a pronoun refers in the context of a Example Questions TASB T BRERA eI in the passage refers to ® The word Strategies ® Ensure that your answer choice matches the same 9 number
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ĐNIGV3H
The word halimar Kin the passage is - 3 The word'r Sin the passage is
closest in meaning to
‘(A) emphasize (B) reveal - (C) hide
(D) enlarge
5 sisi in the 47" conn ‘His career went through four stages: The first began 881
- had painted previously After spending time in italy, he returned and began to use more greens ;
"sand adhered to realism Last, in a’style called manera abreviada, Velázquezs style became bolder
and sharper, :
Vocabulary Questions 127 —_
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© Identifying the relationships between pronouns and: their roferents i in a passage
® Determining to which person, place, or thing a pronoun refers in the context of a
Example Questions
TASB T BRERA eI
in the passage refers to
® The word
Strategies
® Ensure that your answer choice matches the same 9 number (singular or plural) and the person (first, second, third) as the pronoun being asked about
© Try substituting your answer choice for the pronoun in the passage to see if your choice is sensible
® Since there is often more-than one answer choice that may seem correct, read the sentences around the pronoun’s sentence carefully to ensure you choose correctly
® Remember that the grammatical referent for a.pronoun may appear in a preceding
Clause or sentence
Reference Questions 129 —— ij
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Na ' att 2 0u
TPASGUNRAE T072 Trh ä
th the information that you read
For quite some time after European historians began studying ancient
Egyptian ruins; the writing found there was undecipherable Many
ancient Egyptian artifacts and tombs were engraved with letters from the ancient civilization’s alphabet What they actually meant remained unknown While it-was relatively easy to deduce-certain things about ancient Egyptian ways of life, not having an understanding of their
The Egyptian alphabet is a combination of two distinct written
language types The first, alphabetic, is most common.in contemporary
languages Each glyph represenis a sound Glyphs are combined into strings to form words Words, then, contain a concept Logographic
represents a concept Occasionally, glyphs are strung together to create a more complex concept Ancient Egyptian writing used both,
and, as such, it remained a mystery to modern linguists
When French explorers unearthed the Rosetta Stone by the
Mediterranean coast in 1799, they.unwiHingly opened up the
ancient Egyptian alphabet When it was discovered, French scholars immediately suspected that they had found something valuable In a
historically unclear series of events,.the Rosetta Stone eventually fell into the hands of the British, who went about translating the text on _ the large stone tabiet They finished the translation around 1824
The Rosetta Stone, written around 196 BCE, actually presents the
‘-game decree in three different languages The message itself is relatively mundane, ordering the repeal of various taxes and requesting the
construction of statues in temples Even though the message remains asimple bureaucratic edict, itis written in Ancient Greek and two Egyptian written languages, hieroglyphic and demotic (Coptic) Linguists were already quite familiar with the Greek and had a working knowledge of Coptic, which was used by later Egyptian states The translation of the
hieroglyphic text involved honing linguistic understanding of the Coptic language by comparing it to the Greek language, which was
relatively well known, The subsequent understanding of Coptic would be
compared to the written hieraglyphic text on the tablet By working out the definition of particular hieroglyphs and therr inferring the meaning
of others, translators were able to effectively decode the ancient
The impact of the Rosetta Stone is undeniable For years before its discovery, scholars had been attempting to translate hieroglyphs
A aes 130 Chapter 6
to, eut into:stone
» mundane: =
‘to convert
engrave:
jacking interest or
excitement;-dull
intelligible text
idiom:
an expression whose tmeaning is hot apparent
“from the meanings of its
“individual words
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artifacts
-with no success The discovery of the Rosetta Stone was pivotal, as -the meaning of hieroglyphs could be discerned The subsequent insight into Egyptian culture was vast—large retellings of historical events were
inscribed on the walls of Egyptian structures Being able to read them offered an unprecedented understanding of the ancient Egyptian people
Given its impact on language, the term “Rosetta stone” has worked
Itself into our own language as an idiom for a key to a decryption process _
‘or puzzle It is arguably one of thé most important known historical
Step 1:
The word it in the.passage refers to
(A) concept - (B) alphabet (C} linguistics (D) writing
2 The word They in the passage refers to
(A) British scholars
(B) French scholars
(C) French explorers
(D) Egyptian writers
3 The word which in the.passage refers to, (A) the Greek language
(B) the Coptic language (C) the Egyptian hieroglyphs
(D) the later Egyptian states
Reference Questions 134 —_——_Ì
ONLI
ml
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02 Environmental Science |
thy crop is ensuring that the soil is properly fertilized Soil that has
right balance of nutrients can yield hearty vegetables and flowers
portant to ensure that the soil is fertilize properly The first step
figuring out the relative amount of nutrients in the soil Most iocal gardening centers can test the soi! using a sample provided by the
customer Alternatively, some gardening centers offer do-it-yourself ing kits The results of the soil test will reveal what type of fertilizer jeeds to be added to the soil to maximize plant growth
Nitrogen is‘used by plants of all types to produce chlorophyll, a chemical pigment that allows plants :to absorb light and turn it into energy When applying nitrogen, growers should be particularly careful
If too much nitrogen is already in the soil around a plant, it will produce
“an excess of foliage While more foliage’ might seem like a good thing,
ait can actually hinder the growth of fruit or vegetables in plants In
cases where far too much nitrogen is applied to an area, a plant's _ foliage might wither from the high concentration of nitrogen There
sare chemical fertilizers, as well as organic alternatives, available to put nitrogen into soil Cottonseed, alfalfa, or manures can all be used
as natural alternatives to chemical fertilizers
Phosphorous is another important nutrient that needs to be monitored and occasionally supplemented in gardens Phosphorous provides
materials for essential cellular functions, especially the transport of
energy within an organism In most environments, a lack of phosphorous
is primarily responsible for slow plant growth By adding it'to the soil, a
farmer can maximize the rate of growth and maturation of planis While it
is difficult to harm plants with too much phosphorous, farmers near bodies
of water should be careful when applying it Too much phosphorous can easily upset the chemical balance in aquatic environments
Potassium is the third nutrient that gardeners should monitor in
their soil This substance plays a key role in many cellular functions, providing plants with nutrients needed to form proteins, sugars, and
starches In many garden centers, potassium is commonly referred to
as potash, a naturally occurring form of potassium It is essential that
potassium levels in soil are kept relatively high, as it is foundational to the functioning of a plant There are chemical fertilizers available that
contain potassium Gardeners can also apply wood ashes, granite sand, or crushed granite to increase potassium levels
¬ have been | pl hesitant:
unsure
ĐNDIV3dS
ĐNIN4ISH
1S31 1ĐLI2vũd
Reference Questions 133 _—._—