Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 12 pot

When you are taking notes, put the topics or maln ideas in the left column and add details and examples in the right column.. This system helps you take notes more quickty because you d

TAKlNG NOTES 71

A good lecturer will also give you ways to anticipate the purpose of a lecture Of part of a lecture with verbal cues Sometimes the lecturer will announce the topic in such a way that the pur-pose is directly stated Other times you will have to draw a oondusion Although the topic is stated at the beginning of the lecture, there may be some references to previous lectures or some classroom business to conclude before the topic Is 8I1Il(HJncad When the topic for a lec-ture is stated, the lecturer may either pause just belore saying the topic or stress the topic by raising the volume or using vary cleat pronunciation

To be a good listener, you should prepare your mind 10 accept the information If you know whiCh class the lecturer is teaching, you already know how to focus your attention By hearing the cue that Identifies the topic, you have a context for the rest of the lecture

I'IM:rJcE k,M" 3

Did you understand? Try to anticipate the purpose of a lecture by ~stening to the beginning 01

it Hare are some short introductions to lectures lor practice The first one is completed 10 give you an example The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on page 504

"Okay than, leI's gel started Uh, today we're going to talk about the biosphere "

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Actlvlty 3, CD 2, Track 5

, DiYld, the paper IIlto colan'

There are many variations of column note taking This style is very simple and effective Draw

a line down your note paper from the top 10 the bottom about two inches from the left margin,

as shown on the next page This Is called two-coIumn notes When you are taking notes, put the topics or maln ideas in the left column and add details and examples in the right column

This system helps you take notes more quickty because you don' have to identity the main ideas and the details Of examples by writing out words Of by using a more complicated outline

format that requires letters and numbers Placement to the left or to the right of the lina sorts

the ideas in order of importance and shows their relationship

Draw a line across the paper from the left to the right about two inches from the top This is 8

space lor the main idea Draw anomer lne about two incnes from the bottom, as shoWn This

is a space that you can use for your thoughts and ideas as you are taking notes later, when

you look at your notes, you will know which ideas are from the textbook or lecture and which

are yours ,

Main Idea

My Ideas

Did you understand? Try to put the Information In the following sonlonoo outlino Into two

-column notes Refer to the two-column format above as an example, The answers are printed

In Chapter 7 on page 504,

There are three arguments in support of protecting endangered species

I Aesthetic justification states that the various forms of nature inlluence the life

expe-rience of human beings in a positive way

A Many endangered species are uniquely beautiful

B They are appreciated universally in art and literature

C Some are important 10 the religious community,

II Ecological self nterest assumes that a balance 01 nature ben.efits all species

A All species perform essential functions

t For example, n endangered species may be the unique carrier of a cure for a human disease

B In order to protect ourselves, we must protect other species

III Moral justification asserts that the creatures themselves have rights

A The United Nations World Charter for Nature declares that all species have the

right to exisl

B H uman beings have the responsibHity to preserve all species

yttet matcr<8~

TAKING NOTES n

IV The prolessor does not directty promote any argument, but advocacy for the protec-tion of endangered species is implied in the Iect1Jre

, Separate the major and lnlN' points

In order to use two columns for notes, you must be able to classify the ideas into major and minor points There are usually three or four major points in a short lecture or reading pas· sage Each of the major points is supported by examples and details The examples and detalls are minor points

When you hear a major point, write it on the left When you hear a minor point write it on the right

Did you understand? Look at the notes under each topic The sentences in the notes refer to

either the major points or the minor points Try to organize the notes under the topic by pulling

the major points in the left column and the minor points in the right column Your answer is cor -roo it the points are placed corrOOIy on either the left or right The points do not have to be in exactly the same order The first one is completed to give you an example The answers are

printed in Chapter 7 on pages 505-506

There are three types of managers in addition to the general manager

The line manager is responsible for production

For example, a production manager is a line manager

A stall manager is in charge of support activities such as human resources

Information systems is also overseen by a stall manager

A functiOnal manager is the head 01 a department

A department chair at a college is a functional manager

The manager 01 a sales department at a company is also a functional manager

line manager production

stall manager support activities

functional manager

he'" ,."

3 managers

production manager

human resources information systems dept chair college

sales dept company

" According to Mead, the sell has two sides: the "I" and the "me, "

It is prediCtable because SOCial conlormity Is expected,

This part of the self is less predictable because ~ is unique,

This part 01 the self is formed through socialization by others

The "I" represents the individuality of a person

For instance, a spontaneous reaction might reveal the "I."

2 The mystery 01 pulsars was resolved in the t9605

We see pulses of light each time the beam sweeps past the Earth

The pulsar in the Crab Nebula, for example, currently spins about thirty times per second,

We also know that pulsars are nol perfectly timed because each revolution 01 a pulsar

takes a little longer

We know that pulsars are neutron slars, like lighthouses left by supernova explosions

It will probably spin about hall as fast two thousand years from now

Uke a lighthouse, the neutron star revolves

3 Britain transpofted convicts 10 Australia in an effort to SOlve the problems of overcrowding

In prisons

There were 11 ships with 750 prisoners aboard

Four oompanies of marines sailed with them as guards

They took enough supplies for two years

In 1787, the lirst lleelleft for Botany Bay in New South Wales

Shortly after arriving in 1788, the colony was moved to Sydney Cove

In Sydney, the water supply and soil were better

Although Sydney was the new sile, for many years it was called Botany Bay

4 Frederick Cart Frieseke was an American impressionist

In Normandy, he began to paint indoor settings

fn 1905, Frieseke moved to Giverney where he lived untit 1920

He studied with Whistler in the late 18005

Born in Michigan, he went to Paris in 1897,

In his later work, he began to use a darker palette

From Whistler, he learned the academic style 01 the salons

At Givemey, Frieseke was influenced by Monet

Monel was experimenting with the effects of sunlight

The style of Monet and his school is known as impressionism

By 1920, Frieseke had left Giverney lor Normandy

5 Two types of weathering will break down rock masses into smaller particles,

Interaction between surface or ground water and chemicals causes chemical weathering

With increased precipitation or temperature, chemicals tend to break down laster

Mechanical weathering occurs when force and pressure grind rocks down

A common example is the wearing away of granite facades on buildings

The weathering of feldspar in granite can be caused by a reaction to acids in rain

Pressure from freezing and thawing causes rocks to expand and contract

When a rock is broken in two by physical lorces, it is fTIOfe vulnerable to weathering,

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TAKING NOTES 75

IDEIlIFY IMPORTANT IlfDRMAnDR

Sb.latla to Use

~ Pay attention to key words

~ Notice cues in speech and writing

, Pay Ittelllian to klJ' words

words appear more often in a reading passage or a lecture with a particular purpose

The key words below are Ustacf under the purpose for hich they are frequently used These key words are not 100 perrent accurate, but they do give ~ a starting point Key words are espeeially Important in lectures since the sentences that the professor uses In speech are not

edited like lhe sentences In textbooks, and are, therefore, lTIOfe difficult to 10110

DoIioitlon

Is known as

" ""'"

I,

Refers to

M eans

Description and Example

Coosists of

Adjective

F or example

F ~ " " " " "

SpocfficaJIy

Thai is

CI ••• lfleation

Kinds of

Types 01

Classes 0 1

Groups of

P a<ts of

Properties of

Characteris t ics 01

Varieties 01

Sequence-Chronology or Process

Firsl, second , third Next, then, last Finally

Before AIle<

AI the same time Mean hile Now

As soon as

later

Subsequently

Evoolually Stop

Siage

".,.,

Comparison and Contrast

Like

Similar to

Differ from

Compared with

Similarly

In the same way

In contrasl

Whereas

Adjective + -er

Although

B,t

Conversety

In spite of

Even though

Instead

On the other hand

Despite

Cause and Effect

As a consequence

As a result Th"

Therefore

"""','"

Because of

For this reason Consequenlly Since

So

Problem and Solution Problem

Persuasion or Evaluation First, seoond, third

Should, must, ought to Therefore

In conclusloo, In summary

Did you understand? Try to Identify the key words in the sentences Underline them Then d61:;ide in which kind ot reading passage they might be found Here are some sentences lor

practice The first one is completed to give you an example The answers are printed In

Chap-ter 7 on page 506

Mesopotamia relers to the land between two rivers Definition

1 There are two types of mixtures-heterogeneous and homogellElOUS

2 As a result, the litmus paper turns blue when the solution is a base

3 In contrast, a countercu~ure exhibits behavior that is contrary to the dominant culture

4 The first stage ot sleep produces alpha waves

5 The main properties of soil include color, texture, and structure

TAKING NOTES n

7 For example, the Navajo create sacred images In colored sand in order to restore the

spir-itual and physical health of the sick

8 The maximum amount 01 water that air can hold at a given temperature and pressure is known as saturation

9 Whereas an objective is specific and measurable, a goal is broader and is usuaUy not time

specifiC

10 Dutch eKPlOrer5 in the earty seventeenth century called the west coast of Australa "New

Holland," a name that was used to describe the continent until the beginning 01 the nine

-teenth century

Sometimes professors will leU you that a point is important while lhey are presenting their 1ec-tures Some phrases to Iislen lor include the follOwing:

Pay particular attention 10

Be sure to

And this is impottant

And this is the key point

Written cues will also appear in textbooks Look lor headings, bold letters, and italics

Underline the information or put a star beside it to indicate !hal the prolessor has ldentilied it as

an importanl point

I'umt:E k'M" 7

Did you understand? Usten 10 the beginning 01 a lecture on language and try to idenlify the important inlormation in the notes Underline it or put a star beside it A senleoce from the 1ec-ture is shown here along with a star beside the corresponding point in the notes to give you an example The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on pages 506-507

"And this is important-standard language is appropriate in both speech and writing."

Notes: "8p9lopriate speech writing

Usten to the beginning of a lecture in a linguistics class