| think 1 would like to-do this 4s there anything else | need to know.. Incidence of mutual symbiosis Is the relationship ‘between the Egyptian Plover bird and a crocodile.. For example
Trang 1
‘to support the four or five thousand workers that would 4o be needed to work on the dam A railway was set up nearby to supply the town-and the project And a year
‘or two before they started to pour any-cement; tunnels had to be carved through the walls of the canyon so
‘that water could be diverted away from the project This took time, The employees worked different shifts so
‘that the project continued twenty-four hours:aday The
‘est bucket of cement was not poured wnt 1933 This continued for two years until the fast bucket was poured
Jn May of 1838 It was finaly completed year later
‘And, like the Empire State Building, it was completed ahead of time, two years ahead of schedule!
Wi; Hello, My name is Rebecca | was wondering if you could help me clear up a question
W2: Yes, Rebecca What can | do for you?
WE: Wel, you 880, | picked up my mal this moming to find that I've received some sort of housing fine
| keep a very clean dorm room and am generaly Auiet, so | have no idea what this fine is regarding |
‘was wondering if you could tll me what itis about
W2: Okay Please just bear with me one moment while
| check my computer, A, t appears as though you
‘are being fined for having a halogen lamp in your 09m this true? Do you have a halogen lamp in your room?
WWT: Yea, I do, but, are you saying am being fined for having @ famp? Every student in my domitory has
‘lamp in their room How can it be that my lamp is
‘more dangerous than the others? it doesn't make any sense at al
W2: Well, you see, you are not being fined for having Just any lamp You happen to have a halogen lam {and the school does not aliow these because they are a hazard If left on too long, they can reac vary high temperatures and may cause a fire I
‘they come into contact with curtains or papers or something of that nature
Wi: Butts ony title desk amp that use when | ary
‘studying late at night t's tiny, and | make sure to place it as far away from any books or drapes as possible,
W2:|.am sure that you are a very responsible youns lady and try to be cautious, but | am afraid the school is very fim on this esue A few years ago
2 student disregarded this rule, and unfortunately {ell asieep with the halogen iamp on The lamp was siting very close to-a ple of papers and ignited
eee
3
Trang 2them Two rooms in that dormitory bumed down,
‘and one student was taken to the hospital to be
'veated for minor burns Did you not read the rules
‘when you signed the dorm contract?
WA: There were so many rules, and I read it so fast
{must have missed the clause about the halogen lamps
\W2: The only thing | can suggest is that you stop using
‘your halogen famp immediately and buy a new desk lamp
\W/t: But what about my fine? Fifty dollars seems fike a lot for a finet
W2: 11 make a deal with you, Rebecca it you go out today and buy a new lamp and bring me the receipt {38 proof of your purchase, then | will waive your fine, Does that sound fair?
'W1: Oh, yes! That sounds very fair 1 will go out right now and buy a new desk lamp and then bring you the receipt Thank you so much for being so
understanding!
\W2: You are very welcome, Rebecca
IM: Hello, Professor Haris |.am here to inquire about
‘now | can volunteer: to become a host for visiting
‘students My roommate said he did it last semester
‘and had a great time.meeting and helping new
‘students
\W: Well, hello, David! 1m so giad you are willing to volunteer for this jab We are always looking for new
‘students to help us with this, and you seem like a (great candidate
(Ms That is very kind of you to say, Professor Harris But
‘before | commit, can you tel me exactly what the job entails?
w:1 would.bø happy to.-Your main responsibility is
to lead a.group ot prospective students around
‘campus, show them all.f the facilities, and answer
‘any questions they might have along the way You
‘should be courteous and:show enthusiasm when the
‘students ask questions about our school
‘clu show plenty of enthusiasm because | love our
‘school! But would be showing them not only dorms bbutlso.classrooms? |
W Oh, yes We want visitng students to see as much
of the campus as possible We want the students
to 508 everything from dorms and the cafeteria to Classrooms and the recreation canter, This way, the students can get a feel for the entre operation of our
‘campus I gives them an idea of how things are run
'M; That sounds fice something | could do although | am Not wary goad with bie crowd How many stucente
‘are coming?
Ws: We have 200 prospective stuclente scheduled to visit {his coming week
‘M:200 students! | could never speak in front of that
‘many people! | would be too nervous!
W: Oh, no, Davi, that is how many students are coming
Ín olal, We break the students down into smaller (groups: Could you handle ten or ffteen in a group?
M: Oh, yes! That sounds much better! | thought you were asking me to lead a group of 200, Tht is about the same number of people who come to watch our cramatic performances, and 1am no actor!
We Wonderful, Now students also have enother option, Which is to sition any classes that interest them
‘So, say @ student comes and says he is interested
in chemistry and would tice to sit in on a clags Then You would lead him to the appropriate lecture hail land retrieve him when the lectures fished This is
‘optional, however, and not mandatory You may have {ot of students who wish to sit in-on a cass in your {7 0up or you may have none ata it just depends
M: That sounds fai | think 1 would like to-do this 4s there anything else | need to know? What are
‘he logistics of this particular group of 200 that is aniving?
W: There are two orientations scheduled during the week One is on Monday afternoon, and one is on
‘Thuraday evening, These orientations are mandatory,
‘50 make sure everyone in your group goes to one of the other
Mw, Professor Haris, and thank you for considering
me for this jobl
WE You are welcome, David: am sure you wil do great!
Trang 3
1M: Yes, Miss, how: can I help you?
W.: Helio My neme is Gindy Anderson tam going to study in Spain for three months next semester, and Ì
‘ama tle worried about my mail station just don't want any of my mailto be misplaced while | am
‘gone What are my options for how my mail willbe handled when | am away?
Me Well, Cindy, you have:one of two choices First, you
can give us the address you wil be living atin Spain, and we can have your mail forwarded there, or you can choose to have your mall hele here:at the post office,
W: You với hold my mai here indefintly?
M:N, not indefinitely We will only hold malt for an individual for tres months, but thet seems to'be the
‘exact time you iil be gone For three months, right?
Ws Yes, | suppose that is an option | guess | really don't know wnat to do, What would you decide to do it you were in my position?
IM: Wel | quess that depends on if you have anything
‘of value coming through the mal that you would urgently need within the next three:months If the answer to that question is yes, then I would suggest you have-us forward your mall to Spain If you are only recelving.a fow items in the malt as itis, end
‘they are not very urgent, then't would suggest you Just have us hold your mall, as it wil take wile for
‘your forwarded mailto arrive in Spain: I traveled to lay when 1 was in college, and | chose to have my
‘mail held unt t returned
W:l really don't have anything of urgency coming through the mai inthe next three months, 80 guess
| wil go ahead and have you hold my mai for me:
Mc Okay, that sounds fine: if you could just fi out this {form for me, that would be wonderful.:Oht I'almost forgot i you choose to have your mail held here, |
‘must tell you that if you currently receive the schoo!
newspaper, | am afraid we cannot hold it, 26 would
‘take up too much room in our storage area
W: Oh, that is okay | wil just go ahead andcancel my
‘schoo! newspaper subscription right now, as 1 don’t read it regularly anyway | would also like to cancel
ry subscription to any school event fers, 95 1 won't
be here to go to the events anyway!
| Ewealtont That sound good You are sit sot Wan
‘you get back from Spain, jest nop into the office,
‘ond we wil have a tub of mall waiting for you, W: Thank you very much | appreciate your time, AM: You are very welcome, Cindy And have a great trip!
\W Holo, John see you made an appointment wth me today What can! hel you with?
M:Hello, Professor Higgins Yes, I.did make an
‘appointment with you, and itis Because | am sight baffled by my final grade in your biology class,
‘pecially since | iso: Wel on the last few tess | {elt ke | understood al ofthe concepts this year and cannot understand why you marked me 80 pooty
We: Weil, let me just go into my computer, John, anc
‘check my records You never know | have been known to make mistakes in my grade book in the past! Let's see yes, It looks like you had some outstanding scores on the last few tests, the lest two in particular, when we were studying
‘microorganisms
‘M: Exactly! | really enjoyed learning about amoebas Do you think it could be some kind of scoring error?
W: Possibly, but Oopsl.Look here! When | view your attendance record for this semester, it shows that you ware missing for more than a third of my classes This isthe reason that your grade fs 60 fw
Mc But, Professor Higgins, why does attendance matter? fan't the important thing that | earned good fest scores? it proves that am learning the materia!
VWe Yes, John, yeu are fearing the material that can
be found in the textbooks | provide, but when you
do not attend class, you are still missing out on the
lively dlacussions we have that add to your overal xcrowedge ofthe materia For example, during one ofthe classes in which you were absent, a student
‘brought in an interesting article about microbes that happened to be in the newspaper We were then ble to apply the concepts we learned through the tecture and out of the textbook to @ curent-events aticie that dealt wth cutting-edge research What
‘900d ate af of the things | am teaching f they are
never applied to the thoughts and research of today?
M1 guess I never thought tht 'é miss too much from
‘the discussions, but it's apparent that | did
Wet alo appears as though quite @ few ofthe classes you missed were classes in which we conducted Jabs These are a vital part to my course, as they
W
Trang 4
provide hands-on experience The tact that you missed them would be comparable'to the analogy
of getting 100% on-2 writen driving exam but never having actually driven an automobile Wouls | trust You to drive me-around town? F don’t think sot
‘M1 s80 your paint, Professor Higgins L am sorry |
‘missed20 many of your classes, and! | now realize
‘why my grace was lower than what had anticipated
We Its okay, John Ijusthope that cur conversation has
‘made you realize the importance of attending your
M®: Continuing our discussions regarding the human brain, recall that yesterday we fnished our lecture talking about neurons, Carrying on from that, today we are going to be discussing gliomas Does _anyone here know the defirition ofa glioma?
We Isn't a glioma a kind of tumor that affects the
‘contra nervous system?
Mi: That is a very good start More spacificaly, a
glioma is a primary type of tumor that affects the
‘central nervous system, 2s you stated, but glomas arse only from glial cals Now, before we go on to
<iscuss glomas, can someone also enfighten us as
to what a ail cot is?
M2: Glial cells are celis found inthe" central nervous system which are, not neurons but are cells that provide support and nutrition tothe neurons
Mt: Excellent So gliomas are tumors found in the Ccontral nervous system, arising out of glial cels
This, of, course, isa very serious matter No one
‘wants fo discover that they have a tumor in any part
‘oftheir body, let alone their central nervous system
M2: But-some gliomas are diffrent than others, right?
‘Some are more aggressive while others are slower growing, right?
Nit This (s also very true Gliomas are classified by
‘grade For instance, 2 tow-grade glioma is less aggressive, and therefore the patient may be
‘ranted a better prognosis for recovery On the
‘other hand, a patient may undergo a pathologic
‘evaluation on his tumor and find that he has @ high- grade glioma, which means the glioma is more
‘aggressive and therefore the prognosia for recovery
‘snot as good
We My uncle underwent aggressive therapy for his oma because the doctors said it was malignant
‘What does malignant mean?
Mt: Malignant tumors are cancerous, which means that
‘they can invade neighboring cals and organs other
‘than the ones they frst originated in @ patient is found to have a malignant goma then the doctors would classi it as high-grade
We Yes, that's right They did classity it as high grade High-grade and a number four, but | never Understood what the number four meant | quess | was too worried about him to listen very closely to the doctors
‘Mz Your uncte:must have had an estrocytoma, which {8.2 form of glioma, as the number system that you
‘spedik of refers to high-grade astrocytoma, You
00, there ar cifferent types of glomas, depending
‘on the type of cals they resemble For example,
‘ependymyomas is a glioma of the ependymal Celis Astracytoma is gtioma of the astrocytes
‘Your uncle's diagnosis was the most serious ot all astrocytoma: 80 not mean to be insensitive, but how did your uncle manage the prognosis?
`W:- Oh, he was very frightened when he leamed of his Condition The dectors' gave him only @-twelve- imonth'petted to live We were all very worried
or him He responded very well to the treatment initially, However, he succumbed to the disease eighteen month later
M1: am very sony for your loss 1 is not too painful for you, do you think you can share with the clase
‘the kind of treatment your uncle underwent for his gioma7
W: Yeo, Illave's0: My uncle underwent @ combination fraction therapy and chemotherapy
Mi; Let us clarity that radiation therapy utilizes the
se of x-rays while chemotherapy utiizes the use
‘of chvemicats'to help combat the tumor Can you
lơ te the’ class what his symptoms were that
‘Prompted him to visit hie doctor?
W: Initially, my uncle was experiencing headaches,
‘which he Intiaty disregarded, as he'd experienced
Trang 5
minor headaches in the past However, they eventually grew worse, and-when he started vomiting, he knew it was time-to go-to the hospital
MI: Thank you-very much for sharing thiswith us In
‘summary, @ glioma ia tumor found in the central nervous system that effects non-neuron ceils called lial cots
Wi: Today we are going to take our disoussion about weather phenomenon to the planet Mars by discussing a Martian Dust Devi
M: -AiMartian Dust Bevill That sounds Jike a:cartoon character
\W1: It does, doesn't it? However, a Martian Dust Devil is {far from an animated character First, before we talk
‘about this phenornenon as it appears on Mars, lefs first discuss dust devils as they eppsar-on Earth
‘Does anyone know what-a dust devi is?
W2: Is a dust devil a tomado?
'W1: WMel, not exactly, or at least not on such 3 grand scale A tornado forms a downdraft from a thundercloud while-a dust devil forms an updraft when hot air from the surface of the Earth rises Quickly into & pocket of cooler, low pressure air
‘And for the most part, dust devils are relatively harmless, but | doubt anyone here: would call a
‘tornado harmiess!
My 1 think-1've seen a dust devil before! We: were on
| trp in Australia, and | saw this swiring cioud of
‘dust moving over the ground!
Wit Yes, from your description, what you saw was {4 dust devil in fact, they are-very prevalent in Australia
M: 1st don't understand: what you mean when you describe @ dust devil ae an updeaft of hot alt |
‘cannot visualize this
Wi: Lat me elaborate further so that we.are clear A dust devil forms when very hot air rises quickly
‘and passes through cooler ait: This causes the air
to rotate, thus creating the swiding effect The air
‘swirls in column, and the-dust devil stays intact
1s more hot ar rushes toward the vortex to replace the mong aứ
V2: So ft ends-up looking tke asortoffunnel?
Wt: Exactly Think of a fly formed dust devi looking sor of tke a funniel-shaped chimney
\W2: But what causes ttte move over the ground?
Wi: The fast spinning or-switling gives the dust devi momentum, and that's what causes.it to appear
‘as though it gliding over the ground Most dust
<devis are only 2 féw-meters in height, but the dust evils that were fied on Mars were much larger
Mi Buthow oid scientists get pictures of dust devi on Mars? | didnt think’ Mars could sustain human fie asitis now
W1: It can't The images were taken by a satelite on
‘several space missions What was crucial for
‘astronauts and spade engineers to discover was
“that because dust devils on Mars can be up to {ity times wider and up-to ten times higher than
‘dust devi on Earth, Marten Dust Devils posed «
‘serious threat to teresa technology sent to Mars However, on one occasion, @ Martian Dust Devi
‘actualy helped clean the solar paneis of the robot, Spirt Rover
'WG: So the dust devil ectually helped the space mission?
Witt did indeed, and it also gave scientists valuable information about how dust devils on Mars
‘compare to dust devils on Earth
Today, class, | am’ going to be speaking to you about the Industrial Revolution: The term “industria!
evolution” refers to the technological, sacial economic
‘and ‘cultural changes that ‘occurred in England in the {ate eighteenth century: This change eventually spreac
‘around the world, creatiig any big cities based upon the idle of manufacturing and caphalem Prior to the Industrial Revolution; the production and harvesting
‘of products was compléted through menual tabor The
Trang 6Industrial Revolution replaced this manpower with
machine power
‘One of the initial and perhaps most important, developments of the industrial Revolution was the steam engine This advance in transportation allowed
‘or the faster delivery of manufactured goods, However, the steam engine wasn't only used for transportation but instead for the construction of machine engines that ehabled faster production: For example, before:
the Industrial Revolution, most tasks were undertaken
by either wind or water power or by the sheer strength
of man or horse But, in 1698, a man by the name of Thomas Savery constructed the first steam-powered engine in London His idea was to create a machine
‘that would pump water from mines, Different types of
‘steam engines were created over the following hundred years, culminating with & Cornish blacksmith’s (Richard
‘Trevithick) work on steam boilers, which eventually led
to the production of locomotive steam engines,
‘The development of the steam engine sparked a host of other changes technologically, socially, and economically within British culture Steam engine technology led to the development of factories, where products were turned out in the hundreds er even thousands The first manufacturing change involved the
‘production of textiles in the English city of Manchester
Before the revolution, British textile manufacturing was handied by Individual artisans who did spinning and weaving in their own homes, This meant that the
process of making a pair of pants or a shirt could take days or even weeks depending on how fast the
artisan was at his trade Imagine having to walt weeks,
for @ new pair of pants, when the oniy pair of pants:
you owned was suddenly unwearabiel In the mid-
‘sightsenth century, two Englishmen from Birmingham, Lewis:Paul and John Wyatt, advanced the process
‘sightly by developing a rotier spinning machine and the fy:#ndbobbin system of making clothes; however It wasn’t until Richard Awkright created the cotton mill, whieh imately utilized steam power for its production, thất eeHfon production became a mechanized industry
‘The factory industry eventually gave rise to what we
‘Row know as the modern city Manchester, for example,
due to its cotton mills, became known as Cottonopolis
because there were so many factories producing
textiles However, these early cities were not as clean
OF well Kept as the ones we are familiar with today
‘Along with the growth of industry came the proliferation
‘of sometimes harsh or dirty living conditions Children
were forced to work long hours in factories until the
Factory Act of 1833 came inta effect, which stated
children over nine were not to work at night or for more than twelve-hour shifts Trade unions were also born out
of the Industrial Revolution, giving workers rights and freedoms that they had not had in the past
Prior to the industrial Revolution, working conditions tor British workers was not favorable Men, women,
‘and children worked tong hours for ltie money The Poor conditions of the working class prompted many educated British historians and authors to write Marxist and communist manifestos lamenting the state
of the working class And even those that were not British, such a8°Friedrich Engels, a German political Philosopher, used England as a model for change when
he wrote The Candition of the Working Class in England
‘in 1844, Within this text, Engels spoke of the industria!
evolution and how it was to change the whole fabric of
‘society
M1: Carrying on with our discussion of symbiosis, today .we are going to be talking about one ofthe forms of
‘symbidsis, rmstualism However, before we begin,
‘can someone please define symbiosis for us again?
W: Symbiosis is when two dissimilar organisms interact either in-2.very intimate living situation or whan they menge together and live as one unit
Mt: Mery good And if the two organisms happen to merge, what were:the terms used to describe this situation?
Mô: The larger, or macro, organism is called the host
‘and the smaller, or micro, organism is called the ssymibjont
Mi: Excellent So give me an example of this
‘relationship as it was discussed yesterday
Ws Wells yesterday we taiked about parasites and how, when we contract a vinis, we are the host, and the virus isthe symbiont
M1: The le a wonderful example And so today we’ are _going to: move on with cur discussion of symbiosis and talk:about the form, mutuatism Mutual
‘symbiosis, or mutualism, is @ relationship between
‘wo differing organisms in which both organisms Profit from the relationship A very famous
Trang 7
Incidence of mutual symbiosis Is the relationship
‘between the Egyptian Plover bird and a crocodile
‘One would think that a relationship between these two organisms would be Impossible Surely the crocodile would eat the Egyptian Plover it got too lose to ts jawal However, this is not the case The Egyptian Plover bird depends on certain parasites {or food, which in turn teed upon eroeodlles
Because the parasites are potentially lethal to the crocodile, the crocodile allows the Egyptian lover to search its body for these parasites, even
‘opening its jaws and letting the bird pluck parasites from its mouth Now, going back to:the: definition
cf mutualism, someone tell me what both of these
‘organisms are gaining from their relationship to one another
M2: The crocodile is benefiting because the Egyptian Plover bird is eliminating the harmful parasites
‘rom its body and the Egyptian Plover is benefiting
‘because he is getting an easy meal
M1: Yee Another example is the relationship between
‘the goby fish and shrimp The shrimp is responsible {or digging out a burrow in the sand for both the
‘goby fish and the shrimp to cohabitate in return,
‘because the shrimp has such poor vision the goby {ish keeps a lookout for predators, and when under threat, the goby fish touches the tall of the shrimp
‘0 warn it of the impending danger
Wr Does thelr relationship ever change? For example, what it food was scarce for the crocodile and the
‘crocodile decided to start eating the Egyptian Provers?
Mt: This a great question: The scenario you provide 3s highty unlikely However forms of symbiosis are not always exclusive but are often fluid with each
‘other For example, it was often thought that the
‘eiationship between the Oxpecker bird of Airica
‘and certain Atrican mammals, such as the buffalo
or zebra, shared a relationship based on mutualism
The Oxpecker would eat the parasites off of the bultalo oF zebra and, in turn; the Oxpecker would {got « meal However, it was found that sometimes,
‘when the Oxpeckers are feeding on the parasites, they are also opening wounds on the animals and drinking the blood This changes their relationship
‘rom one of mutualism to one of parasitism, which 's tke the example that was given af the beginning
ot class between a parasite and its host
Tntegrated Listening &t Speaki
eal
Last week, wo discussed tumors ofthe central nervous system called gliomas These tumors are called gliomas
‘because they are particule to gal calls, which are cells
in the central nervous system that are not nelirons but provide nourishment and support to the neurons When
® patient is diagnosed with a glioma, the doctor must first identify the type For example, an ependymyoma 's a glioma that affects the ependymal cells Once the octor identifies the type, he or she must also ist the
‘glioma as low-grade or high-grade A jow-grade glioma
| less aggressive and has a better prognasls for the patient A high-grade glioma is more aggressive and thas @ poorer prognosis One paiticular type of glioma, astrocytomas, is such an aggressive high grade glioma that upon diagnosis the disease is also numbered The numbers range from 1-4, with 1 indicating the least aggressive and 4 Indicating the most aggressive The symptoms of a glioma include, but are not limited to headaches, vomiting, seizures, and weakness There ae
‘now treatments being developed everyday for gliomas, but the most common forms are surgery, chematherap:
‘and raciation
Yesterday, we explored the idea of mutualism
‘Mutuaiism is @ form of symbiosis where two dissimiar
‘organisms benefit from a close relationship or even an invasive relationship An example of mutualism is the relationship between the Egyptian Plover bird and a
‘crocodile, The Egyptian Plover eats parasites that live
a
n
i
u
q
M
Trang 8(on the crocodfle's body, The Egyptian Plover benefits {rom the relationship by getting an easy meal, and the
crocodile benefits from the relationship by having the
parasites removed from its body Mutualism sometimes
‘merges into parasitism if one of the organisms begins harming the-other The Oxpecker bird, for example,
vsually eats bugs and other parasites off the backs of
certain African land mameais, but, ance in awhile; the
Oxpecker will draw blood rom the mammats to drink
‘and &0 therefore benefits when the mammat dose not
IM: Good afternoon, Erika It's nice seeing you autside ot class What can |help you with?
Ws Hi, Professor Phitips Well, | thought | would come to you for some heip and advice because | am having
‘such trouble deciding which graduate school to apply toi
(Mi Wel let me ty to help you The last thing you need
is to be stressed by such a process Applying to
‘graduate schools should be fun and exciting Let's star off with you teling me what kind of subject you hope to pursue,
We My Bachelors degree is going to be in education with @ minor in psychology I've enjoyed both of them so much and was hoping | could combine the two subjects by getting a Master's degree in
‘education so that ! could either teach or be a school
‘counselor M: Thịo certainly sounds like a great career choice
‘There fs such a great need for teachers right now,
‘especially teachers who have a background in psychology Would you fike to teach elementary students, high school kids, or even colage students?
\Wé-Oh, | much prefer working with younger students
| enjoy teaching litle children so much'and love the way thelr faces light up when they discover a
‘new concept I have been student teaching six and
‘seven-year-old children the last two semesters and
‘Rave really enjoyed it,
MẸ Okay, sơ now you know what kind of thing you
‘would lke to pursue in graduate school The next
‘big,consideration isto ask yourself where you would {ike to live My philosophy about graduate school,
‘or even undergraduate school, is to try and take advantage of @ new place That way you not only
leam at the school of your choosing but you also
learn 80 much in the way of meeting new people, seeing new places, and perhaps experiencing a different culture
Where did you go to graduate schoo!?
1 did my undergraduate work in the United States,
‘but when it came to applying to graduate schools, | decided | would lke to be in a new country { sated
‘on @ very good program in Btạn and gợt to fe In the exciting city of London
\W: London! Wow! | am from a small town, 80 1 cannot Imagine the size and pace of a city like London
M: Well, now's your chance to experience something Rew Ì am not advocating London in particular, but perhaps a big city experience would be good for
‘you The best thing to do is to pick two or three
‘top education graduation school programs in two
or three different settings For example, Ƒ'd say you should pick a graduate school to apply to that is located in a rural location, one that is tocated in large cy, and one that is located in a foreign country
This way you spread your options, and, if accepted
‘all three, then you can really sit down and think
‘about what new things you want to experience
: That sounds like a great idea Do you have any pamphlets specific to graduate schools that
‘specialize in education?
| sure do Here are half a dozen or so education programs in different parts of the world Review these, and when you have narrowed your choices to three or four, come back to my office, and | will help you fil out the applications
\W: Thank you so:muchl Is there anything: else {need to
do before | come back in?
M: Yes, if you could: find three people to write recommendations for you, that is one of the things required to be submitted with each application |
‘would suggest getting two letters of recommendation rom professors and one from an employer
W: Okay, | can do that Would you be willing to write
‘one of my letters of recommendation?
‘M: Of course, Exkal | was hoping you would ask You have always been one of my best students
\W: Thank you so much {will see you soon!
Wt: Good morning, class Today we are going to
‘continue our lfe sciences lectures with a discussion (on the introduction of new species within the plant
Trang 9
we:
wr:
‘world More specifically, we are going to be tooking
at the effects of introducing exotic plants, also
‘known as naturalized plants, into an area containing
‘established native plants, also known as endemic plants Someone start off-our discussion by tating
us what mean when | say introduced How does @ plant become introduced?
Introduced simply means that the plant has been brought into an area thet it has not previously beer before,
Good Who is bringing it anc how?
‘Well, the plant can be-brought into an area either deliberately, with the intention of planting it, or ssccidentaly, by a human being
Very good
But sometimes introducing ø plant species could
‘be a bad thing, right? For instance, what if a
‘sclentist introduced new plant to an area it had never previously been betore, and the: introduced
‘lant kled off an endemic plant?
‘Sadly, this can happen, and oftentimes it does
Before we dovelop this idea, however, let us think
‘about wity people would want to introduce exotic plants into other areas in the first place Ideas?
: Well, | guess maybe when ‘people immigrate to other countries They want to be able to take the plants they are familiar with to make it fest like home
‘An excellent example and one that has happened quite often Can someone lst another reason?
Maybe someone would introduce a new plant just
‘or aesthetic reasons? For example, a new park is being built and the landscape artist wants certain colored flowers
‘Again, this answer is aiso correct, and can give
‘an event more specific answer The Norway maple
Is @ very beloved tree in Scandinavia, and, when
‘Scandinavians began migrating to Canada, they
‘brought their Norway maple with them Fortunately, the Norway mapie has thrived well in Canada,
‘eventually spreading to all of North America with little harm to other native species; however sometimes a weli-intentioned introduction has Jed either ta an overpopulation of the introduced psclee or a curbing or even completely kiling off
of other native species
Can you give us dn example of this?
Certainly The purple loosastrfe le an herbaceous perennial plant that grows in colonies:and produces
a lovely, reddish-purple flower: The purple loosestrife has been introduced into non-native
habitat because of its beautiful flower; however, what people did not know-was that it can easily escape horticultural control because of its rapid and widespread growth; and, when it:does; the purple loosestrite chokes ‘off all other plant lite in the area: When a:plant escapes control ike this, ft {stormed invasive:
\w2: Can another reason for introducing new species also be because certain plants help maintain a ppartloular habitat?
Wi: Absolutely The flowering piant known as the Garlic Mustard is a plant that helps combat erosion Control It fs native to Europe, parts of Afflea, and
‘Asia, but was introduced to North America in the
‘mid-nineteenth century after people found that when Garlic Mustard was planted, it helped combat soll washouts and wind erosion
What about national parks? Sometimes plants are protected there, correct? Are they native plartts or Introduced plants?
Wt: Both National parks are great places to foster the life of both native and non-native piants, as the areas can be tightly controlled and monitored
‘Oftentimes the introduction of exotic plants into
‘these areas Is Tor means of protection since there
‘aro very specific rules governing land and growth
jn national parks Whether an endemic plant or Introduced plant, what is most important is that all plants be protected in their best possible environment to prevent absolute and ireversibie
‘outcomes such as extinction
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Mi: Dr Drexier, may 1 speak with you for.a moment, please? You're not too busy right now, are you?
M2: No, not at ail, Adrian Come into my office, and have @ seat So, tell me What's on your mind right now?
Mi: Well, you may or may not know this, but I'm applying to several different graduate schools, so
| was hoping that you would be able to write a few fetters of recommendation that | could send out
‘long with my applications
M2: Fm honored that you've askted me, Adrian, and Fm
‘more than happy to help you out, but don't you
‘think you ought to ask Professor Smith instead?
‘Afterall, het your advisor, and he's the professor
‘that you've worked with the longest in all of your years here | would think that he would be able
to write the best, most comprehensive letter of recommendation for you
‘Yes, sir You're abeolutely right The only problem is that | can't get in touch with Professor Smith at this moment Apparentiy, he is stil at that conference
‘somewhere in Europe, and | don't know when he's
‘coming back | left him a couple of voice measages, and {'ve e-mailed him several times, but he hasn't responded to any of ther
M2: Ah, yes, | can see how that would be a problem 1 hhad forgotten that he was going to that conference,
‘As far a8 | know, fhe won't be back until sometime ext week Are these letters urgent? If they can't wait until he gets back I'd be mone than happy to write them up tor you
Mt: Actually, all of my applications need to be submitted within the next couple of days Friday
to be exact So if you don't mind, I'd love for you to,
be able to write my recommendation letters for me, M2: Sure, sure | don't mind at all, But since you're
ot my advisee, I'm going to need to see your records Do you think you could give me a copy
of your resume as well as a comprehensive list
Of all the classes that you've taken in the Physics Department? That would be extremely helpful and
‘enable me to write the best possible letter for you
Mi: Oh, sure, I've got my resume on my computer, sợ
11 send that to you by e-mai just ae soon as ! get back to my dorm room And Il provide @ class lst with the names of the professors I've taken and ail the grades that I've received in them Oh, and I'l send you the abstract for my senior research [project so:that you know exsictly what I'm doing
ln the tab alt the time, M2: Excettent, excellent You know, | had no ila that you were planning to attend graduate school What
‘made you decide to do sơ?
M1: Wel, there are just So man fascinating things to
‘study in the world of physics 1 am just not ready to give up on the acaderhic side of things and gat a Job in industry
(M2: Yes, that makes perfect sense Are you going to be
‘applying to our program?
Mt: Yes, sir Actually, this school is first oni my list Itt get accepted, | will definitely come here |
‘already know most of the teachers, and I'm really
‘comfortabie, (M2: I'm glad to’hear that Wel, rd say your chances
of getting in are pretty good But | don want to
‘Quarantes anything
M