow the directions on the page or on the screen for computer-assisted questions Click on Next to go to the next question Click on Back 10 return to the previous question You may rettlm 10 previous questions lor all of Ihe passages in the same reading part, but after you go to the next part, you will not be able to return to passages In a previous part Be sure that you have answered all 01 the questions lor the passages In each part before you ctick on Next at the end of the passage to move to the next part
You can click on Review to see a chart of the questions you have answered and the questions you have nol answered In each part From this screen, you can return to the question you want
to answer in the part Ihat is open
A clock on the screen will show yoo how much time yoo have to complete the Reading section
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PART I
Rudin, t "fI,tlc 1M E " , " , ,
-+ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastlcally about an exotic
apeelea, you Can safely betlhe speaker isn't an ecologist This is a name for a
resident 01 an established community that was deliberately or accidentally
moved lrom its home range and became established elsewhere Unlike most
Imports, which can't take hold outside their home range, an exotic species
per-manently insinuates" into a new community
Sometimes the additions are hannless and even have beneficial effects
More olten, they make native species endangered apeeles, which by defini
-tion are extremely vulnerable to extinction 01 all species on the rare or endan
-gered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their
preca riou s ex i stenes or daml58 to d i splacement by exotic species Two exam
-ples are included here to i ustrate the problem
During the 18OOs, BritiSh settlers in Australia just couldn't with the
koalas and kangaroos, so they started to import familiar animals from their
homeland In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a
north-ern Australian landowner Imported and then released two dozen wild European
rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Good lood and good sport hunting-that was
the Idea An ideal rabbit habitat with no naMal predators was the reality
Six years tater, the landowner had killed 20,000 rabbits and was besieged
by 20,000 rn04"e The rabbits displaced livestock, even kangaroos Now
Aus-tralia has 200 to 300 million hippilyhopping through the southern half of the
country They overgraze perennial gras58s in good times and strip bark from
shrubs and trees during droughts You know where they've been; they
trans-fonn grasslands and shrublands Into eroded deserts They have been Shot and
poisoned Their warrens have been plOWed under, fumigated, and dynamited
Even when all-out assaults reduced their population size by 70 percent, the
rapidly reproducing Imports made a comeback In less than a year Old the con·
struction of a 2,QOO.mile-long fence protect western Australia? No Rabbits
made it to the other side before workers finished the fence
infected South American rabbits, its nonnal hosts This virus causes
myxo-matosis The disease has mild effects on South American rabbits that
ooevolved with the virus but nearly always had lethal effects on O cuniculus
Biting Insects, mainly mosquitoes and fleas, quickly transmit the virus from host
to host Having no ooevolved defenses against the novel virus, the European
rabbits died In droves But as you might expect, natural selection has since
favored rapk:lgrowth of populations of O cuniculus resistant to the virus
)pynghtoo maier I
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-+ In 1991 on an unint'labited island in Spencer Gull Australian researchers
released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus The
rabbits died quickly and relatively painlessly from blood clots In their lungs,
hearts, and kidneys In 1995, the test virus escaped from the Island, possibly on
insect vectors It has been killing 80 to 95 percent of the adutl rabbits In Aus
-tralian regions At this writing researchers are now questioning whether the
calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump
bound-aries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the
tong-term will be
A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported Irom Japan
to the United States, where it faces no serious threats Irom herbivores,
pathogens, or competitor plants In lemperate parts of Asia it is a well-behaved
legume with a well-developed root system It seemed like a good idea to use it
to control erosion on hills and highway embankments in the southeastern
United States.1AI With nothing to stop it, though, kudzu's shoots grew a third 01
a meter per day Vines now blanket streambanks, trees, tetephone poles,
houses, and almost everything else in their path Attempts to dig up or bum
kudzu are hIIile Grazing goats and herbicides help, but goats eat other plants,
too, and herbicides contaminate water supplies IBl Kudzu could reach the
Great Lakes by the year 2040
-+ On the bright side, a Japanese firm is constructing a kudzu farm and pro
-cesslng plant In Alabama The idea is to export the starch to Asia, where the
demand currently the supply 1CI Also, kudzu may eventually help
reduce logging operations !OJ At the Georgia Institute of Technology,
researchers report thal kudZu might become an alternatIVe source lor paper
1 Based on the information in paragraph I, which of Ihe following besl explains the term
-exotic species"?
CD Animals or plants on the rare species list
(D A permanent reSident in an established community
<D A species that has been moved to a different community
~ An Import that fails 10 thrive outside of its home range
Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [-+)
2 The wOfd i1seIf In the passage refers to
CD mosllmports
<D new community
<D home range
~ exotic species
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13 Directions: An Introduction lor a short summary of the passage appears below Complete
the summary by selectir'lg the THREE answer choices that mention the most important
points In the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they
express Ideas that are not Included In the passage or are minor points from the passage
Th is question Is worth 2 points
exotic species often require containment becIIUH they displace other species
when they become established In a new environment
•
•
•
AnswerCholc.a
!al Rabbits were able 10 cross a lence 2,000
miles long that was constructed to keep
them out of western Australia
101 Researchers may be able to develop material from the kudzu vine that will be
an alternative to wood pulp paper
ml Methods to control exotic species Include
fences, viruses, bumir'lg, herbicides, nat·
ural predators, and harvesting
ICl Rabbits that were introduced in Australia
and kudzu which was introduced In the
United States, are examples 01 species
that caused problems
PART II
Rndl., 2 " hl.,lthlc Art"
lEI The problem Is that exotic species make
native species vulnerable to extinction
lEI A virus that Is deadly to rabbits may have serious effects for other animals
~ The several millennia following 30,000 B.C saw a powerful outburst 01 artis'
engravings and relief sculptures covering the huge Wall surlaces of caves
From the moment in 1879 that cave palntir'lgS were discovered al Ahamlra
scholars have wondered why the hunter·artlsts of the Old Stone Age decided to
cover the walls 01 dark caverns with animal Images Various answers have
been given, including that they were mere decoration but this theory cannot
explain the narrow range of subjects or the Imtccesslbltity of many of the paint·
-ings and the fact they appear to have been used for centuries are precisely
what have led many scholars to suggest that the prehlstOfic hunters attributed
)pynqh ma r I
Trang 5MODEL TEST6IREAO I NGSECTION 413 magical properties to the images they painted According to this argument, by
confining animals to the surfaces of their cave walls the artists believed they
were bringing the beasts under their control Some have even hypothesized
that rituals or dances were performed in front of the images and that these rites
selVed to improve the hunters' lucie Still others have stated that the painted
animals may have served as teaching tools 10 Instruct new hunters about the
character of the various species they would encounter or even to serve as
tar-gets for spearsl
By contrast, some scholars have argued that the magical purpose 01 the
paintings was not to Mlti t iJ the destruct ion 01 bison and olher species
Instead, they betieve prehistoric painters created animal images to assure the
survive/of the herds Paleolithic peoples depended on lor their food supply and
for their clothing L!l A central problem for both the hunting-magic and
food-creation theories is that lhe animals thaI seem 10 have been diet staples of Old
Stone Age peoples are not ~ most frequenUy portrayed [SJ
Other scholars have sought to reconstruct an elaborate mythology based
animal ancestors Still others have equated certain species with men and
oth-ers with women and also fOlJnd sexual symbolism in the abstract signs that
sometimes accompany the images !tl Almost all of Ihese theories have been
r over time, and art historians must admit that no one knows the
intent of these paintings IDI In fact, a single explanation for alt Paleolithic
murals, even paintings similar in subject, style, and compos i tion (hOw the motifs
are arranged on the surface), is unlikely to apply universally For oow , the pai
nt-ings remain an enigma
-t miiOJti !ti _ 9utid h.ii.1 n oojSjJQjbi fifiOliiljiC~I • • wboj iiiClil
iiil1J vecftlWb C81rilC"hOlAIIs eI'; be dO!itiliCIl In lact, signs consisting of
checks , dots, squares, or other arrangements of lines olten accompany the p
ic-tures of animals Several observers have seen a primitive writing form in these
representations of nonliving things, but the signs, too, may have had some
-ing-magic theory, may have been drawn to insure success in capturing or killing
animals with these devices AI Pech·Merie in France, the ·spotted horses"
painted on the cave wall may nol have spots Some scholars have argued that
the ·spots," which appear both within and without the horses' outlines, are
painted rocl<s thrown at the animals
Pech·Mene horses, and the majority of painted hands al other sites, are
"nega-tive," that is, the artist placed one hand against the wall and then painted or
pressed it against the wall, leaving a "positive" imprint These handprints, too,
must have had a purpose Some scholars have considered them "signatures'
01 cull or community members or, less likely, 01 Individual artists
r.; n9ht~
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14 According to paragraph 1, the cave art was diffICUlt to find because lhe artists
CD were probably trying to keep Iheir work a sacret from their tribe
CD could have begun their painting while they were confined in the caves
<D may have chosen a location deep in the caves to hold ceremonies
CD> had to practice before they made Images that more people could see
Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [ -+]
1 According to paragraph 1, Paleoli1hic people may have used cave art for all of the
follow-ing purposes EXCEPT
lEI People may have danced In lront 0 1 the Images
<D Hunlers could have used Ihe figures for target practice
CD Shamans might have performed magical rituals in the caves
CD> Animals may have been kept in the caves near the drawings
Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [-+)
16 The word access in the passage is closest In meaning to
CD admission
<D meaning
CD site
aD research
17 The word faciljtate in the passage is closest In meaning to
CD specify
CD permil
CD assist
CD> discover
18 Tho word ~ in the passage refers to
CD peoples
CD staples
CD animals
CD> theories
19 The word djscredjted in the passage is closest in meaning to
(!) not attentive
<D not believed
<:0 n t hopefut
CD> n t organized
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and t1liJI66x n : issues, interacting groups may be prone to a phenomenon
directive leaders, are insulated so they have no clear ways to get objeCtive Infor·
bet-ter solution might be found than proposed by the leader or other influential group members These conditions loster the illusion that the group is invulnerable right and more moral than outsiders They also encouraoe the
sideratlon of alternative frames or alternative options It is difficult to imagine COnditions more conducive 10 poor decision making and wrong decisions
members have preconceived Ideas about how a problem should be solved Under these conditions, the team may not examine a full range 01 decision alternatives, or it may discount or avoid information thai threatens its precon·
ceived choice
<iP generate more options than individuals
CD agree on the way thallhe problem should be approached
<D make recommendations Instead of decisions
(1) are chosen to participate because 01 their experience
eD Implementing Ideas is easier with a large number 01 people to help
<lD People like to be participants In decisions that are successful