Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 16 pptx

This Is not an excellent paraphrase because the meaning has been changed from the original: On occasion, students use paraphrases of excellent lectures and reading passages with· out und

PAflAPttRASING iii

3 Even though the Jovian planets are grouped together, each one has had a very different evolutionary history

4 Despite the advantage thai young people enjoy lor recall in vocabulary studies, older people appear to be better at word recognition

5 In spite 01 the laetlhat interviews are the most oornmon strategy lor assessing job appIi· cants, they tend to have low validity

NEGATIVE

Negative:

Aflirmative

Restatement:

The addiction to gambling is not unlike the addiction to substances

The addiction to gambling is like the addiction to substances

1 Not once has the geyser known as Old Faithful failed to erupt on lime

2 Nonstandard dialects are not used as educational models in schools

3 Never has there been such wide access to news lrom so many media

4 The constnJction 01 a city on the ruins 01 a previous settlement is nol uncommon

5 Not until the Triassic PeriOd did the lirst primitive mammals develop

PASSIVE

Active statement:

Passive

Restatement:

Sea gulls need either fresh or salt water lor them to survive

Either Iresh or sal! water is needed by sea gulls lor them to survive

1 I! Is interesting that people over the age of 65 experience fewer mental health disorders

2 In the stringed instruments, a bow produces the tones when it is played across a set of

strings made of wire or gut

3 High·frequency radiation from the Sun and other sources partly ionize gases in the ionosphere

4 Architects can use a domed roof to cooserve floor space

, Read and listen for meaning

When you read Of listen lor meaning, you learn to think about the ideas that the writer Of

I'RAcncE Snu.TUY

Practice reading and listening for meaning By focusing 00 sentences or even paragraphs, you

will train your mind to make coonections and comprehend the ideas instead 01 trying to

Puc nuL Acmm 15

Poet and humorist Ogden Nash tlied but failed to adapt himself to the academiC and laler

Atter hitting a bar several times with similar results, an animal learns that ~ can get food by

presSing the bar

CD An animal is able to press the bar more alter it is led three or lour times

<D Three or lour animals are used In the experiment with Similar results

CD There are several trials by an animal before the food is released

CD An animal learns how to get food by hitting a bar

Although he wrote many short stories, it was a poem, 111e Raven," that brought Poe his

<D "The Raven" is less well-known than Poe's short stories

CD Poe is famous for writing both short stories and poetry

yllet matcr<8~

PARAPHRASING 1 1

a.:> The universe was made up of many atoms of pure energy

<D The effect of a pure atom in the universe was to produce energy

«> Everything in the universe was reduced to pure energy in one alom

Although a bear does not eat during the winter, sustaining itself from body lat, its tempera-ture remains almost normal, and it breathes regulal1y

a.:> When a bear survives on body fat Instead of eating, its temperature and respiration are

<D Not eating during the winter does not affect the bear's breathing, but it does affect its

temperature

«> During the winter, the bear's temperature is normal and its respiration is regular, but it does not require food

a> The bear's diel of fat during the winter does not affect its temperature and respiration

It is generally true that as long as the CEO maintains the confidence of the board of direc

-tors , they will not intervene to dictate specific: policies

a.:> Policies are dictated by the board with the approval of the CEO

<D The board will assume control only if they lose confidence In the CEO

¢) The confidence 01 the CEO is important to decisions thaI the board makes

a> The intervention by the CEO in board policies does not occur often

a.:> Fluctuations in the air pressure are a result of changes in temperature

<D Changes in the air pressure and temperature vasy at dille rent times

([) The temperature is usually different from the air pressure

-put, largely by metabolic activity and regular physical e)(ertion

a.:> Metabolism regulates activity and e)(ercise reduces body weight lor a healthy life style

<D A healthy tife style includes e)(ercise in order to control weight gain that is caused by

CD Metabolism and e)(ercise are ways to stabilize consumption and production of energy

also controls their weigh\

8 What does the prolessor mean by the following statement:

An example of children's literature that supports the natural inclination to play with

lan-guage is the nursery myme

<I> The nursery rhyme is a good eJt8mple Of children's literature because il is fun

(I) Children like nursery rhymes because they enjoy them during playtime

<D Children's literature is written in language that the child can understand

<D The child's interest in playing with language is encouraged by the nursery rhyme

9 What does !he prolessor mean by the following statement:

For employees whose jobs involve sitting at a computer terminal entering data or typing

reports the location 01 the computer relative to the company is 01 no consequence

<I> Employees who work at their computers like to choose their locations

<I> It does not matter where employees woI'II at their computers

<t:> The location of their computers should be comfortable to employees

<D Computer terminals must be located near each other In a company

10 What cIoes!he professor mean by the following statement:

Ireland was first settled around 7500 B.C by hunting tribes from Scotland followed by

poopI& from th& Mediterranean know as the Firbolgs

® The Fitbolgs arrived in Ireland from the Mediterranean after the Scottish people had

already settled there

<I> I ish tribes went to Scotland and then followed a hunting route all the way to the

Mediterranean area called Fitbolgs

<D The Irish and Scottish people explored Europe, reaching as lar as the Med~effanean

where they settled

<D looking for a place to live, the Firbolgs went to Scotland and then to Ireland where they

linally settled

, Edit proillem paraphrases

Here are some problems that you can leam to avoid:

• Don' change the meaning

• Don' leave out information

• Don' use too much of the original wording

• Don' copy !he original

Original Sentence :

Sometimes students plagiarize material from lectures and reading passages because they

0001 understand how to make the appropriate changes for an excellent paraphrase

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PARAPHRASING 103

Dol ' , CI' 1lE

This Is not an excellent paraphrase because the meaning has been changed from the original:

On occasion, students use paraphrases of excellent lectures and reading passages with·

out understanding the purpose 01 the changes !hat they haye made in them

DoI'y LEAn OUT = _tAIl WIt •• T1OI

This Is not an excellent paraphrase because it does noIlnclude all of the important infOfmation

in the original:

On occasion, students use lecture and reading material verbatim

Dol', USE 11IO :tt Of 1lE II Iltl" WId I I I

This is not an excellent paraphrase because it looks and sounds too much like the original:

On occasion, students plagiarize material from lecltJres and reading passages because they don~ comprehend how to make the necessary changes for an excellent paraphrase •

, COPY 1lE Dmnt

This is not an excellent paraphrase because it is an exact copy 01 the original

Sometimes students plagiarize material from lectures and reading passages because they

don~ understand how to make the appropriate changes fOf an excellent paraphrase

PMt:rt« ,kl'lrm 16

Did you understand? T ry to find the problem in each paraphrase and edit il The first one is completed to giye you an example Example answers are printed in Chapter 7 on pages 514-5 1 5

""',,'

Original:

Paraphrese:

Problem:

Edited

Paraphrase:

Tides are cauood by the gravitational pull of both the Sun and the Moon

Tides are produced by the gravitational pull 01 both the Sun and the Moon

The paraphrase is too much like the original Only one word was changed

The combined gravitational effects of the Sun and Moon produce tides on Earth

Why is this ooller? Because synonyms have been substituted, and ar\ alternative grammatical

SIJUCture has been used, but the meaning has not changed

t Original: Proteins are molecules that regulate the movement of materials across

cell walls

Paraphrase: Molecules that regulate the movement of materials across cell walls are

proteins

2 Original:

Paraphrase:

3 Original:

Paraphrase:

4 Original:

Paraphrase:

5 Original:

Paraphrase:

6 Original:

Paraphrase:

7 Original:

Paraphrase:

8 Original:

Paraphrase:

9 Original:

Paraphrase:

10 Origini:ll;

Paraphrase:

, The invention of Ihe steam engine played a major role in the Industrial Revolution because it caused the factory syslem to extend itself to many a/tlas 01 production apart from thtl colton industry

The invention of Ihe steam engine was a primary influence in the Industrial Revolution

Although big companies are trying to maintain a balance between trad i-tional advertising end some of the newer alternatives like bIogging, It is often the smaller entrepreneurs who are using bloggers as an efficient way

to stack thei r competition Big companies are using bloggers to defeat their smaller rivals

Fossils of bones have the appearance of stone, but the holes and pores are actually Infused with mineral deposits from the surrounding sediments Fossils of bones look like stone, but there are mineral deposits from the surrounding sediments in the holes and pores

Plctograms found In many paris of the world about 1 500 B C constituta the eaffiest system of writing, although written symbols have been discovered that date from as early as 3500 e.c

Plctograms found in various paris of the woffd are the earliest evidence of

a written system despite the discovery of written symbols

The modem atmosphere is probably the fourth atmosphere in the history

of the Earth

The modem atmosphere Is probably the fourth atmosphere in the history

of the Earth

Whereas alcohol is a depressant, COffee is a stimulant

Alcohol Is not like ooffee

The Pacffic Basin, which includes the continent of Australia and the thou -sands of islands grouped together as Oceania, covers one third of the sur-face of the Earth

The Pacific Basin is also called Oceanle because It encompasses one third of the Pacific Ocean

In fresco painting, the pigments may be mixed with water and applied to

the plaster before it dries so that the lime in the plaster fuses with the pig-ments on the surface

The lime in wet plaster bonds with the pigments on the surface when the colors are mixed

As LinnCltlUS uriyini:llly cooceivttd lht! biological classification cllaft, he segregated all living creatures soiely 8C(X)fding to their degree of physical similarity

Unnaeus originally created the biOlogical classification chart by categoriz-ing all living creatures according to their degree of physical similarity

CITE EXPRESSIONS _IDEAS

Sblletlll til Usa

, Introduce the source before quoting

speaking

, Use strong verbs to report ideas

, Mentioo the source appropriately

~ Intrad tile - 1IIIon q.DlI ••

PARAPHRASING 105

It is imJXl(lant to cite the expressions and ideas of others To cite means to give credit to the source This is especially true when the idea is a definition, an opinion, a unique eKPresslon, or

rese arch data that is not common knowledge

There are several phrases and clauses that can be used to introduce the source of your ideas leI's say that Professor Thompson makes the following statement in a lecture: "The shift from manufacturing to service has resulted in lower paying jobs and a dectine in the strength of

labor unions." You may want to quote this opinion If you do , the words in the quotation must

be exactly the same as those in the original Here are five ways to introduce the source before

the quotation

ACCOIding to Professor T1Iompson, "The shift from manufacturing to service has resulted in lower paying jobs and a dectine in the strength of labor unions."

'n the WORts o f Pro/eSS(X Thompson , "The shill from manufacturing to service has resulted

in lower paying jobs and 8 decline in the strength of labor unions."

To quote ProIeSS(X Thompson , "The shift from manufacturing to service has resulted in lower paying jobs and 8 dectine in the strength of labor unions.'

As Professor Thompson puts it , "The shift from manufacturing to service has resulted in lower paying Jobs and 8 dectine in the strength of labor unions."

paying jobs and 8 decline in the strength of labor unions."

On the TOEFl examination, sometimes the professor is not named In that case, you can stilt introduce your source by changing the introductions slightly:

According to the professor,

In the words of the professor,

To quote the professor,

As the professor puis ii,

The professor said,